Edited by Tom Schweich  

Dicots

Populus L. “Poplar”

Populus × acuminata Rydb. “Lanceleaf Cottonwood”

Rydberg, Per Axel 1893. On the American Black Cottonwoods. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 20(2) pp.46-50 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7998#page/72/

Populus acuminata, n. sp. (No. 372 of my Nebraska Collection). Leaves more or less rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, with cuneate base and long petioles (1’—2’ long, or more), semi-pendent, thinner than in the preceding, drying green; denticulation scarcely any at the base and near the top; at the middle, regular and larger than in the preceding; lateral nerves seldom more than 8 on each side; crown broadly pyramidal with spreading branches. Collected by me in Carter Canon, Scott’s Bluff Co., Neb., July 25, 1891, and at Hot Springs, S. D. (Plate CXLI.) Luther Academy, Wahoo, Neb., Oct. 15, 1892. [Mr. Rydberg’s description of P. angustifolia and his figure (Plate CXL.) agree accurately with James’ type specimen, preserved in Herb, Torrey. N. L. B.]

Rydberg (1893) illustration of Populus × acuminata.

Populus alba L. “White Cottonwood”

Populus angustifolia E. James “Narrowleaf Cottonwood”

James (1822, v. 1, p. 497) ... entry for July 4, 1820, while encamped on the South Platte River near Brighton.

Several valuable plants were here collected, and among others a large suffruticose species of Lupine. The long leaved cotton-wood* of Lewis and Clark, which is according to their suggestion, a species of populus, is here of very common occurrence. It is found intermixed with the common cotton-wood, resembling it in size and general aspect. Its leaves are long and narrow, its trunk smoother, and its branches more slender and flexile, than those of the Populus angulata. Some of its fruit was fortunately still remaining, affording us an opportunity to be entirely satisfied of its relation to this genus.

* Populus angustifolia, J.

Rydberg, Per Axel 1893. On the American Black Cottonwoods. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 20(2) pp.46-50 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7998#page/72/

Populus angustifolia, James. — Leaves lanceolate or ovate, gradually acuminate, with cuneate, rounded, or heart-shaped base, on short petioles (½ inch long), thickish, drying yellowish or brownish, finely crenate-serrate from base to apex; lateral nerves in the larger leaves often 10-15; crown narrowly pyramidal with ascending branches. Collected by Dr. Chas. E. Bessey, at Manitou, Col., July 18, 1886, etc.; by T. A. Williams, in War Bonnet Canon, June, 1890, etc.; by myself, in Little Elk Canon. (Plate CXL.)

Manitou is a variant name for Woodland Park. GNIS has no entries for War Bonnet Canyon or Little Elk Canyon. Although, there are three Little Elk Creeks, a Little Elk Basin, and a Little Elk Park in Colorado.

Rydberg (1893) illustration of Populus × acuminata.

Populus deltoides Marshall ssp. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw. “Plains Cottonwood”

(Syn: Populus sargentii Dode)

Marshall (1785, p. 106) ...

1. Populus deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina.

(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This becomes a tall tree, with a large erect trunk, covered with a white, fmoothifh bark, refembling that of the Afpen tree. The leaves are large, generally nearly triangular, toothed or indented with fharp and deep ferratures, of a fhining full green on their upper furface, but fomewhat lighter or hoary underneath; ftanding upon long flender footftalks, and generally reftlefs or in motion. The timber is white, firm, and elaftic, principally ufed for fence rails. It grows naturally upon rich low lands, on the banks of large rivers in Carolina and Florida.

Aiton (1789, v. 3, p. 406) ...

monilife- ra.	8. P. foliis fubcordatis glabris bafi glandulofis : ferraturis cartilagineis hamatis pilofiufculis ; nervis patulis, petiolis compleffis, ramis teretibus.
	Canadian Poplar Tree.
	Nat. of Canada.
	Introd. about 1772, by John Hope, M. D.
	Fl. May. H. ♄

Eckenwalder (1977, v. 58, n. 3, p. 93-208) ...

Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (W. Aiton) Eckenwalder, stat. nov.

Populus monilifera W. Aiton, Hortus Kewensis 3: 406. 1789. Type: (Canada) cult. Kew Gardens, W. Aiton (holotype, BM!).

Populus deltoides var. occidentalis Rydberg, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1:115. 1900.

Populus sargentii Dode, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun 18: 198. 1905.

Populus deltoides var. monilifera (W. Aiton) A. Henry, Gard. Chron. Ser. 3. 56: 2. fig. 4. 1914.

Populus texana Sargent, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 67: 211, 212. 1919.

Most modern discussion of P. deltoides has revolved around the distinctness of the cottonwoods of the Great Plains region from their eastern counterparts (Fowells, 1965). The contrasts of foliar and bud characteristics usually advanced to distinguish a western species (P. sargentii) or variety (Populus deltoides var. occidentalis) from the eastern cottonwood (Sargent, 1913) really apply solely to the southern cottonwood, P. deltoides subsp. deltoides. The cottonwoods of the Great Lakes and other representatives of the northern cottonwood are, in fact, quite similar to the trees of the plains, and I treat them all as members of a single subspecies. They are similar in their short pedicels, pubescent winter buds, and long-acuminate, deltoid-ovate leaves (Figure 2D), generally with a single pair of basilaminar glands (although these are absent in a few Texas plants). There is a general decline in tooth number southwestward from the northeastern part of its range. This subspecies occurs from the Great Lakes region westward to the Prairie Provinces and south to the Texas panhandle.

“ ... [like a string of beads, alluding to the racemes of fruits] ...” (Weber & Wittmann, 2012, p. 347).

Populus tremuloides Michx. “Quaking Aspen”

Michaux (1803, v. 2, p. 243) ...

tremuloides. P. foliis parvulis, suborbiculatis, abrupte acuteque acuminatis, serrulatis, margina pubescentibus.

Hab. in Canada et Noveboraco.

Salix alba L. “White Willow”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 1021) ...

29. SALIX foliis lanceolatis acuminatis ferratis utrinque pubefcentibus : ferraturis intimis glandulotis. Hort. cliff. 473. Fl. fusc. 812. Mat. med. 449. Dalib. parif. 297. Roy. lugdb. 83	alba.
Salix foliis elliptico-lanceolatis ferratis fubtus fericeis , vimine fragili. Hall. helv. 152.
Salix vulgaris alba arborefcens. Bauh. pin. 473.
Salix alba. It. fcan. 200.
Habitat ad pagos & urbes Europae. ♄		She lives in the villages and cities of Europe.
Eft arbor maxima cum Salice fragili.		There is a very large tree with the Salice (catkins?) fragile.

Salix amygdaloides Andersson “Peachleaf Willow”

Andersson, N. J. 1858. Enumeratio Salicum nobis ex America boreali huc usque cognotarum “The Willow Flora known to us from north America” Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar “Overview of the Proceedings by the Royal Academy of Sciences” v. 15, p. 114-133 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54173

Andersson (1858, v. 15, p. 114) …

3. S. amygdaloides n. sp. ; triandra; amentis lateralibus pedunculatis, rigidiusculis ; pedunculo foliato; capsulis ovato-conicis, glabris, pedicello nectarium 6:ies superante, stylo subnullo, stigmatibus brevissimis, partitis; foliis late lanceolatis, utrinque glaberrimis, subtus pallidioribus, margine glanduloso-serratis, exstipulatis.	3. S. amygdaloides n. sp. ; triandra; lateral catkins pedunculated, more rigid; peduncle foliated; capsules ovate-conical, glabrous, pedicel nectary 6:ies above, style subnull, stigmas very short, parted; leaves broadly lanceolate, glabrous on both sides, paler beneath, margin glandular-serrate, exstipulate.
Hab. »Missouri: Fort Pierre (Prinz Neuwied)» Hb. vindob.	Hab. »Missouri: Fort Pierre (Prinz Neuwied)» Hb. vindob.
Haec species, prae ceteris affinibus, S. amygdaliam nostram latifoliam refert. Folia tamen iis S. pentandrae etiam similia; capsulae longius pedicellatae, squamae mox caducae.	This species, more than other related ones, refers to our S. amygdalia latifolia. However, the leaves are also similar to those of S. pentandrae; capsules longer pedicellate, scales soon falling off.

Salix exigua Nutt. “Coyote Willow”

The species was described by Nuttall (1842, vol. 1, p. 90) in his extension of Michaux's North American Sylva as being found in the Territory of Oregon without any additional information about collector, location, date, &c. At the time Oregon extended from central Wyoming to the Pacific coast.

Original Text	Comments
SLENDER WILLOW.
Salix exigua. Foliis linearibus utrinque acutis subintegerrimus sericeis, stipulus nullis, amentis scrotinis elongatis, capsulis lanceolatis sessilibus, demum nudiusculis.	Willow small. Leaves linear on both sides, acute, subintegerrimus silky, stipule absent, catkins scrotal elongate, capsules lanceolate, sessile, finally nudiferous.
This species is also a native of the Territory of Oregon, and grew with the preceding, which it strongly resembles: it is, however, a smaller species; the serrulations are mostly wanting.

It is a little curious that Nuttall mentions no willows in either his report of his residency in Oregon (Nuttall, 1840) or in his descriptions of plants collected by William Gambel (Nuttall, 1848).

The treatment of Salix in FNANM, written by Geoge Argus, treats S. exigua with one variety hindsiana, which is not known to occur in Colorado. Argus (2010) treats S. interior at the rank of species saying:

Sometimes Salix interior is treated as a subspecies of S. exigua (R. D. Dorn 1998). Salix exigua and S. interior hybridize and apparently intergrade in the western Great Plains; because the area of overlap is relatively small and distinctiveness of the two taxa is not compromised by hybridization and introgression, it is best to treat them as separate species.

Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not accept any varieties of S. exigua, treating S. interior at the rank of species.

Ackerfield (2015) treats S. interior Rowlee as S. exigua var. interior (Rowlee) Cronquist.

Salix irrorata Andersson “Dewystem Willow”

Andersson (1858, v. 15, p. 117) ...

14. S. (daphnoides) irrorata n. sp. amentis sessilibus, perulis maximis primo bracteatis, valde condensatis, masculis brevibus, femineis horizontalibus, elongatis, densifloris; capsulis sessilibus, crasse conicis, glaberrimis, stylo producto, stigmatibus integris; foliis lanceolatis, utrinque viridibus; ramis densissime glauco-irroratis.	14. S. (daphnoides) irrorata n. sp. catkins sessile, very large first bracts, very condensed, males short, females horizontal, elongate, densely flowered; caps sessile, thickly conical, glabrous, style produced, stigmas intact; leaves lanceolate, green on both sides; branches very densely glaucous-irrorated.
Hab. in Mexico nova (Coll. Fendler, n. 812).	It lives in New Mexico (Coll. Fendler, n. 812).
Nostrae S. daphnoidi ita est similis, ut nullis notis nisi amentis eximic condensatis et foliis (novellis!) integerrimis utrinque viridibus ab ea distingui possit. Squamae amenti masc. pilis brevibus, aureis vestitae; squamae amenti fem. pilis sat brevibus griseis ciliatae, unde amenta non ut in vera S. daphnoide longe pilosa conspiciuntur.	It is so similar to our S. daphnoide that it can be distinguished from it by no other characteristics than the exceptionally condensed catkins and the (new!) leaves, very whole and green on both sides. The scales of the male catkins are covered with short, golden hairs; the scales of the female catkins are covered with rather short, grey hairs, ciliated, so that the catkins are not as long haired as in the true S. daphnoide.

Juglans nigra L. “Black Walnut”

Linnaeus. 1753. vol. 2, p. 997

3. JUGLANS foliolis lanceolta arguta ferratis; exterioribus minoribus. Hort. cliff. 449. Hort. upf. 287. Gron virg. 189. Roy. lugdb. 82.	nigra
Nux juglans virginiana nigra. Herm. lugd. 452. t. 453. Catesb. car. 1. p. 67. t. 67
Habitat in Virginia, Marilandia. ♄
Folia ex foliolis faepius tredecim.

Betula occidentalis Hook. “Water Birch”

Hooker. [1829-1840.] 1838, v. 2, pt. 10, p. 155. Flora boreali-americana.

3. B. occidentalis ; ramis rufo-fuscis copiose resinoso=verrucosis, foliis late rhombeo-ovatis sublobatis grosse inciso-serratis sub lenta appresso-nirsutulis v. nudis subtus pallidioribus epunctatis, nervis paucis remotis, amentis foem, lato-cylindraceis, squamis lobis ovato-oblongis lateralibus decurvo-falcatis intermedio longiore.

HAB. Straits of De Fuca. Dr. Scouler. Near springs on the west side of the Rocky Mountains. Douglas ; and on the east side, from the mountains to Edmonton House. Drummond. One specimen is in the collection from the Arctic coast.* (?) Dr. Richardson. — This Birch does not agree with any described species, and is probably confined to the west coast, and to the immediate vicinity of the Rocky Mountains, forming a low, small brush-wood, 6-10 feet high, and never exceeding a few inches in the diameter of its trunk. Mr. Drummond considered it to be the B. nigra, but its bark and leaves are quite different; the latter remarkable for the few and remote nerves, which spring from the mid-ribs : besides, B. nigra is a southern tree of great size. The main branches are erect, and somewhat virgate, clothed with a red-brown bark, a little inclining to purple, copiously sprinkled with resinous warts in all the specimens. Petioles ½ to ¾ of an inch long, adult leaves 2-2½ inches, broadly ovato-rhomboid, rather acute than acuminate of a harsh and dry but not thick texture, slightly lobed at the margin, and inciso-serrate, the serratures, coarse and sharp, paler beneath, but never, either in the old or younger state, dotted. Male catkins resembling those of the preceding [B. papyracea–Ed.], 1-2 inches long.

* There has probably been some mistake in the station of this.

Carpinus betulus L. “European hornbeam”

There is only one collection of Carpinus betulus L. “European hornbeam” in Colorado, that made near the Coors plant in Golden in 1949.

Linnaeus (1753) described the tree as native to Europe and Canada, though POWO does not show it lives there, nor are there any Canadian collections in SEINet. The tree is native to Germany, and it is possibly planted on the Coors grounds for that reason.

Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 998) ...

Original Text
Betulus.	1. CARPINUS fquamis ftrobilorum planis. Hort. cliff. 447. Fl. fuec. 786. Roy. lugdb. 79. It. fcan. 46. Dalib. parif; 294.
	Carpinus. Dod. pempt. 841. Cam. epit. 71.
	Oftrya ulmo fimilis, fructu in umbilicis foliaceis. Bauh. pin 427.
	Habitat in Europa, Canada. ♄

Corylus cornuta Marshall “Beaked Hazelnut”

Quercus gambelii Nutt. “Gambel Oak”

Gambel Oak — Quercus gambelii — is found mostly in southern Jefferson County and, until recently, not in Golden. However, the writer found it recently in a canyon in Apex Park. It is also found on Dinosaur Ridge just south of Interstate 70 and therefore just south of the Golden city limits. The Gambel oaks on Eagle Ridge Drive near Kinney Run were planted.

The oak is broadly distributed throughout the American Southwest. For example, the writer has also collected it in the Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, about 45 km. northwest of Las Vegas.

Coll. No. 2288, Quercus gambelii

William Gambel (June 1823 – December 13, 1849) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, and botanist from Philadelphia. As a young man he worked closely with the renowned naturalist Thomas Nuttall. At the age of eighteen he traveled overland to California, becoming the first botanist to collect specimens in Santa Fe, New Mexico and parts of California.

In March 1841, at the age of eighteen, Gambel set off on his own for California to collect plants and other specimens for Nuttall. He planned to take a more southerly route than that taken in 1834 by Nuttall and John Kirk Townsend. Upon reaching Independence, Missouri he joined a group of traders and headed for Santa Fe following the Santa Fe Trail. Gambel reached Santa Fe in June and spent the next couple months collecting plants. In September Gambel joined a party heading to California and accompanied them along the Old Spanish Trail, arriving in Mexican Alta California in early November, 1841, becoming the first botanist to enter California overland from the east.

Nuttall (1848) described an oak collected on the Rio Grande by William Gambel.

Original Text	Comments and Interpretation
QUERCUS.
Q. Gambelii. Leaves obovate, shortly petiolate, narrowed below, sinuately lobed, dilated and somewhat 3-lobed at the summit, beneath pubescent, the lobes rather obtuse, the upper ones subdentate ; fruit sessile, small, the cup hemispherical, scales ovate-acute ; the glande ovate and acute, about half immersed in the cup ; the conic summit short.
HAB. On the banks of the Rio del Norte, but not abundant. With the aspect of our northern oaks, but very distinct ; in the leaf approaching a little to L. obtusiloba, but without any near affinity.	[The Rio del Norte is now called the Rio Grande. – Ed.]

The collections around Golden may be the northernmost occurrences along the Front Range. Gambel oak has been collected in the vicinity of Boulder, though Weber & Wittmann (2012) note that they were planted.

Ulmus americana L. “American Elm”

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. “Chinese Elm”

Ulmus pumila L. “Siberian Elm”

Celtis occidentalis L. “Western Hackberry”

occidentalis.	3. CELTIS foliis oblique, ovatis ferratis acuminatis.
	Celtis procera, foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis fructu pullo. Gron. virg. 195
	Lotus arbor virginiana, fructu rubro. Raj. hift. 1917.
	Habitat in Virginia. ♃
	Folia tenera, ovato-lanceolata, parum pubefcentia; adulta latopovata, acuminata, acumine & bafi integerrima, ceteram ferrata nuda, nervofo-venofa, latere-poftico duplo minore. Maxime affinis primae.

Celtis reticulata Torr. “Net-Leaved Hackberry”

Torrey (1828, v. 2, p. 247) in his description of plants collected by Dr. Edwin James ...

Original Text
414. Celtis reticulata, folds lato-cordatis, subcoriaceis, subintegerrimis, obtusiusculis, basi inequalibus, supra papilloso-scaberrimis, subtus venis elevatis reticularis, pubescentibus ; pedunculis 1-floris.
Hab. Base of the Rocky Mountains.
Obs. A tall shrub. Branches compressed ; younger ones villous. Leaves about an inch and half long, obtuse, or a little acute, not acuminate, of a firm and almost coriaceous texture; margin with sometimes three or four serratures ; upper surface shining, but very scabrous ; beneath reticulated with prominent veins, pubescent and slightly scabrous ; petioles about three lines long. Fruit globose, solitary, on recurved pedicels one fourth of an inch in length.
This species is very distinct from C. occidentalis β. integrifolia of Nuttall.

Notes on Humulus L. “Hops”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 1028) ...

Original Text		Translation and Comments
HUMULUS
Lupulus.	1. HUMULUS. Hort. Cliff. 458. Fl. fuec. 818. Mat. med. 458. Dalib. parif. 301. Roy. lugdb. 222. ♀ Lupulus mas. Bauh. pin. 298.   Lupulus falictarius Fuchf. hift. 124. ♂ Lupulus femina. Bauh. pin. 298. Cam. epit. 954. Habitat in Europae fepibus & ad radices montium. ♃

Nuttall (1848, p. 23) proposed Humulus americanus in describing some collections by Gambel.

Original Text
HUMULUS.
H. * Americanus. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, the upper sometimes entire; inner divisions lanceolate-acuminate, denticulate along the apex ; scales of the cone ovate, acute, the lower ones acuminate.
Hab. Throughout the United States in alluvial situations. I have also most luxuriant specimens from the borders of streams (Ojito de Navajo) in the Rocky Mountains, near the line of New Mexico, collected by Mr. Gambel.

Nelson & Cockerell (1903, v. 16, p. 45) ...

Original Text
Humulus Lupulus neomexicanus, n. var.
Leaves divided or sometimes parted, the segments varying from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, acuminate, freely sprinkled with resin particles on the lower face; fruiting bracts ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate, finely pubescent. The hop indigenous in New Mexico seems to possess these characters in variance with the usual and more widely distributed form and may probably best stand as a variety. The type of the variety is No. 14, T. D. A. Cockerell, Beulah, N. M. (Canadian Zone) August, 1902. It is also abundant on the Valle Ranch, Pecos, N. M., and was collected by Professor Wooton in the White Mountains of that State (No. 294).

Rydberg (1917) Flora of the Rocky Mountains …

2. HUMULUS L. Hops.

Perennial, twining herbaceous vines. Leaves opposite, 3-7-lobed, serrate. Stipule persistent, free. Staminate flowers in panicled racemes; sepals 5, imbricate; stamens 5; filaments short, erect. Pistillate flowers in ament-like, drooping spikes, 2 together, subtended by a bract; ovary 1-celled. Achenes a little flattened. Embryo spirally coiled.

Leaf-blades 3-7-lobed about half-way to the base, with ovate, acute or short-acuminate lobes: those of the inflorescence 3-lobed or undivided. 1. H. Lupulus.

Leaf-blades 5-7-divided to near the base, with lanceolate, long-acuminate divisions ; those of the inflorescence 5-cleft. 2. H. neomexicanus.

1. H. Lupulus L. A vine 5-10 m. high; leaf-blades cordate in outline, dark green, scabrous above, glabrous beneath except the pubescent veins; lobes coarsely toothed, with ovate teeth; bracts of the pistillate flowers broadly ovate, from obtuse to short acuminate. Common Hops. Rocky banks and copses: N.S. — Ga. — Kans. — Wyo. — Mont.; Eurasia; extensively cultivated. Plain — Submont.

2. H. neomexicanus (A. Nels. & Cockerell) Rydb. A vine 5-10 m. high; leaf-blades light green, minutely scabrous above, nearly glabrous beneath; bracts of the pistillate flowers narrower, lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. H. Lupulus neomexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell. Wild Hops. Among bushes: Wyo. — Utah — Ariz. — -N.M. Plain — Submont. Jl-Au.

Harrington (1964, 2nd edition) ...

2 Humulus L. HOP

Perennial twining vines; stems and petioles retrorsely prickly (though weak); leaves opposite, palmately lobed; staminate flowers in loose panicles; pistillate flowers 2 together under a large persistent bract which with the others at maturity forms a large conelike “hop.”

1. Humulus americanus Nutt., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. ser. 2. 1:181. 1847.

H. lupulus var. neomexicanus Nels. & Ckll.; H. neomexicanus (A. Nels. & Ckll.) Rydb. — Vines 5-10 m. long; leaf blades 3- to 7-divided or parted usually over ½ way to base. with 3 main lobes, the divisions lanceolate or narrow, terminal one narrower at base than at middle, over twice as long as wide, acuminate or narrowly acute, somewhat scabrous above, lower surface usually copiously glandular, lobes of leaves serrate, petiole about as long or shorter than the blades, rough; bracts of pistillate flowers ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Our plants have rather variable leaves, some with few obtuse shallow lobes resembling the cultivated species, varying to the typical native form described above. It has been suggested that hybridization may be responsible for this variation. — Usually among bushes. Wyoming to Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona. Our records scattered over the mountainous part of Colorado at 4000-9000 feet.

Small (1978, ____) published H lupulus var. lupuloides. A numerical and nomenclatural analysis of morpho-geographic taxa of Humulus. — behind a paywall.

The relationships of hop cultivars and wild variants of Humulus lupulus

Löve (1982, p. ___) published H. lupulus subsp. americanus (Nutt.) Á.Löve & D.Löve. — behind a paywall.

Key in FNANM

Molecular phylogeny of wild Hops, Humulus lupulus L.

Weber & Wittmann (2012) refer our local “hops” to Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell.

HUMULUS L. 1753 [late Latin name of Teutonic origin]. Hops.

One species, H. lupulus var. neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell [Lupulus, an early generic name.] 20B> This is a distinctly native race of the species, having been found fossilized in the upper Eocene formation at Florissant. Bases of talus slopes. The hops of commerce is a European form. (H. lupulus subsp. americanus apparently refers to an eastern North American race.)

Ackerfield, 2015, pp. 263 ...

HUMULUS L. — Hop

Twinning vines; leaves, simple, palmately lobed; Pistillate flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by a large, foliaceous bract, these imbricate in short spikes or drooping racemes; fruit an achene enclosed within a persistent bract.

Humulus neomexicanus (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb. New Mexican hop. Vines with scabrous stems; leaves 5-15 cm ;ong, hirsute, with serrate margins; staminate flowers on pedicels 0.5-3.5 mm long, with sepals 1.5-3 mm long; pistillate flowers subtended by ovate, papery (at maturity) bracts 7-20 mm long; achenes 203 mm long smooth. Cool, moist, shaded canyons, rocky outcrops, 4800-8500 ft. June-Aug. E/W.

Tembrock, et al., 2016, p. 19 ...

Key to the Native and Naturalized Species of Humulus

1. Petiole as long as or longer than lamina of leaf; pubescence on the abaxial side of the leaf midrib consisting of stiff spinulose trichomes ... *H. scandens

1. Petiole shorter than lamina of the leaf; pubescence on the abaxial side of leaf veins made up of soft silvery trichomes.

2. Glands on the abaxial leaf surface with fewer than 20 glands per cm2; 15 to 25 hairs per linear cm on the abaxial surface of the leaf midrib; nodes weakly pubescent ... *H. lupulus

2. Glands on abaxial leaf surface greater than 25 glands per cm2; 30 to 50+ hairs per linear cm on the abaxial surface of the leaf midrib; nodes with dense silvery pubescence.

3. Most leaves possess 5 or more lobes; glands on abaxial leaf surface in excess of 30 per cm2 ... H. neomexicanus

3. Most leaves possess 3 lobes or remain unlobed and cordate, rarely leaves of 4 lobes are found; glands on abaxial leaf surface fewer than 30 per cm2.

4. Abaxial surface of leaf midrib with more than 100 hairs per linear cm, these hairs spreading and silvery, abaxial surface of leaf evidently pubescent between veins ... H. pubescens

4. Abaxial surface of leaf midrib with 20 to 75 hairs per linear cm; these hairs closely appressed to the midrib, abaxial surface of leaf sparsely pubescent or glabrous between veins ... H. lupuloides

* Introduced species are indicated with an asterisk.

Ackerfield, 2022, pp. 282-283 ...

HUMULUS L. — Hop

Twinning vines; leaves, simple, palmately lobed; Pistillate flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by a large, foliaceous bract, these imbricate in short spikes or drooping racemes; fruit an achene enclosed within a persistent bract. (Tembrock et al., 2016)

Humulus neomexicanus (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb. New Mexican hop. [Humulus lupulus L. var. neomexicanus A. Nelson & Cockerell] Vines with scabrous stems; leaves 5-15 cm ;ong, hirsute, with serrate margins; staminate flowers on pedicels 0.5-3.5 mm long, with sepals 1.5-3 mm long; pistillate flowers subtended by ovate, papery (at maturity) bracts 7-20 mm long; achenes 203 mm long smooth. Cool, moist, shaded canyons, rocky outcrops, 4800-8500 ft. June-Aug.

Humulus lupulus L. “Wild Hops”

See the section above “Notes on Humulus sp.”

Humulus neomexicana (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb. “New Mexican Hops”

See the section above “Notes on Humulus sp.”

Parietaria pensylvanica Willd. “Pennsylvania Pellitory”

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Aiton) Seland. “Stinging Nettle”

Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) J. Presl var. cryptopodium (Engelm.) Cronquist “Pineland Dwarf Mistletoe”

Gray (1850, v. 6, p. 214) includes a long communication from George Engelmann regarding the mistletoes.

“4. A. cryptopodum (n. sp.) : caule ramisque acute quadrangulatis robustis articulis brevioribus ; squamis truncatis in vaginulas cupulatas connatis ; floribus in spicas densas compositas, foemineis ovatis in quavis axilla singulis ; baccis brevissime incluso-pedicellatis erectis. — Santa Fe, only on Pinus brachyptera, A. Fendler, No. 283. — Hooker's A. Oxycedri from the Hudson Bay country appears to belong here : the figure shows at least subsessile, erect fruits ; but the segments of the male flowers are broadly oval, whilte those of the New Mexican plant are lanceolate.” G. Engelmann.

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl. “Pale Bastard Toadflax”

Linnaeus (1753) first described Comandra umbellata from plants collected in Virginia and Pennsylvania.

Original Text		Comments
umbellatum	THESIUM floribus umbellatis, foliis oblongis. Centaurium luteum afcyroides virginianum. Plnk. mant. 43. t. 342. f. 1. Habitat in Virginiae, Penfylvaniae pafcuis ficcis Kalm. ♃ Radix . Folia alterna, ovali-lanceolata, integerrima. Rami alterni, in fummitate caulis: Umbellulae terminales: involucro tetraphyllo, parvo: Flofculi 5.	“Kalm Petr. Plante canadenfes propediem edendae.” Although, I think his first name was actually “Pehr” and that his name is the source of the genus Kalmia.

Nuttall (1818) defined a new genus, Comandra, and places the North American Thesium into it. Nuttall also suggests that some of Linnaeus' eastern hemisphere Thesium might belong in Comandra. The genus Thesium L. remains accepted, and is native to Europe, Asia-Tropical, Africa, South America and Asia-Temperate.

Original Text	Comments
233. *COMANDRA.† Thesium. L. Calix angular, tubular-campanulate, coalescing with an internal 5-toothed, glandulous disk. Petals 5, ovate, ingrafted upon the margin of the calix, persistent. Anthers attached to the petals by a tuft of filaments! Germ 3-seeded, immersed in the glandulous disk. Capsule valveless, 1-seeded, coated by the base of the calix.
Perennial, root ligneous, stem herbaceous; leaves simple, alternate, stipules none; radical gemmaceous scales numerous, persistent; flowers in a corymbulose terminal panicle.
Species. 1. C. umbellata
Thesium umbellatum. Linn. Willd. Sp. Plant.
Stem round and erect, sending out 2 or 3 infertile beanches below the panicle. Leaves approximating, erect, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth, reflected in the margin, and reticulately veined. Panicle short, ramuli axillary, corymbulose, corymbs about 5-flowered, with 4 involucrate bractes, uppermost peduncles fewer flowered. Calix uniting with the glandulous and nectariferous germinal disk; disk 5-toothed, obtuse. Petals 5, calycine, often 4 and 6, with the same number of stamina, ovate, acute, persistent, growing to the margin of the calix, white, internally villous (Seen through a lens), before expansion parallel. Stamina seated at the base of the petals, alternating with the dentures of the glandulous disk; filaments subulate, about half the length of the petals; anthers oval, 2-celled, connected at their summits to the petals near their base by a fascicle of yellow filaments — Style terete, simple; stigma round, entire; germ about 3-seeded, ovula pendulous, attached to the apex of a filiform contractile funiculus arising from the base of the capsule. Capsule nearly globular, and angular, 1-seeded, not opening, thin and brittle, not osseus, coated by the base of the calix. Seed round, about the size of a small pea, consisting almost entirely of a large carnose and oily perisperm, embryon inverted, small flat, nearly in the axis of the perisperm; radicle superior, thick and obtuse; cotyledons linear and acute.
Obs. The connecting fibres of the petals, appear to be a separation of a portion of the central vessels, for at that point the petal is greenish and callous, and the central nerves there commencing trichotomously, disappear above the connectile fibres, and the rest of the petal is then white.
This plant has some relation to the preceding, and they both appertain to the Natural Order Santalaceae of R. Brown, approaching at the same time very nearly to the Rhamnei of Jussieu. The genus here proposed may probably include some of the species of Thesium indigenous to the Cape of Good Hope.

DeCandolle (1857) proposed C. pallida from a collection in Oregon Territory.

Original Text	Comments
3. C. pallida, foliis lividis inferioribus elliptico-oblongis acutis supremis lineari-acuminatis, lobis perigonii erecto-patentibus. Prope Clear Water, Oregon (Rev. Spalding ! Sub nom. Erroneo C. livide Hook. In h. meo et Boiss.). Caules semipedales, sublignosi, striati, erecti, apice solum ramosi. Folia non pellucida, ima squamaeformia, late ovata, 2 lin. Loga ; media 8-10 lin. Longa, 2-3 lin. Lata, mucronata-acuta, summa variabilia, pleraque 1-2 lin. Solum lata et 5-7 lin. Longa, quaedam latiora vel angustiora breviora. Cymae pauciflorae. Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae, 2 lin. Longae. Pedicelli graciles, lineam longi. Flos ut in C. umbellata, sed lobi magis papilloso-velutini praesertum ad marginem et intus. Differt a C. umbellata praecipue foliis angustis elongatis ramorum non florentium. (v. s.)	I assume “Rev. Spalding” was Henry H. Spalding who travelled the Oregon Trail in 1836 and established a mission to the Nez Perce at Lapwai near present-day Lewiston, Idaho. Present-day Lapwai is several miles south of the Clearwater River, just up-river from Lewiston. “The name C. livide Hook. is erroneous.” This refers to the currently named Geocaulon lividum (Richardson) Fernald. “In my herbarium and that of Bossier.” The type is now at G: Conservatoire & Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. Piehl (1965) states there is a photograph of this type at MICH, but I have been unable to find it online.
β. angustifolia, foliis mediis et superioribus omnibus lineari-acutis. In Novo Mexico (Wright ! N. 1783 in h. Boiss.). Folia ima ut in specimine oregonensi. (v. s.)

Another first collection by Spalding was Nothocalais troximonoides.

Oliphant (1934) published a paper on the botanical labors of the Reverend Henry H. Spalding. Spalding collected for one year and sent one box of dried plants east. He was apparently stimulated to this activity by contact with Charles A. Geyer, a German botanist, who was in Oregon Country in 1843-44. Spalding sent one box in 1846, which was received in Boston in 1848. By the time that Gray's encouragement for Spalding to continue collecting was sent to him in March 13, 1849, a massacre at Waiilatpu had sent Spalding and others fleeing to Lower Oregon ending his botanical career.

I don't know how Spalding's collections ended up in DeCandolle's herbarium, and why it was he and not Asa Gray who published Spalding's Comandra collections.

Piehl (1965) wrote a natural history and taxonomy of Comandra. It is almost a monograph, but I don't think we do monographs about single species.

Original Text	Comments
The name Comandra is from the Greek Kome (hair) and aner (man), alluding to the hairs superficially attached to the anthers, which actually are not staminal, but develop from the base of the sepals … … The name has frequently been misspelled “Commandra.”
4. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Subsp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl, comb. nov. Comandra pallida A. DC., in DC. Prodr. 14:636-37. 1857 Comandra pallida β angustifolia A. DC., in DC. Prodr 14:637. 1857. Isotypes: New Mexico, in 1851-52, C. Wright 1783 (GH!, NY!). Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Var. angustifolia (A. DC.) Torr. Rept. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. (Bot.) 2 (Part 1): 185. 1859. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Var. pallida (A. DC.) M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad., Ser. 2, 5:722. 1895. Comandra linearis Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mts. 818, 1066. 1917. Holotype: Green River, Utah, 19 Aug. 1887, S. M. Tracy and Evans 716 (NY!).
Holotype: Clear Water, Oregon (now Idaho), s.d., Rev. Spalding s.n. (G!; photograph 1454 (MICH)) ; two probable isotypes (GH!). Another specimen labeled “plains — Oregon, May 7,” (GH!) could also be type material.
… subsp. pallida intergrades with both subsp. californica and subsp. umbellata … is also quite variable, but more of the vaiation appears to be correlated with various habitats … contracts with the other species in that it characteristically sprouts from buds which are at or below the soil surface … the aerial part of the plant dying each season ….
Selected Specimens Examined. COLORADO. Denver Co.: hilltops, Clear Creek near Denver, Clokey & Bethel 3260 (CAS, GH).	Collection date: 8 June 1919, also at RM; Piehl does not cite any specimens from RM.

Der and Nickrent (2008) … phylogenetic analysis supports a Comandra clade consisting of Comandra and Geocaulon lividum, i.e., the C. livide rejected by DeCandolle. Their work also supports a Thesium clade distinct from a Comandra clade.

Two hemi-parasites were encountered in species sampling: Comandra umbellata, and Pedicularis canadensis. C. umbellata was a significant indicator for high-quality prairies. (Sivicek & Taft, 2011)

Eriogonum Michx. “Hairy Plant”

Michaux (1803, Vol. 1, pg. 246) published the first Eriogonum meaning “hairy plant.”

Original Text		Comments
246	ENNEANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.
	ERIOGONUM.
	Εριον, lana, Γονυ, genu : planta lanata , geniculata.
	Caulis herbaceus , dichotomus. Folia terna , verticillata , sessilia , basi subcommata. Flores singulorum fasciculorum e communi involucro subcampanulato erumpentes.
	Cal. subcampanulatus, 6-partitus : laciniis ovalibus , obtusis ; tribus interioribus paulo majoribus.
	Stam. 9 : filamenta capillaria , calyce paulo longiora : antheræ breves , ovate.
	Pist. ovarium 3-quetrum : stylus brevissimus : stigmata 3 , longiora , subfiliformia.
	Fruct. semem calyce tectum , acute triquetrum , apterum.
	Obs. Genus inter Polygoneas defectu vaginæ stipularis insolitum.
Tomentosum. tab. 24.	E. erectum ; partibus omnibus tomentosis : foliis ternis, cuneato-obovalibus.
	Obs. Flores candicantes. Hab. in aridissimis , pinetis Carolinæ et Georgiæ.

Subgroups of Eriogonum as described by Reveal (2005) in his treatment of the genus in Flora of North America.

• Eriogonum
• Oligogonum
• Ganysma
• Oregonium
• Eucycla
• Micrantha
• Clastomyelon
• Pterogonum

Those that have been collected in Golden are found in three of the subgroups:

• Oligogonum Nutt.
  • E. arcuatum Greene. Baker's Buckwheat.
  • E. umbellatum Torrey. Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat.
• Eucycla Nutt.
  • E. effusum Nutt. Spreading Buckwheat.
• Pterogonum H. Gross
  • E. alatum Torrey. Winged Buckwheat.

Two other wild buckwheats that are often of interest are both in subgroup Oligogonum Nutt.:

• E. flavum Nutt. Golden Buckwheat.
• E. jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat. There are two observations in Magpie Gulch, just outside Golden s.l. that may be E. jamesii.

Eriogonum Michx. — Wild Buckwheat

1a. Perennials, low, spreading, cespitose or mat-forming; flowers attenuate at base, sometimes only weakly so, stipelike base not at all winged; inflorescence bracts 2-10 or sometimes more; perianths glabrous or, if pubescent, not white-tomentose ... 3. (Eriogonum subg. Oligogonum)

1b. Perennial subshrubs or tall erect herbs; flowers not attenuate at base, stipelike base absent or, if present, then slightly winged; inflorescence bracts usually 3 ... 2

2a. Plants perennial subshrubs; involucres (except 1 at fork of node in some) typically sessile, without winged or distinctly ridged achenes ... 6. (Eriogonum subg. Eucycla)

2b. Tall erect perennial herb, Involucres pedunculate, flowers usually glabrous, achenes winged or distinctly ridged ... Eriogonum subg. Pterogonum. Achenes 3-winged; plants (3) 5-25 dm. tall, from a thick taproot; leaves all or mostly basal, linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, hirsute, 5-20 cm long; flowers yellow of yellowish green, or reddish in fruit … E. alatum

3. (Eriogonum subg. Oligogonum)

3a. Perianth glabrous externally; stems only with a whorl of leaf-like bracts subtending the inflorescence; ... E. umbellatum

3b. Perianth hairy externally, stems with a whorl of leaf-like bracts subtending the inflorescence and reduced or scale-like bracts at distal nodes; … 4

4a. Flowers white, cream, or pinkish … E. jamesii var. jamesii (in Jeffco known only from an M. E. Jones' collection in Morrison, 1878).

4b. Flowers pale to bright yellow … 5

5a. Involucres elevated on evident peduncles … E. flavum var. flavum

5b. Involucres sessile or nearly so … E. arcuatum

6. (Eriogonum subg. Eucycla). Leaves 4-9 times longer than wide (to 1 cm wide), linear-lanceolate, narrowly oblong, narrowly ellliptic, or oblanceolate, the margins not crenulate. Plants of the eastern slope … E. effusum

Eriogonum subgroup Eucycla Nutt.

Nuttall (1848b, p. 166) published Eucycla as a genus name for wild buckwheats he had collected, probably on his 1834 expedition to Oregon Territory.

Original Text	Comments
*EUCYCLA.†
Perianth membranaceous, coloured, petaloid, dimorphous, the three outer divisions orbicular, concave; the three inner linear-oblong, emarginate, connivent into a cylinder. Stamens nine; with short filaments, membranous at base. Styles three, of moderate length, with small, capitate stigmas. Achenium attenuated, triangular. Embryo excentric ; radicle superior ; cotyledons flat.
E. *ovalifolia. — Leaves all redical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomentose; capitulum made up of several sessile, whitely tomentose involucres; outer segments of the yellow perianth rather narrower at base, the inner emarginate segments exserted. Eriogonum ovalifolium. Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. Hab. Sources of the Missouri. Flowers bright yellow.	Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. is an accepted name, common in south and east California.
E. *purpurea. Leaves all radical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomentose; capitulum made up of several sessile, smoothish, tomentosely margined involucres; outer segments of the purple perianth orbicular, sometimes emarginate at base; the inner emarginate, narrow, segments scarcely exserted. Scape about a span high, arising from a multifid woody caudex; flower larger than in the preceding, and purple; filaments much shorter than the perianth, with a torn membranous margin, at base three stamens seated on each of the inner narow segments; embryo rather short. Hab. Rocky Mountains.	This is a synonym of Eriogonum ovalifolium var. purpureum (Nutt.) Durand
† In reference to the circular figure of the perianth.

The characters of subgroup Eucycla are primarily: perennial, stems not jointed, flowers without a stipe-like base.

The one representative of subgroup Eucycla that is found in Golden s.l. is E. effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat.”

Other wild buckwheats in subgroup Eucycla in the author's experience are E. microthecum Nutt. “Slender Buckwheat” from the Mono Lake Basin and E. wrightii Torr. ex Benth. “Bastardsage” from the eastern Mojave Desert. All three of these wild buckwheats are very similar appearing.

Eriogonum subgroup Oligogonum Nutt.

Nuttall (1848b, p. 165) discusses the differences between E. tomentosum on which Michaux (1803) founded the genus Eriogonum, noting some key differences and proposing a subgenus Oligogonum which contains some of our more common wild Buckwheats.

Original Text	Comments
The character of the genus Eriogonum, of which there are so many species, perhaps deserves some additional consideration. The genus, as founded on E. tomentosum of Michaux, possesses yet some peculiarities not common to the rest of the genus; among the rest of its characters I may remark, that in place of the interior segments of the perianth being smaller, it is the reverse; the perianth increases in size with the perfecting of the fruit, and as in Rumex, the three inner segments are larger and erect, the three outer reflected ; the next discrepancy in the character, as given by authors, is in the condition of the embryo, which is placed in the centre of axis of the seed, and is not as described excentric.
In E. longifolium, besides a remarkable difference in habit, the perianth is wholly herbaceous, very lanugunous, and the segments all so very equal, as to appear, at length, almost disposed in a simple series; the achenium is also lanuginous, and the seed presents, as in E. tomentosum, a concentric embryo. For E. longifolium I would therefore propose the name of Trachytheca, excluding every other species. It is the first species of the section Eriantha of Bentham, which name, in not being exclusive, and too near Erianthus, cannot properly be employed for the present plant. It is very peculiar in its solitary leaves and alternate beanches.
In all the rest of this numerous genus, the outer segments of the perianth, which increase a little in size, are either larger and erect, or all nearly equal. In these, some of which have the embryo excentric and others concentric, the subgeneric name of Olygogonum may be applied, but whether any other subdivision may be made by the condition of the embryo is at present uncertain. In E. flavum, I believe the embruo is excentric, but how far that species connects itself to any others of similar form, remains to be examined.	Olygogonum has become Oligogonum and is now the name of an Eriogonum subgroup that contains E. arcuatum, E. flavum, and E. umbellatum.

Oligogonum is the larger of the subgroups and contains many of the caespitose or mat-forming perennials, those with a stipe-like base on the flowers.

Eriogonum subgroup Pterogonum Gross

Gross (1913, vol. 49, pg. 239, footnote 1) in his “Contributions to the knowledge of the Polygonaceae” proposed Pterogonum for some Eriogoneae but I cannot read the original German well enough to understand the basis for segregation from the remainder of Eriogoneae.

Original Text	Comments
1) Pterogonum H. Gross nov. gen. Eriogonearum. Involucrum pluriflorum, gamophyllum, ± campanulatum, 5-dentatum. Perigonium profunde 6-partitum, tepalis ternis in 2 cyclis dispositis. Stamina 9. Ovarium trigonum, 1-loculare, ovula unico basilari orthotropo, stylis 3 capitato-stigmatosis. Achaenium maturum perigono longius, trialatum. — Herbae perennes Eriogonis simillimae, indumento subsericeo. Folia radicalia, caulina pauca, altrerna. Rami floriferi apice caulis in di-usque pleiochasium conferti nonnumquam etiam racemosi. Embryo fere rectus v. subexcentricus, cotyledonibus sat amplis.
Species adhuc certae: Pterogonum alatum (Torr. sub Eriogono) Gross, P. atrorubens (Engelm. sub. Erigono) Gross, P. hieracifolium (Bth. sub. Eriogono) Gross.

Reveal (2005) places six North American taxa in subgroup Pterogonum of which only one, E. alatum occurs in Colorado.

Eriogonum alatum Torr. “Winged Buckwheat”

No mention of Eriogonum alatum in the report of Frémont's 1842 and 1843-'44 expeditions, though Torrey (1853) notes they were aware of it.

No mention of Eriogonum alatum in Gray's (1852) account of Wright's collections in Texas and New Mexico in 1849. In fact, there are no Polygonaceae in either part of Gray's account, although DeCandolle (1857) will say he has seen a collection of Eriogonum alatum by Wright. Gray's preface notes that the cacti were given to George Engelmann, of St. Louis, for examination. The seeds were divided between the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, under Gray's charge, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, under the direction of Sir Wm. Hooker. Sets of plants were distributed to Gray's herbarium, the Smithsonian Institution, John A. Lowell, a patron of the Wright's explorations, with a few distributions to others. If one assumes that Wright collected any Polygonaceae, what happened to them?

Dr. John Torrey wrote the Botany chapter of the Sitgreaves Report on the expedition Sitgreaves led down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers in 1851.

Original Text	Comments
E. alatum. (Torr., l. c.;) perenne ; caule erecto subflexuoso folioso, ramis alternis erectis paniculatis ; foliis spathulatis hirsutis ; pedunculis terminalibus ternis ; involucris solitariis campanulatis 5-fidis ; perigoniis glabris, laciniis aequalibus ; acheniis trialatis. On the Zuñi river; September. Root stout and blackish, descending to a great depth ; stem 1--3 feet high, arising from a short thick caudex, which is clothed with the remains of leaves. Radical leaves 2--4 inches long, and 3--5 lines wide, almost villous, with long hairs, mostly obtuse ; stem leaves much smaller, and gradually diminishing in size upward, all of them erect. Branches solitary and distant, subdivided in a trichotomous manner, each division bearing a single involucre, which is about 2½ lines long, and pubescent. Pedicels glabrous, a little exserted, jointed close to the flower ; perigonium not enlarging after flowering ; the segments lanceolate ; filaments glabrous ; ovary oblong, triquetrous, longer than the styles ; achenium nearly four lines long, with three very conspicuous membranaceous wings ; seed ovate, triangular ; embryo straight.	Torrey's “l. c.” refers to the second previous entry, i.e., that for Eriogonum orthocladon for which the citation is “(Torr. mss., in D. C. Prodr. ined.:).” I interpret this as “I, Torrey, described this in a manuscript I gave to DeCandolle for his use in his Prodromo.” As it happens, though, Torrey's account in the Sitgreaves Report was published in 1853, four years before DeCandolle's Prodromo volume 14 containing Torrey's manuscript description.
This remarkable species was first detected by Colonel Frémont in upland prairies, at the sources of the Plata, in 1843, and again in 1845 in “Bahia Salada,” in the Rocky mountains. Lieutenant Abert found it on the Raton mountains in 1846.

DeCandolle (1857, vol. 14., p. 6) …

Original Text	Comments
2. E. alatum (Torr.! in Frémont Rep.), herbaceum, elatum, subsericeo-villosum, foliis subradicalibus petiolatis oblongis lanceolatisve elongatis, caulinis paucis, pedrunculis axillaribus terminalibusque apice 2-3-chotomis umbellatisve, involucris pedicellatis campanulatis 5-dentatis, perigoniis parvis glabris, achaenio 3-4-plo longiore a basi trialato. ♃ In montibus Scopulosis in regione superiore fl. Platte meridionalis et Bahia Salada (Frémont !), in Novo-Mexico (Abert! Fendler ! n. 763 , Wright !). Habitus fere E. hieracifolii, sed præter corymbum terminalem adsunt etiam peduncili breves laterales. Perigonia multo minora, sub anthesi vix lineam longa, nec multum sub fructu aucta. Achænium 3-4 lin. longum, a basi as apicem late trialatum. (v. s.)
β elatum. caule sub-3-pedali, foliis radicalibus 6-8 poll. longis. In montibus Scopulosis inter fl. Platte et Sweetwater (Geyer! n. 145). — Journ. 1853, p. 263.

DeCandolle notes that he has seen Fendler's No. 763 and agrees it is E. alatum. Fendler's collections went to Gray, who in his Plantae Fendlerinae make no mention of it, or any other Polygonaceae. There are two vouchers of Fendler's 763, one at Harvard University (GH) and one at Brown University (BRU). The locality of both vouchers states “2 mi east of the Moro River,” which river does not now exist in New Mexico. However, there is a Mora River that is crossed by the Santa Fe Trail and given the August date of the GH voucher, it is likely that Fendler collected it on his way home. What I don't understand is why Torrey did not publish the name from Fendler's collection, but instead published the name from the Woodhouse collection on the Sitgreaves Expedition of 1851.

Eriogonum arcuatum Greene. “Baker's Buckwheat”

Inflorescence of Coll. No. 1401.1, Eriogonum arcuatum var. arcuatum	Coll. No. 1695, Eriogonum arcuatum var. arcuautm

Greene (1901, v. 4., part 25, p. 319) described E. arcuatum from a collection on hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado by C. F. Baker.

Original Text
Eriogonum arcuatum. Near E. flavum, about as large, more extensively caespitose, forming broad matted tufts : leaves oval, obtuse, an inch long or less, abruptly tapering to a rather slender petiole about as long, white-tomentose beneath, pale-green and thinly tomentellous above : scapiform peduncles 6 inches high, bearing a single large sessile involucre and a pair of long-peduncled ones arising from its base, these opposite each other and curving upwards to the length of 1½ to 2 inches : perianths yellow, very sparsely silky-villous : stamens long-exserted.
On hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado, 17 July, 1899. C. F. Baker.

Six weeks later, Greene (1901a) published Eriogonum bakeri.

Original Text
Eriogonum Bakeri. Allied to E. flavum, rather taller, the branches of the caudex very slender and only loosely leafy, the leaves thin, the elliptic-lanceolate blades 1/2 to 1 inch long, on slender petioles much longer, white-tomentose beneath, sparsely villous above: scapiform peduncles 5 to 8 inches high, erect slender; inflorescence of a sessile involucre and 1 to 3 dichotomous peduncles from its base, the whole number of involucres thus 7 to 9, all turbinate: perianths yellow, small very long-stipitate, silky villous, the inner segments much longer than the outer, all obovate, obtuse.
Black Cañon, 1 Aug., n. 696. Said to be caespitose in rather small tufts. The inflorescence is like that of E. Jamesii, though far less ample; and the real affinity is with E. flavum.

We now treat E. bakeri as a synonym of E. arcuatum.

Small (1906), Studies in North American Polygonaceae — II

Eriogonum xanthum sp. nov.

Perennial (section Flava), dwarf, closely pale-pubescent. Stems (caudices) closely tufted, densely leafy, the lower portions densely clothed with the persistent leaf-bases : leaves numerous, crowded ; blades spatulate, 1-2.5 cm - long, obtuse, somewhat floccose and greenish above, more closely pubescent and gray beneath, rather slender-petioled : scapes 3-5 cm. tall, simple, pubescent, like the upper surface of the leaf-blades : bracts spatulate, quite similar to the leaves, but usually 1 — 1 . 5 cm. long: involucres nearly sessile, capitate, turbinate, ultimately ribbed, about 4 mm. long ; lobes triangular, about one fourth as long as the tube : calyxes yellow, becoming 8 mm. long, including the stipe-like base, which is about 1.5 mm. long, silky-pubescent without; lobes spatulate or the outer ones pandurate-spatulate : filaments copiously villous below the middle : ovary sparingly pubescent at the top ; styles sparingly pubescent at the base : achenes about 5.5 mm. long.

Collected on Mt. Harvard, Colorado, August 17, 1896, by C. L. Shear, no. 3789 (type), and on Gray's Peak, Colorado, August, 1873, by Mr. Woolson.

Related to both Eriogonum flavum and E. aureum, but differing from both of them in its longer slender base of the perianth and the glabrous, persistent leaf-bases.

Reveal (2004a, p. 157) reviewed all the available names in the subfamily Eriogonoideae in preparation for his contribution to FNANM. Reproduced below are his analyses of E. arcuatum and E. flavum.

Original Text
Eriogonum arcuatum Greene, Pittonia 4: 319. 1901. – T.: Hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Archuleta Co., Colorado, 17 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 284. Holotype: NDG (sheet number 118); isotypes: B, BM, E, F, G, GH, K, MO, NDG, NMC, NY, P, POM, RM(2), UC, US. – E. jamesii Benth. var. arcuatum (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.
Eriogonum bakeri Greene, Pl. Baker. 3: 15. 1901. – T.: Black Canyon, Montrose Co., Colorado, 1 Aug 1901, C. F. Baker 696. Holotype: NDG; isotypes: E, G, GH, K, LY, MIN, MO, NY, POM, RM(2), UC, US, VT, W. – E. jamesii Benth. Subsp. bakeri (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.	Elsewhere, Reveal noted that Greene published E. bakeri six weeks after E. arcuatum.
…
Eriogonum flavum Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana: [2,] no. 34. 1813. – T.: Variously stated as “in the vicinity of the rocky mountains” or “from the Arikare village,” most likely found in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan, Mercer or McLean counties, North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n. Holotype: PH; isotype: P. – A Nuttall sheet at PH with a label alluding to the Rocky Mountains was collected in 1834 and is not original material.
Reveal lists eight synonyms of E. flavum, two of which are particularly interesting.
…
Eriogonum laterifolium Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 53. 1838. – LT.: Upper Missouri River, probably in South Dakota, Jun 1811, J. Bradbury s.n. Lectotype: BM, designated here; isolectotype: LINN. The original collection in Rafinesque's possession was probably destroyed, not found at P or PH.	This is one of the few published names I have seen that specifically refer to a Bradbury collection.
…
Eriogonum sericeum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:277. 1813. – T.: “On the prairies of the Missouri [River',” probably in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan, Mercer or McLean counties, North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n. Holotype: PH; isotype: P. – E. flavum Nutt. Var. sericeum S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 116. 1936.	I assume this was Pursh's view of the same collection that Nuttall published as E. flavum.

The treatment of subfamily Eriogonoideae in Flora of North America was written by Jim Reveal. Eriogonum arcuatum, E. flavum, and E. jamesii are all in subgroup Oligogonum, and couplet 20 separates E. arcuatum and E. flavum. (I might add that the original online key contains an HTML coding error that will throw you off, and has been corrected below. To date, 22 Oct 2022, this HTML coding error has been propagated to the beta version of FNANM.)

Original Text
22 (21)	Inflorescences compound-umbellate or, if umbellate or capitate, not of distribution of E. flavum; Colorado Plateau, s Rocky Mountains and w edge of Great Plains from s Wyoming to n Arizona and n New Mexico		129. Eriogonum arcuatum
+	Inflorescences subcapitate or umbellate; n Great Plains and n Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Nebraska north to Canada and Alaska, west to e Oregon and Washington		133. Eriogonum flavum

The way I read this key, E. arcuatum and E. flavum should not be sympatric. Yet the map of collections determined one of the two taxa in Colorado are definitely geographically intermixed (SEINet, 2020). Similarly, the distribution maps in Ackerfield (2015) show the distributions of the two taxa are quite similar.

Map of collections determined one of the two taxa of Eriogonum in Colorado

Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not distinquish between E. arcatum and E. flavum.

Original Text

7b. Flowers E. flavum (Nuttall) [yellow]. Plains to alpine. As we see it, this species consists of various distinctive local forms that probably evolved in isolation. Alpine plants tend to be of shorter stature, with congested umbels (E. arcuatum var. xanthum (Small) Reveal, E. flavum subsp. chloranthum (Greene) Stokes). On the eastern plains the inflorescence varies from simple to compound umbels. In the foothills, taller forms have been called E. arcuatum Greene. One might be justified in considering the local races of no nomenclatural significance, and even treating E. jamesii as E. flavum subsp. jamesii.

Ackerfield (2015) distinguishes between E. arcuatum and E. flavum on the basis of pedunculate involucres.

Original Text
4a. Involucres elevated on evident peduncles ... E. flavum var. flavum 4b. Involucres sessile or nearly so ... E. arcuatum

Eriogonum effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat”

Nuttall (1848) described Eriogonum effusum in his description of plants collected by William Gambel. It is, however, a Nuttall collection made on the “… Platte plains …” and therefore on his 1834 journey across the Rocky Mountains. An isotype is at the Gray Herbarium (GH) and can be seen through SEINet.

Original Text	Comments
E. *effusum. Suffruticose ; leaves linear, oblong, obtuse, beneath whitely tomentose, above pubescent, greenish ; stem tomentose, two or three times trichotomous, divaricate ; bractes ternate, lanceolate-acute ; (flowers not seen.)
Stem divided into many simple branches below ; flowering stem bearing bractes only, divided compoundly and numerourly, each division subtended by conspicuous trifid bractes.
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)	I assume that “Nuttall” indicates this is a Nuttall collection rather than a Gambel collections.

In this same volume, Nuttall also published Eucycla as a generic name for the wild buckwheat we now call Eriogonum ovalifolium. This name has now become a subgroup name for wild buckwheats that are perennial, without jointed stems, and flowers without a stipe-like base.

Eriogonum flavum Nuttall

Nuttall (1813) ... Catalog

34 *Eriogonum flavum. ‡ Fl. bright yellow. Collected in the vicinity of the rocky mountains

Nuttall (1818) …

… 2. flavum Fras. Catal. 1813. …

Eriogonum jamesii Bentham

There are several observations of “James' Buckwheat” — Eriogonum jamesii Bentham — in gulches around Mount Galbraith. These are just outside the definition of Golden s.l. However, because those same lower gulches are within Golden s.l., E. jamesii is included here.

Eriogonum jamesii Benth., Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 14(1): 7 (-8) (1856).

7. E. Jamesii, foliis inferioribius ad basin caulis approximatis, spathulato-obovatis oblongisve subtus albido-lanatis, ramis floriferis 2-3-chotomis lanatis ternatim verticillatimve foliatis, involucris solitariis subsessilibus campanulatis tomentosis 2-3-fidis laxe multifloris, perigoniis extus lanatis, laciniis sub anthesi vix inaequilongis. ♃ In montibus Scopulosis ad fontes fl. Platte (James !), in Novo-Mexico frequens (Emory ! Fendler ! n. 769, 770, Wright ! n. 617). E. sericeum Torr. pl. Rocky M. p. 241, excl. syn. Pursh et Nutt. — Valde affinis E. tomentoso. Statura minor. Lana canescens nec rufescens. Folia vulgo angustiora, acutiora. Involucra submembranacea, saepius biloba. Flores monores; laciniae interiores demum accrescentes, vix 3 lin. longae. Embryo rectus, radicula vix cotyledonibus breviore. (v. s.)

Dayton, William A., 1960, p. 69

James eriogonum (Eriogonum jamesii Benth.), known locally as antelope sage, ground chaparral, and redroot, a somewhat trailing perennial from a woody base, 4 to 12 inches high, occurs on plains and foothills from western and northern Texas to western Kansas, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The leaves are thickish, elliptical or spatula shaped, green above, the lower surfaces (like the stems) densely gray- or white-woolly. The flowers are whitish or cream color, with a narrowed stipelike base, arranged in involucres which, in turn, are in irregularly branching cymes. The plant is named for Dr. Edwin James (1797-1861), surgeon-naturalist with the S. H. Long expedition of 1819-20 to the Rocky Mountains, and after whom the Rocky Mountain shrub genus Edwinia (syn. Jamesia Torr. & Gray, not Raf.) is named. Almost negligible as a forage plant.

Scott, James A. 1975. Mate-locating behavior of the western North American butterflies. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 14 (1), pp. 1-40 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/333681

*Apodemia mormo. Males perch near the larval foodplant (Eriogonum jamesi in Chaffee County, Colo., where most observations were), mostly in depressions such as gullies cutting into hillisides, and depressions at bases of slopes. Perching starts about 1100 and continues til 1430 or later. In the morning males mainly feed on the larval host and fly away when disturbed.

Apodemia mormo (Felder & Felder, 1859) “Mormon metalmark”

Reveal, James L. 1976 Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New Mexico Phytologia 34. pp. 409–484

30. E. JAMESII Benth. in DC. Low matted to robust and erect herbaceous perennials up to 4.5 dm high and 6 dm across; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, (0.5) 1--5 cm long, 0.5--2.5 cm wide, tomentose below, floccose above or becoming thinly pubescent to glabrous and greenish above in some, the petiole 0.5--6 cm long; stems erect, slender to stoutish, (3) 5--20 (25) cm long, tomentose to floccose; inflorescences usually open, simple or compoundly umbellate, rarely highly reduced and capitate (as on the Kaibab Plateau, Ariz.), up to 3 dm long, tomentose to floccose; involucres turbinate to campanulate, 3--7 mm long, 2.5--8 mm wide, tomentose to floccose without, the 5--8 erect teeth up to 0.5 mm long; flowers white to cream or yellow with greenish to dark yellow midribs and bases, becoming tinged with pink in some at maturity, 3--9 mm long including the 0.7--2 mm long stipe, densely pubescent without especially along the midribs and bases, the tepals dimorphic, those of the outer whorl lanceolate, those of the inner whorl narrower and longer; achenes light brown to brown, 4--5 mm long, with a sparsely pubescent beak. — Rather common and often locally abundant from e. Utah, Colo. and se. Wyo. s. to Ariz., N.M., w. Kans., w. and n. Tex., and ne. Mex.; common throughout much of both states but in particular n. and e. Ariz., and e. and s. N.M. Jun-Oct.

As I have become more and more familiar with Eriogonum jamesii the more I have come to discover that it is an exceedingly complex taxon with numerous local and region modifications in its gross external morphology. In the past I have tended to ignore the significance of many of these local populations, while in the related E. umbellatum, I (and others) have tended to recognize them. It is now becoming clear that E. jamesii is as difficult to treat as E. umbellatum. I have tried to maintain a uniform understanding of E. umbellatum, acknowledging that small, local populations are often very distinct (especially to the local flora expert), but when considered on the whole, none can be maintained at the species rank. Thus, Colorado workers (Weber, 1972) have kept E. umbellatum var. majus Hook. a distinct species (calling it E. subalpinum Greene), and Howell (1973, 1976) has proposed var. torreyanum (Gray in Torr. & Gray) M. E. Jones be considered as a distinct species. This does not take into account, for example, that in Wyoming, western Montana, and Idaho, var. majus intergrades with var. dichtocephalum Gandoger, nor that in extreme northern California and adjacent Oregon there is var. glaberrimum (Gandoger) Reveal which is as distinct from var. umbellatum as var. torreyanum, but together, are very close to one another.

The situation within Eriogonum jamesii is nearly as complex, but fortunately, with far few taxa than in E. umbellatum. However, unlike the latter species, associated with the former are a series of closely related species which are seemingly weakly distinct on biological grounds, but morphologically and distributionally, seem to be as sound a species as any in the genus. Eriogonum correllii Reveal of northern Texas, and E. allenii S. Wats. in Coult. & Wats. of the Virginias are highly isolated, but are still very closely related to E. jamesii var. wootonii Reveai of south-central New Mexico. Field studies have shown that in southeastern Wyoming and in extreme north-central Colorado, E. jamesii and E. flavum Nutt. in Fras. intergrade to such a degree that in the mountains east of Laramie, Wyoming, the two can often be exceedingly difficult to separate. This is one of the few cases in the genus where two related species intergrade; most hybridization is between unrelated groups of species (E. brevicaule x E. corymbosum; E. batemanii x E. shockkeyi; E. brevicaule x E. microthecum). While reviewing this situation in the field, I finally realized that a form of E. flavum in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, var. xanthum (Small) S. Stokes, was in fact not a form of E. flavum, but should be called E. jamesii var. xanthum. 3

3 Eriogonum jamesii Benth. in DC. var. xanthum (Small) Reveal, comb. nov., based on E. xanthum Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 33:51. 1906.

Finally, discussion with Steve Stephens and Ronald McGregor of the University of Kansas, coupled with my own field work in south-western Kansas, have proved to me that the isolated Kansas populations deserve special recognition as proposed by Gandoger (1906), and thus Eriogonum jamesii var. simplex Gandoger is maintained for these plants.

VAR. FLAVESCENS S. Wats. [E. arcuatum Greene. E. bakeri Greene. E. vegetius A. Nels. E. j. ssp. f. (S. Wats.) S. Stokes. E. j. var. a. (Greene) S. Stokes. E. j. ssp. b. (Greene) S. Stokes.] Mats up to 5 dm across; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic, 1--3 cm long, 0.5--1.5 cm wide, the margin entire; inflorescences divided 1--3 times, up to 2 dm long, rarely capitate or umbellate as in northern Arizona; bracts mostly narrowly elliptic, up to 2 cm long and 1 cm wide; involucres 3--7 mm long, 4--8 mm wide; flowers yellow, (4) 5--8 mm long. — Common and rather widespread from e. and s. Utah e. to s. and central Colo. as far n. as se. Wyo., and s. to n. Ariz and N.M.; local and often common from Mohave Co. e. across the n. tier of cos. (and Yavapai Co.) to nw. N.M. (as far e. as Sandoval Co.). Jul-Sep. The attempts to maintain either Eriogonum arcuatum or E. bakeri as distinct from E. jamesii simply do not take into account the variation within E. jamesii. The only major difference between vars. flavescens, rupricola Reveal (of southwestern Utah), wootonii, and the forms more closely related to var. jamesii such as vars. simplex and undulatum is the flower color. Again this is an impressive difference to the local taxonomist, but not so when the entire range of the species is considered, and when one remembers that in such species as E. umbellatum and E. compositum Dougl. ex Benth. in Lindl. both color phases are common.

VAR. WOOTONII Reveal. Mats up to 5 dm across; leaves broadly elliptic, 3--5 cm long, 1.5--3 cm wide, the margin entire; inflorescences divided 3--5 times, up to 2 dm long; bracts mostly foliaceous, those of the first node narrowly elliptic, 2--4 cm long, 0.7--1.8 cm wide; involucres 3--6 mm long, 4--9 mm wide; flowers yellow, 4--7 (9) mm long. -- Local and often common in the mts. of s.-central N.M. in Lincoln and Otero cos. Jul-Sep (Oct). This New Mexico phase was described in my 1973 paper on the buckwheats of Utah. It has been variously called E. jamesii or E. baker.

VAR. JAMESII. [E. j. var. neomexicanum Gandoger.] Mats up to 8 dm across; leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, 1--3 cm long, 0.5--11 cm wide, the margin entire; inflorescences divided 1--6 times, up 3 dm long; bracts mostly narrowly elliptic, up to 2 cm long and 1 cm wide; involucres 4--7 mm long, 2--5 mm wide; flowers white to cream, 4--8 mm long. -- Widespread and often common from n.-central Colo. s. throughout the e. half of Ariz. e. to n. and w. Tex.; from Coconino Co. s. to Gila and Graham cos., Ariz., and throughout most of N.M. Jun-Sep.

VAR. UNDULATUM (Benth. in DC.) Stokes ex Jones. [E. u. Benth. in DC. E. j. ssp. u. (Benth. in DC.) S. Stokes.] Mats up to 8 dm across; leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, 1--2 cm long, 0.5--l cm wide, the margin crisped and usually undulate; inflorescences divided 3--6 times, up to 1.5 dm long; bracts narrowly elliptic, up to 1.5 cm long and 0.6 cm wide; involucres 1.5--4 mm long, 2--3 mm wide; flowers white to cream, 3--5 mm long. -- Widespread and often locally common from se. Ariz. and sw. Tex. s. to n. Mex.; currently known only from Ariz. in Cochise, Santa Cruz, Santa Rita and perhaps Gila cos., but to be expected in the mountains of s. N.M. Jul-Sep.

The distinction between var. jamesii and var. undulatum is a subtle one at best. The northern var. jamesii gradually grades into var. undulatum in an irregular line from Jeff Davis and Brewster cos., Texas, through the mountain ranges of extreme northern Coahuila and Chihuahua, Mexico, and in southeastern Arizona. The main difference is in the texture of the leaf margin, with that of var. jamesii being entire and smooth while that of var. undulatum is crisped and wavy or undulate. This broad band of contact caused Johnston (1944) to reject var. undulatum as a distinct taxon.

For the most part, var. jamesii is a foothill taxon, occurring mainly in the foothills and lower slopes and flats of the Rocky Mountains or desert ranges of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The var. undulatum is entirely a montane taxon, usually found well up on the slopes, and at least in Mexico, on the highest ridges.

Reveal (2005), writing in Flora of North America North of Mexico accepts varieties jamesii, simplex, and undulatum. He also accepts both E. arcuatum and E. flavum at the species rank.

The references that Reveal lists are:

• Reveal, J. L. 1973b. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Utah. Phytologia 25: 169-217.
• Reveal, J. L. 1976. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New Mexico. Phytologia 34: 409-484.
• Reveal, J. L. 1985. An annotated key to Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist 45: 493-519.
• Stokes, S. G. 1936. The Genus Eriogonum, a Preliminary Study Based on Geographical Distribution. San Francisco.
  Does not seem to be available in any online form.

Eriogonum umbellatum Torrey, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York. 2: 241. 1827. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”

Published in 1827 by John Torrey.

Original Text	Comments
391. R. umbellatum, caule nudo, simplici ; pedunculis elongatis (sub-senis) umbellatis, apice involucrum singulum gerentibus ; calycibus glabris ; laciniis obovatis, basi angustatis, obtusis ; foliis obovato-spathulatis, subtus lanuginosis, supra glabriusculis.
Desc. Perennial, herbaceous, cespitose. Caudex divided at the base into several branches ; most of the branches short, bearing fasciculi of leaves at the extremity, one of them elongated and resembling a scape ; covered with a copious loose tomentum. Leaves obovate-spathulate, about an inch long, and less than an inch broad, white tomentose beneath, smoothish above. Flowering stem a span high, bearing a simple umbel at the extremity. Peduncles or rays an inch and a half long, wooly, thick, furnished with several oblong-lanceolate leaves at the base. Involucrum about 20-flowered, campanulate, with lanceolate obtuse teeth. Florets distinctly pedicellate. Calyx very smooth ; segments obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base. Stamens 9. Seed acutely triangular.
Hab. With the preceding.	The preceding appears to be 390. E. tenellum which is also described as being “… with the preceding …” E. tenellum is known from southeastern Colorado. The next preceding is 389. E. annuum, n. sp. Nutt. Mss. Near the Rocky Mountains. Found also on the Arkansa by Mr. Nuttall. Root annual ! E. annuum is known from eastern Colorado, but not Jefferson County.
Obs. Flowers larger than in E. tomentosum. It is remarkable that Humboldt and Bonpland did not observer any species of Eriogonum in Mexico, as they abound, accoding to Dr. James, about the sources of the Canadian.

Published in 1827 by John Torrey.

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal “Buffalo Bill's Sulphur Flower”

Reveal (2004) proposed variety ramulosum.

Original Text
Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal, var. nov. TYPE: UNITED STATES. Colorado, Jefferson Co.: Along U. S. Hwy 6 adjacent to I-70, 0.4 mi E of Exit 256 to Buffalo Bill's Grave, N39°42'12", W105°14'32", T4S, R70W, sec. 18, 7100 ft elev., 25 Jul 1992, J. L. Reveal 7244. HOLOTYPE: NY. Isotypes: BY, CAS, COLO, GH, MARY, MO, RENO, RM, RSA, UC, US, UTC.
A Eriogono umbellato var. umbellato inflorescentibus divisis differt.
Plants low, often rather compact, mats 2-4 dm across; leaves in loose rosettes, the leaf-blades mostly elliptic to oval, 1-2.5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm side, densely white to gray tomentose abaxially, floccose and green adaxially; flowering stems erect, mostly 1-3 dm long, floccose; inflorescences compound umbellate and divided 2-3 times; involucral tubes 2-3 mm long, the lobes 1.5-3 mm long; flowers bright yellow, 4-7 mm.
Other specimens seen UNITED STATES. Colorado, El Paso Co.: Colorado Springs, Jul 1892, Eastwood s.n. (F, MO, RM); Jefferson Co.: Mt. Vernon Country Club, Golden, 7 Aug 1941, Ehlers 8159 (COLO, MICH, TEX, WTU), Larimer Co.: Cherokee Park, 15 Jul 1934, R. J. Davis 394-W (IDS); Estes Park, 16 Jul 1978, Hampton s.n. (NY); 2.1 mi W of Drake, 9 Aug 1967, Neal & Neal 2 (ASU); Estes Park, Aug 1931, E. C. Smith s.n. (MONT); Big Thompson Canyon, 7500 ft elev., 3 Jul 1934, S. Stokes 201a (RM). Mineral Co.: Piedra, 12 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 291 (RM).
Eriogonum umbellatum var. ramulosum (from the Latin ramulosus, meaning “with small branches”) is encountered mainly but infrequently along the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains mainly west of Fort Collins south to Colorado Spring then westward to Piedra. Buffalo Bill's sulphur flower is related to var. umbellatum, differing consistently in having a compound umbellate inflorescence.

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. umbellatum. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”

Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub

The basionym is Polygonum baldschuanicum Regel published in Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg 8: 684 (1884)

POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.	POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.
81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.	81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.
Tabula X.	Tabula X.
Glabrum; caule frutescente, lignoso, volubili, basi usque 13 Mm. in diametro, cortice fusco lenticellis crebris ornato. Ochreae brevissime cylindricae, ut bracteae membranaceo-hyalinae mox fissae, denique subevanescentes. Folia inferiora opposita, longe petiolata, hastato- cordata, acuta v. acuminata v. rarius obtusa, margine obsolete crenulato-scabra, petiolum superantia; folia suprema floraliaque valde minora, nunc caulinis similia, nunc lineari-lanceolata in petiolum attenuata. Florum paniculae axillares terminalesque, folium pluries superantes, fere aphyllae, laxae; rhachis angulata, ad angulos minute scabra. Flores ramulorum paniculae fasciculati, pedicellati; fasciculi pluriflori; pedicelli supra basin articulati, apicem versus hyalino-albido trialati. Calycis 5 partiti hyalino-albidi lobis tribus exterioribus ovatis, patentibus, dorso naviculari-alatis; alis in pedicellum decurrentibus; sepalis interioribus duobus erectis, obovatis, exalatis, rubescentibus. Stamina 8. Stigma capitatum, trilobum, in ovarii apice sessile. Calyx fructifer vix auctus, late alatus. Achaenium triquetrum, nigrum, nitidum.
Folia caulina incluso petiolo usque 7 — 8 Cm. longa; lamina usque 4 Cm. lata et 5 Cm. longa. Flores 5 — 6 Mm. in diametro. Caulis 10—15 pedes altus.
In Bucharae orientalis chanato Baldschuan ad fluvium Wachsch ad pedem orientalem montium Sevistan, 4—5000' alt., mense Julio anno 1883, leg. A. Regel.	In the eastern part of Bukhara, the Baldschuan river runs to the Wachsch river the eastern foot of the Sevistan mountains, 4-5000' alt., in the month of July 1883, leg. A. Regel	Bukhara is a city and a region of Uzbekistan located in the southwest of the country. The Baldschuan River was suggested to be the Zarafshan River by ChatGPT, which I now think is incorrect. The type of Primula baldschuanica B. Fedtsch. Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae 5:6 (1913) was named for the type location Baldschuan (Boldzhuan), Tajikistan. GoogleMaps spells it as Baldzhuvon at coordinates (38.307612,69.677265). I have also seen the name spelled Baljuan. The Wachsch River might be the Vakhsh River. Baldschuan is at the intersection of two rivers. However, I don't see that either of them flow into the Vakhsh River.
Species proxima P. multiflorum Thbrg. «caule herbaceo, floribus triplo minoribus rufescentibus, calyce fructifero valde aucto fuscescente alato» facile dignoscitur.
Explicatio tabulae X.
a. Ramus cum panicula, — flos a latere visus, — flos apertus a latere superiore visus. — d. e. stamina. — f. pistillum. — g. h. fructus maturi. — i. achaenium. — Figurae a, g, h, i magnitudine naturali, — b , c, d , e, f auctae. — k. floris digramma.

Regel's illustration of Fallopia baldschuanica.

Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A.Löve “Black Bindweed”

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. “Japanese Knotweed”

(Syn: Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc., Reynoutria japonica Houtt.)

	Reynoutria
	Naar zekeren Heer van Reynoutre, waar van Lobel getuigt , dat dezelve aan de Kruidkunde zeer veel dienft gedaan heeft ; zo als ik bevoorens heb gemeld (*).	To a certain Lord of Reynoutre, where van Lobel testifies that the same to Herbology has done much service; like me in advance have reported (*).
(*) II. D. VII. Stuk, bladz. 64. II. Deel/. VIII. Stue.
IV. Afdeel. XI. Hoofdstuk. Driewyvige.,	Immers in dit Kruid heb ik de Bloempjes bevonden tien Meeldraadjes of liever Meelknopjes bevatten, en het Vrugtbeginzel is driekandg , met drie Siempels gekroond : uit welken hoofde, anders , dit Gewas tot het Duizendknoop betrokken zou kunnen worden. Het heeft den Kelk vyfbladig, zonder Bloemblaadjes.	For in this Herb I have found the Flowers ten Stamen or rather Flour buds contain, and the Vrugtbeginzel is trikandg , crowned with three Siempels: on what head, otherwise, this Crop involved to the Knotweed could become. It has den Chalice with five petals, without petals.
I. Renoutria Japonica. japaniche. Pl. LI. Fig. 1.	De eenigde Soort , my daar van bekend , heeft een vooze , ronde, doch eenigszins gegroefde of gellreepte , brumachtige Steng, die bogtig is en knoopig, overhoeks Takken uitgeevende, welke , zo wel als de Steng , overhoeks bezet zyn met lang gefteelde Piekswys' Hartvormige Bladen , de grootften wel vier Duimen lang en derdhalf Duim breed. Hier en daar komen aan de Knoopen , en in de Oxels der Bladen , drie of vier Ristachtige Bloem- en Zaadtrosjes voort, met zeer kleine Bloempjes , van gezegde hoedanigheid. De Bladen verkleinen niet naar boven , maar komen zelfs naar 't end der Takken veel grooter voor , dan om laag.	The only kind, known to me, has a voodoo, round, but somewhat grooved or gellreepte, brumig Steng, that bogtig is and knotted, giving out branches diagonally, which, as well as the Steng, occupies across the corner are with long-stemmed Piekswys' Heart-shaped Blades, the sizes up to four inches long and three and a half inches wide. Coming here and there the Buttons , and in the Oxels der Bladen , three or four Ristle-like Flower- and Seed-trusses forth, with very small Flowers, from proverb capacity. The Sheets do not shrink to above , but come even to the end of the Branches much larger in front than down.
* II. D. v. Stuk, bladz. 116.	Terwyl ik het Geflagt van Cotyledon , onder den naam van Navelkruid, als veele Heefterigen gen bevattende, reeds befchreeven heb * , zo komt hier thans eerst in aanmerking het.	While I read the Geflagt of Cotyledon , below the name of Navelweed, like many of the Hasty gene containing, already described * , zo comes into consideration here first.

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) A. Gray “Pale Smartweed”

(Syn: Polygonum lapathifolium L.)

Persicaria maculosa A. Gray “Lady's Thumb”

(Syn: Polygonum persicaria L.)

Polygonum achoreum S. F. Blake “Leathery Knotweed”

There is one collection from South Table Mountain, Yeatts #808, 8/20/1983, that is labeled Polygonum erectum ssp. achoreum (COLO00613273,KHD21868).

Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept only P. erectum for Colorado, noting the differences are slight.

Treated at the species rank by Ackerfield (2015), P. erectum not accepted for Colorado.

Polygonum aviculare L. “Prostrate Knotweed”

Polygonum douglasii Greene “Douglas Knotweed”

Greene (1885, v. 1, n. 3, p. 125) ...

P. Douglasii.

Glabrous and somewhat glaucous, often a little scabrous about the nodes, 1-1½ feet high, with numerous, slender, divergent branches: leaves thinnish, oblong to lanceolate, 1-nerved, their margins smooth and more or less revolute; stipules entirely hyaline, the sheathing portion very short, or wanting, the upper part more or less lacerate: floral leaves reduced: flowers commonly more than one in each axil, their pedicels deflexed: akenes longer than in the preceding, shining or granular-roughened. — P. tenue, Watson, Bot. King. 315; Bot. Cal, II. 12, but not of Michx.

var. latifolium.

Leaves oblong : flowers numerous and crowded into a spike : face of akene rather oblong than ovate in outline. — P. tenue, var. latifolium, Engelm.

From the Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and southward everywhere in the mountains to the borders of Mexico. Clearly distinguishable from its eastern analogue by the characters indicated, of which the 3-parallel-nerved leaves and their almost saw-toothed margins are the most obvious.

In P. Douglasii, which we dedicate to perhaps its very earliest collector, the secondary veins, when apparent at all, are not parallel, bnt pinnate. The plant is variable, and yet the var. latifolium may be a distinct species; the shape of the akene is peculiar.

Polygonum engelmannii Greene “Engelmann's Knotweed”

(Syn: Polygonum douglasii Greene ssp. engelmannii (Greene) J.T.Kartesz & Gandhi )

Greene (1885, v. 1, n. 3, p. 126) ...

P. Engelmanni.

Erect-spreading, diffusely branched from the base, a span or more high, reddish, very minutely scabrous-puberulent throughout: branches slender and somewhat flexuous: stipules sparingly lacerate, short, with no tubular or herbaceous portion; leaves lanceolate, acute, with revolute margins, ½ inch or more long, the upper much smaller and remote: flowers in all the axils, solitary or in twos or threes, very small: pedicels strongly defiexed: sepals obtuse, shorter than the very small, ovate, shining akene, and but loosely investing it. — P. tenue, var. microspermum, Engelm.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado at considerable elevations. Very unlike any forms of the preceding species; differing not more remarkably in the minuteness of its flowers and fruit than in its peculiar erect-spreading habit and the fact of its flowering from the very base of the stems and branches.

Polygonum polygaloides Meisn.

Meisner in DC., Prodr. 14(1): 101 (1856) ...

19. P. polygaloides, nanum, glabrum, caule erecto tenui pauciramoso, ochreis hyalinis bipartitis laceris 3-nerviis, foliis anguste linearibus acutis 1-nerviis planis, spicis terminalibus densifloris ovato-oblongis basi folio fultis, bracteis imbricato- adpressis floro majoribus prominulo-1-nerviis medio circumscripte viridibus mar- gine albido-membranaceis, calyce parvo 5-partito carinato-trigono, achienio inclso triquetro, faciebus ovato-oblongis granulato-striatis opacis. ☉ In Clear-Water, Oregon (Spalding !). Plantula insignis, facie Polygolarum quarumdam, v. g. P. Monspeliensis, caule digitali tereti levi, infra nodos ángulato, ochreis basi fuscescentibus 2-3 lin., foliis 6-12 lin. longis, ⅓ lin. lalis, margine subtus obsolete nerviformi. Spicae 5-7 lin., bracteae demum: 2 lin. longae, 1 lin. latae, maculá viridi lineari-lanceolatá utrinque acutíá. Flores semiherbacei, 8-andri. Braeteae hujus speciei revera folia sunt, margine scarioso aucta, et basi ochrcam genuinam (caulinis omnino similem) gerunt. (v. s. in h. DC.)

Polygonum polygaloides Meissner ssp. kelloggii (E. Greene) Hickman

Greene, E. L. (1891) description in Flora Franciscana ...

6. P. Kelloggii. Erect, slender, simple or with a few widely divergent branches from the base, 1 — 3 in. high, the internodes very short, scarcely equalling the lobes of the sheaths, the whole plant glabrous : leaves linear, acute, ¼—½ in. long, almost divaricately spreading, never imbricated, not much smaller at the summits of the branches than below, all the axils floriferous : fl. several at each node, subsessile, ¾ line long, greenish : achene ½ line long, light brown, smooth or obscurely striate, the face rhombic-ovate. — Common in the Donner Lake region of the Sierra ; near P. imbricatum, but with spreading and equal leaves, no distinct inflorescence, the achenes light chestnut-brown. It is in the State Survey collection under n. 6005. Aug.— Oct.

Small, J. K. (1895) ...

[Plate 54.]

54. Polygonum Kelloggii Greene.

Polygonum Kelloggii Greene, Fl. Francis. 134 (1891).

Polygonum coardatum var. minus Meisner in DC. Prodr. 14 : 101 (1856), not P. minus Huds.; S. Watson, Bot. King's Exp. 316.

Annual, low, slender, glabrous throughout, somewhat scurfy. Stem mostly erect, 1-5 cm. long, divergently branched from near the base, more or less four-angled, in some cases slightly winged, internodes of the branches very short; leaves linear or linear- lanceolate, .4-1 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, acute, sessile, crowded on the branches but spreading and not imbricated, much the same size throughout, joined to the ocreae by inconspicuous articulations; ocreae funnelform, 1-2 mm. long, oblique, thin and early lacerate ; inflorescence axillary, consisting of clusters with several flowers, almost contigu- ous on account of the very short internodes, the branches appearing like leafy racemes ; pedicels .5 mm. long; calyx green, nearly 2 mm. long, five-parted to near the base, the segments oblofig, obtuse, with whitish or cream-colored margins; stamens about five, included; style often almost wanting; achene triquetrous, 1.5 mm. long, rhombic-ovoid, light-brown, granular, somewhat striate, dull.

Washington south to California and Colorado.

Diagram of Polygonum kelloggii in Small (1895).

Hickman, James C. 1984. Nomenclatural Changes in Persicaria, Polygonum, and Rumex (Polygonaceae) Madroño 31(4), October 1984, pp. 249-252.

Polygonum polygaloides Meissner subsp. kelloggii (E. Greene) Hickman, stat. et comb. nov. — Polygonum kelloggii E. Greene, Fl. Fran. 134. 1891. — Type: only “State survey ...n. 6005” [Brewer], which has not been located, is mentioned in protologue, apparently without intent to consider it the type, but (CA, Nevada Co.) “Near Donner Lake,” Kellogg s.n., in 1870 (ND-G!) is labelled “type!’ in Greene’s hand. It is here considered holotype. Akenes of Kellogg are somewhat striate and to that extent intermediate to subsp. confertiflorum.

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. “Bushy Knotweed”

Rumex acetosella L. “Sheep Sorrel”

(Syn: Acetosella vulgaris (K. Koch) Fourr., R. angiocarpus Murb.)

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 338) ...

Original Text
Acetofella.	22. RUMEX floribus dioicis , foliis lanceolato-haftatis. Vir. cliff. 32. Hort. cliff. 139. Fl. lapp. 131. Fl. fuec. 296. Roy. lugdb. 231. Gron. virg. 153.
	Acetofa afvenfis lanceolata. Bauh. pin. 114.
	Oxalis ovina. Tabern. ic. 440.
	β. Acetofa lanceolata anguftifolia repens. Bauh. pin. 114. prodr. 55.
	γ. Acetofa arvenfis minima non lanceolata. Bauh. pin. 114.
	δ. Acetofa minor erecta, lobis multifidis. Bocc. muf. 164. t. 126.
	Habitat in Europae pafcuis & arvis arenofis. ♃.

Rumex crispus L. “Curley Dock”

Rumex salicifolius Weinm. “Willow Dock”

“The name R. salicifolius has been applied in a broad sense to nearly all species of subsect. Salicifolii, including even mostly Asian R. sibiricus. Rumex salicifolius appears to be most closely related to R. californicus and R. utahensis (Mosyakin, FNANM, v. 5)”.

Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. “Triangular-Valved Dock”

(Syn: R. salicifolius Weinm. var. triangulivalvis (Danser) J. C. Hickman )

Rumex venosus Pursh “Veiny Dock”

Descibed by Pursh (1814, v. 2, supplement, p. 733) from a collection by Bradbury in Upper Louisiana.

Chenopodiaceae Ventenat

Given the obvious general relationships between the old Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae, and the complexity of the details of the relationships between them, a classification of Amaranthaceae s.l., albeit incomplete, is suggested above, however, what the future holds in terms of ideas of relationships will determine its fate... `

Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. “Four-wing Saltbush”

Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 370) published the name as Calligonum canescens from a Lewis & Clark collection at the Big Bend of the Missouri.

Original Text		Comments
	441. CALLIGONUM. Gen. pl. 834.
canescens.	1. C. dioicum, pulverulento-tomentosum ; foliis lanceolatis, floribus axillaribus glomeratis in apice ramulorum, subspicatus, frictibus alatis, alis venosis cristato-dentatis.
	In the plains of the Missouri, near the Big-bend. ♄. July, Aug. v. s. in Herb. Lewis flowers exceeding small. Goats delight to feed on this shrub.

Nuttall (1818, p. 197) moved it to Atriplex

Original Text	Comments
283. ATRIPLEX. L. (Orache.)
Flowers polygamous. — Calix 5-parted. Corolla none. Style bifid. Feminine flower; calix 2-parted, compressed. Seed vertical.
Flowers glomerate, paniculate; bisexual; masculine and feminine flowers intermixed, or on separate plants; leaves alternate, rarely subopposite. Mostly annual, rarely shrubby.
Species. 1. A. *canescens. (Calligonum canescens, Pursh, Flor. Am. Sept. 2. p. 370.) Dioicous; pulverulently furfuraceous and canescent; stem shrubby, diffuse; leaves linear-oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated towards the base, younger leaves acute. — Obs. Stem much branched, and diffuse, about 3 or 4 feet high, with round gray branches. Leaves alternate, 15 to 20 lines long, about 3 wide, sometimes cuneate-oblong, obtuse and now and then emarginate, very entire, covered with the white branny scales common to this and the preceding genus. Flowers dioicous, with 4, 5, and 5 stamens, conglomerated towards the ends of the branches; male clusters (at least the lower ones) pedunculate. Calix of the female flowers 2-parted, becoming indurated, acute, with 4 unequal cristated or dentated angles. Style 1, deeply bifid, exserted.
Nearly allied to A. portulacoides. Hab. On the denudated saline hills of the Missouri; commencing about 15 miles below the confluence of White river, and continuing to the mountains. Flowering in May.
2. hortensis. 3. patula. … 4. laciniata. 5. *argentea. … 6. * arenaria. …
Chiefly an European genus, the above excepted, with 1 species at the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Barbary, 1 in Siberia, 2 in Tartary, from whence A. hortensis is said to have originated, and 1 in Bengal.

Atriplex hortensis L. “Garden Orache”

Bassia All.

The name Bassia was proposed by Allioni (1766) primariy from plants collected in Egypt.

Bassia scoparia (L.) Voss “Kochia, Summer Cypress”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 221) ...

Original Text		Interpretation and Comments
15. CHENOPODIUM foliis lineari-lanceolatis planis integerrimis. Hort. cliff. 86. Hort. upf. 55. Roy. lugdb. 220.	Scoparia.
Linaria fcoparia. Bauh. pin. 212.
Ofyris. Dod. pempt. 151
Habitat in Græcia, Japonia. ☉

Schrader (1809, p. 85) placed our plant in Kochia Roth. There may be some discussion on the preceding pages explaining the reason. However, my German abilities are insufficient to find it.

Excerpts that relate to Kochia scoparia:

Original Text	Comments
Morphological studies … frame of the study did not allow the full study of critical groups, such as Kochia scoparia s.l. and K. prostrata s.l., in detail to solve their inherent taxonomic problems.
Bassia and Kochia are highly polyphyletic, with the former distributed among all clades, and the latter in most of them.
Scott (1978) already reduced the number of non-Australian genera of Camphorosmeae to five by including Kochia, Londesia and Chenolea into Bassia.
The Bassia hyssopifolia subclade contains Bassia hyssopifolia and the Kochia scoparia group, a clade consisting of four closely related and morphologically similar taxa; Fig. 5. We also treat the latter here under Bassia. The subclade consists of annual species and has a wide distribution area in Eurasia which ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan.
The Kochia scoparia group is well-known for its large variation in shape, size and indumentum of leaves, indumentum of leaf axils (very dense and long in K. densiflora), size and shape of wings on the fruiting perianth etc. which were treated in various ways by different authors. Our sampling included some conspicuous forms but was not large enough to resolve the taxonomy of the group. For morphological and ecological reasons, most likely only K. scoparia, K. indica and K. littorea deserve species rank.
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott in Feddes Repert. 89: 108. 1978 = Chenopodium scoparium L., Sp. Pl.: 221. 1753 (‘scoparia’) = Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. in Neues J. Bot. 3(4): 85. 1809. = K. sieversiana (Pall.) C.A. Mey. in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 1: 415. 1829. = K. scoparia var. densiflora Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 131. 1849. = K. densiflora auct. = K. alata Bates in Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 24: 52. 1918. Further studies are required to elucidate the infraspecific grouping.

I should look up this reference:

Scott, A.J. 1978. A revision of the Camphorosmoideae (Chenopodiaceae). Feddes Repert. 89: 101–119.

Despite its enormous morphological variability, Bassia scoparia is circumscribed here in a broader sense to achieve its monophyletic circumscription. The revised nomenclature of B. scoparia allows us to classify its infraspecific morphological variability at the level of variety for practical use in manuals and collections. Phylogenetically, B. scoparia is a sister to B. indica, a morphologically similar but geographically distinct species of the genus. Unlike all other Bassia, these two species are highly invasive, with their secondary distribution ranges overlapping, and their spread has been initiated via both unintentional and human-aided introduction pathways.

Blitum nuttallianum Schult. “Nuttall's Povertyweed”

Nuttall (1818, v. 1., p.4) ...

7. BLITUM. L. (Strawberry-spinage.)

Calix 3-parted. Corolla 0. Seed 1, covered by the calix, which enlarges and generally becomes a berry.

Flowers and berries in capitate clusters; the capituli resembling strawberries, and are both terminal and axillary.

Species. 1. B. capitatum. A doubtful native. 2. * Chenopodioides? Leaves almost hastate-riangular, somewhat dentate, at either end attenuate; glomeruli all axillary, leafy; seed distinct, punctate, not berried.

Hab. on arid soils near the banks of the Missouri. ☉

Obs. Stem erect, virgate; seeds naked, imricated, surrounded by a few linear leaves longer than the seed; proper calix, apparently none, style 1, deeply bifid. Seed coated, coverec with impressed punctures, oboval, slightly margined, beneath the outer envelope dark brown, a little rigose, emarginate below. Corculum curved round the perisperm, parallel with the margin of the seed; perisperm partly farinaceous and partly corneous.

Blitum chenopodioides L. was a validly published name for a plant found in Tataria, a name used for central Asia and European Russia east of the river Don. Nuttall's plant was not this, so the publication was a nom. illeg.

Schultes (1822, v. 1, p. 65-66) ...

5. Blitum Nuttallianum; foliis subhastato-triangularibus, subdentatis, utrinque attenuatis; glomerulis omnibus axillaribus, foliosis; seminibus distinctis, punctatis, nec baccatis. Blitum chenopodioidis? Nuttall gener. P. 4.

Caules erecti, virgati; semina nuda, imbricata, foliolis aliquot linearibus circumdata, eadem excedentibus, cat. O; stylus 1, profunde bifidus. Semen obovatum, submarginatum, sub tegmine exterior fuscum, punctis impressis, subrugosum, basi emarginatum. Corculum circa perisperma farinoso - corneum curvatum. Nuttall. In aridis ad ripas Missouri. ☉.

Greene (1891-1897, p. 168) ...

3. MONOLEPIS, Schrader. Annuals, with the habit and foliage of Chenopodium, but the perianth consisting of a single scale-like or bract-like sepal (or this to be regarded as a mere bract subtending an achlamydeous flower). Stamen 1. Styles 2, filiform. Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical compressed seed. Embryo annular; albumen copious. — In aspect wholly like Chenopodium, to which the genus may as well be united as Mungea to Amarantus.

1. M. Nuttalliana, Greene. Roem. & Schult. Mant. i. 65 (1822), under Blitum: M. chenopodioides, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 85 (1849). Blitum chenopodioides (?) Nutt (1818), not Linn. Branches many, decumbent or almost prostrate, 1/4-l ft. long ; herbage deep green, the growing parts mealy : leaves lanceolate-hastate, 1/2 - 1 in. long, entire or remotely sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base, the upper floral subsessile : flower-clusters axillary, dense, sometimes reddish : sepal foliaceous and fleshy, oblanceolate or spatulate, often exceeding the fruit : pericarp somewhat fleshy, becoming dry and favose-pitted, adherent : seed lenticular or reniform, 1/2 line broad. — Alkaline soils along the eastern base of the Sierra.

Fuentes-Bazan, Susy, Pertti Uotilla, and Thomas Borsch (2012, p. 18) …

3. Blitum nuttallianum Schult., Mant. 1: 65. 1822 ≡ Blitum chenopodioides Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 4. 1818 [non L. 1771] ≡ Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 85. 1849, nom. illeg. ≡ M. nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene, Fl. Francisc.: 168. 1891. — Described from the banks of the Missouri river; type not designated.

= Chenopodium trifidum Trev., Ind. Sem. Hort. Bot. Vratislav. 1829 [n.v.] ≡Monolepis trifida (Trev.) Schrad., Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett: 4. 1830. — Lectotype (designated here): “C. trifidum Trev., m[isit] Trevianus” [later added:] “M. trifida Schrad.” [both, manu Ledebour] in herb. Ledebour (LE!).

Chenopodium album L. “Lambsquarters”

Chenopodium atrovirens Rydb. “Pinyon Goosefoot”

Rydberg (1900, p. 131) ...

Original Text
* Chenopodium atrovirens.
Stem 3-5 dm. high, branched, striate, obtusely angled ; leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, truncate, or the upper mucronate, entire, sometimes slightly hastately lobed at the base, three-nerved, very dark green, only sparingly mealy, rather thick and somewhat fleshy, 1-3 cm. long and 5-15 mm. wide; flowers in small spike-like glomerules in the axils of the leaves and in compound interrupted spikes at the ends of the branches, very small and sparingly meally; seeds lenticular, 1 mm. long, almost black, smooth, easily separating from the pericarp.
It much resembles C. olidum, but differs in the darker green color of the leaves and stem, the sparser mealiness, the smaller flowers and the easily separated seeds, which are not pitted as are those of C. olidum. The type was growing on a dry hillside together with Mentzelia tenerrima and Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, under some trees of Pseudotsuga mucronata.
Montana: Foothills of Electric Peak, August 18, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 3948 (type).
Yellowstone Park: Stevenson Island, 1885, Tweedy, 439.
* Watson, Rev. N. A. Chenopodiaceae in Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 82-126.

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. “Pitseed Goosefoot”

Moquin-Tandon (1840, p. 23) ...

Original Text	Comments
9. C. Berlandieri , caule fruticoso ascendente ramoso, foliis alternis ovatis vel ovato-oblongis aculis submucronulatis integerrimis pulverulentis glaucis, inferioribus subrliombeo-ovatis interdum rhombeis (angulis lateralibus prominulis), spicis subpaniculaiis laxis aphyllis , perigonio fruclifero non carinato , semine punclulato-rugoso haud nitido margine acuto.
Circa Mexico. Berlandier 1906. (v. s. in herb. Moricand.)	Seen in the dried state in the herbarium of Moricand.

Moricand is probably Moïse-Étienne Moricand, a Swiss botanist and malacologist (1779–1854). In 1833-1846, he published Plantes nouvelles d'Amérique, based chiefly on collections of J.L. Berlandier, J.S. Blanchet and J.A. Pavón. Moricand's herbarium, numbering more than 54,000 specimens at the end of his life, contained material from all over the world, again collected by him and those with whom he had built relationships. It was given to the Conservatoire botanique de la ville de Genève by his son in 1908.

Dysphania R. Br. “Wormseed”

… placed Cycloloma in Dysphania …

Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants “Jerusalem Oak Goosefoot”

Chenopodium botrys L., Sp. Pl. 1: 219 (1753).

Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Ukrayins'k. Bot. Zhurn. 59(4): 383 (2002).

Kochia Roth

IPNI (2021) provides this reference, “Kochia Roth, J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(1): 307 (1801),” which I think is this publication: https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433011408956. Unfortunately, I am unable to find it there.

I think it is pretty clear that Bassia Allioni (1766) has priority over Kochia Roth (1801).

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. “Common Red Sage”

The basionym is Chenopodium scoparia L.

Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) A. D. J. Meeuse & Smit.

Homotypic Synonyms:

• Ceratoides lanata (Pursh) J.T.Howell in Wasmann J. Biol. 29: 105 (1971)
• Diotis lanata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 602 (1813)
• Eurotia ceratoides var. lanata (Pursh) Kuntze in Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 549 (1891)
• Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. in Chenop. Monogr. Enum.: 81 (1840)
• Krascheninnikovia ceratoides subsp. lanata (Pursh) Heklau in Taxon 57: 573 (2008)

Pursh. 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. v. 2, p. 602

lanata.	1. D. omnibus partibus cano-tomentosa ; caule flexuoso, glomerulis spicarum confertissimis.
	On the banks of the Missouri, in open prairies. M. Lewis. ♄ Aug. Sept. v. s. in Herb. Lewis. resembles Diotis ceratoides, but is distinct at first sight by its long wooly tomentum

Salsola tragus L. “Tumbleweed”

(Syn: S. australis R. Brown, S. iberica (Sennen & Pau) Botschantzev ex Czerepanov, S. kali, S. kali var. tenuifolia Tausch., S. pestifer Nels.)

Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb. “Poison Suckleya”

Torrey in Gray (1860, v. 12, Bk. 2, pt. 2, p. 47) … the "Pacific Railroad Reports" through Washington Territory.

Original Text

OBIONE SUCKLEYANA, Torr., n. sp. (Plate IV.) "Annual, stem branching, prostrate; leaves suborbicular on long petioles, acutely repand-dentate, pale-green both sides, nearly glabrous ; glomerules axillary, monoecious bracts of the sessile fruit deltoid, united to the summit, the margin narrowly winged, crenate-denticulate. Very distinct from every other North American species of Obione, but having some resemblance to 0. argentea. It is remarkable for the roundish leaves, very long petioles, and the large and much compressed nearly glabrous fruit. The male flowers were tetramerous." — TORREY. This was collected in the Milk River valley, August 19.

Illustration of Suckleya suckleyana.

Gray, Asa, 1876, pp. 101-103 described Suckleya as a taxon that fits between Atriplex and Grayia. In that process, Gray proposed a new name — Suckleya petiolaris — and placed Obione Suckleyana Torr. in synonomy. Now, of course, we would describe Gray's specific epithet as superfluous. Not sure what Gray was thinking, perhaps that Suckleya suckleyana was an redundant name. Certainly, he knew about priority of names, as the first “code” was published in 1867.

V.

MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.

By Asa Gray.

Presented, Oct. 12, 1875.

The following notes and characters relate mainly to Californian botany, the writer having been engaged in the preparation of the Gamopetalae for Professor Brewer's Botany of California, now printing. Some of the observations are such as could not well be recorded in that work ; and the characters of certain new genera and species may appropriately be introduced to the botanical world in a continuation of the " Contributions " which have from time to time been communicated to the Academy, and published in its Proceedings. My first note has reference to two plants of the Atlantic United States, which have long been confounded.

…

Grayia Brandegei. Inermis, sesquipedalis, leviter fuifuraceo-cinerea ; foliis spathulato-linearibus ; thecis minoribus flavidulis oblato-orbiculatis quandoque trialatis basi latissime retusis, alis subundulatis ; ovario basilari papuloso. — Hillsides, among fragments of cretaceous sandstone, on the San Juan River, near the boundary between Colorado and Utah, T. S. Brandegee in Hayden's Exploration, August, 1875. — While pleased with an accession to this genus, and with the opportunity of associating it with the name of an excellent correspondent who discovered it, I must add that it does not much strengthen the genus. The small thecae, as far as seen only 3 lines broad, and with some furfuraceous puberulence (but they are far from mature, and mainly unfertilized), and the papulose cellular ovary too much remind us of Atriplex (incl. Obione). A. Endolepis of Watson, Rev. Chenop., p. 111 (of which I should like to form a distinct section), has as thin and complete a sac; but there are two minute teeth at its apex, and their position, along with the venation, shows that the sac is compressed laterally, i.e., formed of two flat bracts. I agree with Mr. Watson's view, that the sac of Grayia is obcompressed, or formed of a pair of conduplicate bracts, completely united to the very tip ; and on this character (along with the inferior radicle) the genus actually rests. But this view demands the separation from Atriplex of a species which has always appeared like a stranger in the genus, and which I propose to establish by itself, between Atriplex and Grayia, under the name of its discoverer, Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A., one of the naturalists of the exploration across the Continent under Governor Stevens.*

* Subtribus EUROTIEAE. Theca, e bracteis pl. m. conduplicatis coalitis con stans, obcompressa, rarissime triptera.

1. Grayia. Theca nuda, integerrima, scariosa, orbiculata, plana, samaroidea, alato-marginata. Radicula infera. Flores dioici.

2. Suckleya. Theca nuda, subhastata, complanata, marginibus herbaceo-cristatis, apice bidentato. Radicula supera. Flores monoici. — S. petiolaris. Obione Suckleyana Torr. Atriplex Suckleyana Watson, l. c.

3. Eurotia. Theca villosissima, turgida, nec marginata nec aristata, apice bifida. Radicula infera. Flores dioici.

4. Ceratocarpus. Theca cuneata, obcompresso-plana, biaristata. Radicula infera. Flores monoici.

Rydberg (1900, p. 133) corrected Gray's (1876) error in Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park without comment, placing Gray's superfluous name in synonomy along with Torrey's Obione suckleyana.

Original Text

Original Text
Suckleya Suckleyana (Torr.) ; Obione Suckleyana Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 12: 47, 1860; Suckleya petiolaris Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 103, 1876 [Man. R. M. 311].
Montana: Milk River, 1853 (Stevenson Exped.), Suckley.

Amaranthaceae Juss.

Despite the strong signal of gene tree discordance, both nuclear and plastid data sets strongly supported five major clades within Amaranthaceae s.l.: Amaranthaceae s.s., “Chenopods I,” “Chenopods II,” Betoideae, and Polycnemoideae … These five clades are congruent with morphology and previous taxonomic treatments of the group.

Chenopods I includes Atriplex, Grayia, Chenopodium, Dysphania, and Krascheninnikovia.

Chenopods II includes Suaeda, Salicornia, Allenrolfia, Salsola, and Kochia.

Amaranthus albus L. “Prostrate Pigweed”

Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. “Sandhill Pigweed”

Original Text
Amaranthus arenicola sp. nov. Herba erecta dioica annua: ... [... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
KANSAS: sandhills, Hamilton County, 1895, Hitchcock 428A (type, Gray Herb.) ; sandy soil, southwestern Kansas, Aug. 3, 1895, Hitchcock 609. COLORADO: South Fork of the Platte, 1856, H. Engelmann; indefinite, 1861, Parry 323; Ft. Lupton, Weld. Co., 1914, Johnston 275; Gilcrest, Weld Co., 1916, Johnston 275A. OKLAHOMA: bottom of Cimarron River, Cimarron Co., 1936, Demaree 13306. TEXAS: Limpia Canyon, 8.7 miles northeast of Ft. Davis, 1942. Cory 40520. INDEFINITE: Powell Colorado Exploring Exped., 1868, no. 509 ; Upper Missouri River, Hayden; sandhills, 1862, E. Hall.
A species most closely related to A. myrianthus Standley of northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. The latter is a loosely and much branched plant with usually sprawling branches and has the bracts subtending the female flowers broad, cuspidate, and distinctly shorter than the perianth lobes. The plant here described grows in sandy places on the high plains. It has passed as A. Torreyi Gray and is treated under that name in Standley's revision of the genus, No. Am. Fl. 21: 107 (1917). The name "A. Torreyi Gray," however, properly belongs to a very different plant growing along the Mexican boundary. Cf. Johnston, Jour. Arnold Arb. 25: 155 (1944).

Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson “Mat Amaranth”

Sereno Watson (1879, v. 12, new ser. v. 4, p. 274) proposed Amarantus blitoides.

Original Text

Amarantus (Pyxidium) blitoides. Prostrate or decumbent, the slender stems becoming a foot or two long, glabrous or nearly so : leaves broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender petiole, an inch long or usually less : flowers in small contracted axillary spikelets : bracts nearly equal, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, 1 to 1½ lines long, little exceeding the oblong obtuse and mucronulate or acute sepals : utricle not rugose, slightly longer than the sepals : seed nearly a line broad. — Frequent in the valleys and plains of the interior, from Mexico to N. Nevada and Iowa, and becoming introduced in some of the Northern States eastward. It somewhat resembles the A. Blitum, Linn., of the Old World, and has been mistaken for it ; but that species is usually erect, with shorter and more scarious bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum. The allied A. albus, Linn., also common and indigenous throughout the interior, is distinguished by its usually erect diffusely branched habit … [… Description of A. albus omitted …]

• F. J. Lindheimer #513, 1846, Texas, GH1928850, A. graecezans L
• J. M. Bigelow, s.n., 1853, NY3363450, Texas, Canadian River, Fort Smith to the Rio Grande, Amaranthus albus -- Whipple 35th parallel.
• F. V. Hayden, s.n., 1858, NY3363419, Nebraska
• I. Burk, s.n., 1864, PH20866791, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Grenwich Point.
• S. Watson, 1004, July 1868, NY2281426, Utah (Nevada), Diamond Valley.
• Pomell, s.n., 1868, SJNM2064, Nebraska, Douglas County, Omaha.
• George Vasey, 1868, SJNM, Nebraska, Douglas County, Omaha.

I think Watson's Coll. No. 1004 is interesting. When Watson collected and first reported it (Watson, 1871, p. 297), he applies Amaranthus alba L., while noting it is a prostrate form.

Original Text

Amarantus albus, L. Reported from the Upper Missouri, Northern Texas, and Menzies Island in the Columbia River. Truckee River bottom, and roadsides in the low valleys of Nevada and Utah. Midvein of the leaf terminating as usual in a short awn ; erect, the lower branches ascending ; ½-2 high. (1,003.) With it was also found a wholly prostrate form, the stems 1-2° long; leaves obovate or nearly orbicular. (1,004.)

In 1877, Watson will propose A. blitoides for a prostrate form of Amaranthus that is otherwise similar to A. albus. While Watson labeled his collection A. albus, it has since been annotated A. blitoides. Watson's Coll. No. 1003, to which he initially applied A. albus has since been annotated A. californicus.

Amaranthus powellii S. Watson “Powell's Pigweed”

The earliest collection of this pigweed would appear to be Fendler #735, which was in 1894 designated the type of A. bracteosus Uline & W. L. Bray, who thought that Fendler's collection was different from the plants grown from Powell's seed. However, Watson's (1875) A. powellii has priority.

Watson (1875, v. 10, p. 347) published Amarantus powellii from plants that were garden-grown from seeds brought from Arizona by Col. Powell.

Original Text

Interpretation and Comments

Amarantus Powellii. Slender, 4-5 feet high, glabrous, the stem becoming bright red, branches erect ; leaves small, oblong-lanceolate, 2 inches long, cuneate at base, the slender petiole shorter ; flowers in close narrow compound spikes, the lateral ones erect ; seed nearly black, shining, less than half a line broad, lenticular, very minutely and slightly tuberculate. — Likewise cultivated from seeds brought from Arizona by Col. Powell, and apparently a very distinct species. A. albus and retroflexus were also raised from the same collection of Arizona seeds, used as food by the Indians. The only other species known from our western territory and apparently indigenous are A. chlorostachys and Blitum.

The other seeds were A. leucocarpus that is now treated as a synonym of A. hypochondriacus L.

Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. “Slender Snakecotton”

Hooker (1840, v. 3., Tab. CCLVI) notes a distinct Oplotheca collected by Drummond in Texas. He also mentions a genus name of Froelichia of Moench.

Original Text
… and a very distinct one also exists in Mr Drummond's 2d Coll. from Texas, n. 244, which may be thus characterized :—
Oplotheca gracilis ; pubescenti-sericea, caulibus gracillimis basi decumbentibus geniculatis dein erectis, foliis anguste lineari-lanceolatis, spiculis parvis paucifloris remotis, perianthio tomentoso, fructifero cristis brevibus crassis profunde dentatis.
Hab. Texas, Drummond.

DeCandolle (1849, v. 13, pt. 2, p. 419) accepted Froelichia Moench and placed Oplotheca Nutt. in synonomy.

Original Text	Interpretation and Comments.
XLIII. FROELICHIA Moench meth. 1794, p. 50, Endl gen. p. 302, n 1959, non Froehlichia Vahl (1), nec Wulf (2). — Oplotheca Nutt. gen. am. 1818. v. 2, p. 78, …
Sectio I. Hoplotheca
1. F. gracilis, caule tereti striato villoso ... [... Latin diagnosis omitted ...] (I) In Texas (Drummond! n. 244), Oplotheca gracilis Hook.! in herb. (v. s. in h. Hook. et Mus. vindob.)	Seen in the dry state in Hooker's herbarium and the herbarium of the Natural History Museum of Vienna.

Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. “Snowball Sand Verbena”

Hooker (1853, p. 161) described this taxon from a description by Nuttall.

Original Text
2. Abronia fragrans, Nutt. Hab. On loamy, sandy, firm banks, within the high drift-sand hills of the Lower Platte. Two feet long. Umbels large. Flowers porcelain-coloured, opening only at night, very fragrant ; growing with “Rumex venosus” and Psoralea arenaria, Ph. June n. 157.

Nuttall collected the plant on the sand hills of the Lower Platte, though he does not identify the expedition or the year. It is assumed (by me and others) that the collection was made on his trip to Oregon Territory in 1834. Otherwise, the earliest know collection would be on Fremont's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 1842. This voucher (NY3370444) was in Torrey's Herbarium, so it would seem that knew the plant and the name but deferred to Nuttall to publish it.

Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl “Narrowleaf Four O'Clock”

(Syn: Oxybaphus linearis (Pursh) B. L. Robinson )

Nuttall (1813, p. 2) ...

Original Text	Comments
21. [Calymenia] angustifolia. ‡ M.

Pursh (1814, Supplementum, p. 728) ...

Original Text		Comments
p. 97	Allionia linearis. — A. caule erecto teretii, foliis linearibus subcarnosus, floribus racemosis, pedicellis aggregatis, staminibus longissime exertis.
	Calymenia angustifolia. Fraser Catal.. 1813.
	In Upper Louisiana. Bradbury. v. s. in Herb Bradbury.

Heimerl (1901, p. 186) ...

Original Text

Translation and Comments

10. Mirabilis linearis (Pursh). — Das Herbarium Delessert besitzt von dieser, bekannutlich in Nordamerika sehr gewohnlichen Pflanze eine neue Form, welche von dem verbreiteten Typus durch rauhe Behaaruug (besonders der unteren Stengelstucke) abweicht und als forma subhispida bezeichnet werden soll. Sie stimmt vollig mit dem Typus im Habitus, in den sitzenden linealeu bis lineallanzettlichen, ganzrandigen oder undeutlich uod entfernt gezahnelteni Blattern, in der ziemlich reichblutigen, opponiert und decussiert verastelten, drusenlos behaarten Rispe, in den 2-3 blutigen Involucren, mit ziemlich ansehnlichen Bluten u. s. f. uberein — unterscheidet sich aber leicht folgendermassen : caulis internodia imprimis inferiora et media (paniculae regione excepta!) pilis haud densis, saepius sparsis, patentibus, asperis, usque 2 mm. lg. subhispida; folia inferiora et media iisdem pilis imprimis in margine et infra in nervo mediano parce setoso-hirta, folia in paniculae regione brevius pubescentia. Das Exemplar wurde von Earle in New-Mexico gesammelt und mit der Bezeichnung ausgegeben: N. Mex., north of El Capitan Mts., Lincoln County (Exsicc. no. 383).

The Herbarium Delessert possesses of this, notably in North America ordinary plant a new form, different from the common one Type by rough hair (especially the lower stem pieces) differs and is called forma subhispida target. ... The specimen was obtained from Earle in New Mexico collected and issued with the designation: N. Mex., north of El Capitan Mts., Lincoln County (Exsicc. no. 383).

There of five vouchers of Earle's Coll. No. 383 listed on SEINet: three at NMC, and one each at NY and RM.

Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. “Heartleaf Four O'Clock”

Michaux (1803, v. 1, p. 100) ...

Original Text
ALLIONIA. L.
Cal. communis oblongus , simplex , triflorus ; proprius obsoletus , superus. Corollulae irregulares. Recept. nudum.
nyctaginea. A. erecta, glabriuscula : foliia latocordatis, acutis : pedunculis solitariis ; involucro quinquefido , 3 - floro : calycibus fructiferis brevissima pube hirsutulis, involucro ampliato multo minoribus.
Obs. Habitus omnino Nyctaginis hortensis (Mirabilis Jalapae. Linn.)
Hab. ad ripas fluminis Tennassee.

Claytonia lanceolata Pursh “Lanceleaf Springbeauty”

Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 175) ...

Original Text		Comments and Interpretation
3. C. foliis lanceolatis : caulinis ovatis sessilibus, racemo solitario elongato, calycis foliolis brevibus obtusissimis, petalis cuneatis bifidis, radice tuberosa. — Pall. Mss.	lanceolata.
On the Rocky-mountains. M. Lewis. ♃ June. v. s. in Herb. Lewis. Flowers white, nearly the size of the first species, without veins. In the collection of A. B. Lambert, Esq. I found a specimen collected by Pallas in the eastern parts of Siberia, perfectly agreeing with the present species.		The “first species” was C. virginica.

Claytonia rosea Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Springbeauty”

Rydberg (1904, v. 31, n. 7, p. 404) ...

Original Text
Claytonia rosea sp. nov.
Scape about 1 dm. high, slender, from a small corm 10-15 mm. diameter ; basal leaves rare, long-petioled ; blade 1-2 cm. long, spatulate ; stem-leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, sessile, 2-5 cm. long, 1-ribbed or faintly 3-ribbed, acute, rather fleshy ; sepals rounded ovate, rounded at the apex, about 5 mm. long, half as long as the pink obovate petals; inflorescence 5-10-flowered, short, little exceeding the leaves, bractlets lanceolate ; capsule shorter than the sepals ; seeds about 2 mm. long, black and very glossy.
The few specimens of this species that are found in our herbaria bear a variety of names, as C. caroliniana, C. caroliniana lanceolata, C. caroliniana sessilifolia and C. lanceolata sessilifolia. The original C. lanceolata Pursh is a much larger plant with broad, strongly 3-ribbed stem-leaves, elongated inflorescence and large flowers, the sepals being about 6 mm. long. The type of C. caroliniana sessilifolia Torr., is a plant somewhat resembling the present species, but with somewhat broader leaves abruptly contracted at the sessile base and with acutish sepals. Neither in the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden nor in that of Columbia University is found any other specimen matching the original collected by Bigelow. Most species of Claytonia are found near water or in damp places. The type of C. rosea was collected on rather dry hills, at an altitude of 2200-2300 m.
Colorado : La Veta, 1900, Rydberg & Vreeland, 6300 (type) ; "Colorado," G. C. Woolson ; 1875, W. A. Henry ; Graham's Peak, 1899, C. F. Baker, 303.
Wyoming: Pole Creek, 1894, Aven Nelson, 27.

Phemeranthus confertiflorus (Greene) Hershk. “New Mexico Flameflower”

Greene, Edward Lee. 1881 § 118 New Species of Plants, chiefly New Mexican. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Blub. Vol. Vii. No. 11. pp. 121-123.

Talinum confertiflorum. — Root perennial, thick, fleshy and more or less branching ; stems several, branching and leafy ; leaves fleshy, terete or nearly so, an inch or more long ; peduncles leafless, slender, 3-5 inches high, each bearing a crowded cyme at the summit ; beacts subulate ; sepals ovate, with thickened, purple tips ; corollas small, apparently white ; stamens 5 ; capsules triquetrous ; seeds small.

Collected in the Pinos Altos Mountains in 1880, by the writer in too advanced a state, and distributed under the name “T. parviflorum.” Dr. Gray afterwards informed me, from Kew., that it was not that species, but probably a new one; andnow I have a specimen from Mr. Rusby, collected this year in the Mogollon Mountains, showing the five. stamened flowers.

The species, except as regards the number of stamens, and the compact cymes, is much like the Eastern T. teretifolium.

Kiger (2004) describing Phemeranthus for the Flora of North America, notes P. confertiflorus, but plaves it in synonomy with P. parviflorus.

Plants from the mountains of New Mexico with elongate stems, subsessile flowers, markedly congested cymes, and acuminate, often persistent sepals have been described as T. confertiflorum (P. confertiflorus).

Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger. “Sunbright”

Phemeranthus parviflorus on top of North Table Mountain.

Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) proposed Talinum parviflorum from a manuscript by Nuttall.

Original Text
2. TALINUM. Adans. (in part.); Sims, bot. mag. t. 1357.
Sepals 2, ovate, concave deciduous. Petals 5, sessile, hypogynous. Stamens 10-20, inserted with the petals, and often coherent with them at the base. Style trifid. Capsule subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded.
§ Stigmas or lobes of the style short, connivent, Perennial herbs, with a short thick and firm stem, and terete subulate fleshy stems : flowers in a terminal dichotomous cyme, expanding for a single day. — Phemeranthus, Raf.
1. T. teretifolium (Pursh): ...
2. T. parviflorum (Nutt. ! mss.): “small; leaves slender; stamens 5?-10.” On rocks, Arkansas; with the preceding species, Nuttall! — A distinct species, according to Nuttall, with much smaller flowers than T. teretifolium.

Kiger (2001) described new combinations to be used in his treatment of Portulacaceae in Flora of North America.

Original Text	Comments
... recent molecular data ... congruent with morphological evidence ... indicates that Phemeranthus is phylogenetically distinct from the mainly Old World Talinum ...	... morphological differences between Phemeranthus and Talinum ...
Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nuttall) Kiger. comb. nov. Basionym: Talinum parviflorum Nuttall, in J. Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 197. 1838. TYPE: U.S.A. Arkansas: n.d., T. Nuttall s.n. (possible isotypes or syntypes, K [in type folder, on sheet with Drummond 34], K [in general herbarium])	There follows some discussion of whether the specimen at K is a type or, if not, further search should be conducted before designating a lectotype.

Portulaca oleracea L. “Little Hogweed”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 445) ...

Original Text
1. PORTULACA foliis cunciformis, floribus feffilibus. Roy. lugdb. 473. Gron. virg. 59. Hort. upf. 146. Mat. med. 260. Dalib. parif. 158. Hall. helv. 392. Sauv. monfp. 168.	oleracea.
Portulaca foliis cuneiformibus verticillatis feffilibus, floribus feffilibus. Hort. cliff. 207.
Portulaca anguftifolia fylveftris. Bauh. pin. 288.
β. Portulaca latifolia fativa. Bauh. pin.288.
Portulaca domeftica. Lob ic. 388.
Habitat in Europa auftrali, India, Inf. Afcenfionis, America, ☉

Cerastium arvense L. ssp. strictum Gaudin “Field Chickweed”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 439) ...

Original Text
8. CERASTIUM foliis lanceolatis, pedunculis ramofis, capsulis fubrotundis.	ftrictum.
Ceraftium caule perenni procumbente, foliis lanceolatis tomentofis. Roy. lugdb. 450.
Myofotis arvenfis, polygoni folio. Vaill. parif. 141. t. 30. f. 5.
Lychnis incana repens. Bauh. pin. 206.
Habitat in Gallia, Italia. ♃

Ugborogho, R. E. 1977. North American Cerastium arvense Linnaeus: Taxonomy, reproductive system and evolution. Phyton (Horn) 35: 169-187. 46€, unable to penetrate the paywall.

Moulton, 1999. v. 12, item. 38.

38 Cerastium arvense L., field chickweed; AND-A; Pursh, 321; collected in Klickitat County, Washington, or Wasco or Sherman County, Oregon. April 22, 1806 Deposited by American Philosophical Society [stamped] The glandular viscidity is not found in any other of the many we have [unknown] Plains of Columbia. Aprl. 22th 1806. [Pursh] ANS PHILA [perforated initials] ANS 1994 label: Cerastium arvense L. APS printed label: Cerastium arvense L. C. elongatum Pursh

If the “Plains of Columbia” comment were really written by Pursh, then it seems likely that this was the specimen described him.

Earle & Reveal 2003, p. 142

The dried plant in the Lewis and Clark Herbarium is not a good specimen, consisting of little more than a single flowering stem. It is hard to guess what its condition might have been when Frederick Pursh examined it, but evidently it was not sufficient, even then, for him to recognize the plant as field chickweed. He listed C. arvense in his Flora as an eastern species ... and gave the Lewis and Clark plant a new species name, Cerastium elongatum, noting only that it was found “On the plains of the Columbia River.” Subsequently, the Lewis and Clark specimen was recognized as field chickweed, and Pursh's name was discarded.

See Pursh (1814) description of C. elongatum, below.

Weber & Wittmann, 2012, p. 47.

2b. Bracts of the inflorescence scarious-margined; floral stems with tuts of sterile shoots in the leaf axils; plants with tall, erect erect stems. C. strictum L. emend Haenke [straight]. 14D. Abundant in meadows and openings of pine forests, from medium to high altitudes. C. arvense L. is a northern European tetraploid occurring in America at low altitudes only as a weed. Our plants are diploid and are related, if not identical, to the diploid C. strictum of the high mountains of Eurasia. C. strictum and C. arvense are not interfertile according to the FNA.

Cerastium brachypodum (Engelmann ex A. Gray) B. L. Robinson “Short-stalked mouse-ear chickweed”

Cerastium nutans var. brachypodum Engelm. ex A.Gray, Manual (Gray), ed. 5. 94 (1867).

Gray (1867, p. 94) ...

Original Text

3. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender, grooved, diffusely branched (6'- 20' high); cyme loose and open, many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly elongated ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, thrice the length of the calyx. — Moist places, Vermont to Minnesota and southward. May-July. — Var. brachypodum, Engelm., W. Illinois and southwestward, has pedicels shorter than the pods.

Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A.Gray) B.L.Rob., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club v. (1894) 150; et in Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. (1894) 277.

Cerastium elongatum Pursh “Field Chickweed”

See also Notes on Cerastium arvense ssp. strictum, above.

Pursh, 1814, Flora Americae Septentrionalis; v. 1, p. 321.

6. C. hirsutum ; foliis linearibus internodiis longioribus divaricatus, pedunculis terminalibus elongatus bis 3-chotomis, bracteis oppositis ovatis, petalis emarginatis calyce acuto duplo longioribus, capsulis subglobosis.	elongatum.
On the plains of Columbia river. M. Lewis. ♃ April. v. s. in Herb. Lewis.

Dianthus armeria L. “Deptford Pink”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 410) ...

Original Text
Armeria.	3. DIANTHUS floribus aggregatis fafciculatis, fquamis calycinis lanceolatis villofis tubum aequantibus. Hort. cliff. 165. Fl. fuec. 345. It. gotl. 301. Roy. ludb. 443. Sauv. monfp. 144.
	Caryophyllus barbatus fylveftris. Bauh. pin. 208.
	Armeria fylveftris altera. Lob. ic. 448.
	Habitat in fterilibus Gotlandiae, Germaniae, Galliae, Italiae. ☉

Eremogone fendleri (A. Gray) Ikonnikov “Fendler's Sandwort”

Gray (1849, p. 13) …

Original Text

† 57. Arenaria (Eremogone) Fendleri (sp. nov.) : caudice polycephalo; turionibus imbricato-polyphyllis ; foliis praelongis erectis setaceis planiusculis margine serrulato-scabris cauleque slmplici glabris, caulinis ochreato-connatis ; symis strictis sparsifloris et calycibus glanduloso-pubescentibus ; pedicellis gracilibus ; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis sensim acuminatis cuspidatis inferne late scariosis medio viridibus trinerviis petala obovata subaequantibus ; stjlis exsertls. — Prairies, five miles west of Las Vegas ; August. — A group of grassy-leaved species, belonging to a group not before known in the New World, and to the subdivision Chromolemmae of Fenzl. My specimen is eleven inches high, just in flower, but destitute of fruit. The leaves of the sterile radical tufts are 3 to 4 inches long; the cauline pairs (3 or 4) successively shorter. Petals white, 4 lines in length.

Gypsophila elegans M. Bieb. “Showy Baby's Breath”

There is one collection of this species of Baby's Breath, made on Lookout Mountain. One other collection in Jefferson County was made at Rocky Flats. The few (eight) Colorado collections have been made along the base of the Front Range.

The species was first described from the region of Mount Kafbek (Kazbek) in the Caucasus Mountains, in the gravels of the Terek River that drains the north side of the mountains, and in the Alps of Kafbek (Bieberstein, M., 1808). It is frequently found in wildflower mixes.

Bieberstein (1808, v. 1, p. 319) ...

Original Text	Comments
789. GYPSOPHILA elegans.
G. foliis lanceolatis fubcarnofis paniculaeque ramis dichotomis patentiffimis glabris; corolla emarginata calyce genitalibusque duplo longiore.
Habitat in glareofis torrentis Terek, circa portas caucalicas et alpem Kafbek. Septembri hinc inde adhuc florentem legi. ☉	“She lives in the gravel valley of Terek, near the caucal gates and the Alps of Kafbek. I picked up on it in September and it is still flowering.”
Radix exilis annua. Caulis paniculatus: ramis floriferis ad angulum rectum patentibus per iteratam dichotomiam dinaricatis. Pedicelli filiformes. Flores forina, colore et magnitudine praecedentis. Affinis G. vifcofae; feci foliis utrinique aculis anguftioibus, paniculae ramis glaubris longioribus et calycibus breuioribus diftincta.

Holosteum umbellatum L. “Jagged Chickweed”

Coll. No. 2246, Holosteum umbellatum

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 88) ...

Original Text		Comments and Interpretation
umbellatum.	4. HOLOSTEUM floribus umbellatis.
	Spergula foliis oppofitis, pedunculis umbellatis. Guett. ftamp. 298. Dalib. parif. 134.
	Holofteum caryophyllaeum arvenfe. Tabern. ic. 233.
	Lychnis graminea hirfuta umbellifera. Morif. hift. 2. p. 546. f. 5. t. 22. f. 46.
	Caryophyllus arvenfis umbellatus, folio glabro. Bauh. pin. 210.
	Caryophyllus arvenfis. Bauh. hift. 3. p. 361.
	Habitat in Germaniae, Galliae arvis. ☉	Lives in German and French fields.

Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray “James' Nailwort”

Torrey & Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 170-171)

Original Text
4. P. Jamesii: minutely scabrous-pubescent, caespitose, much branched from the base ; leaves linear-subulate, obtuse (the uppermost mucronate) ; cymes dichotomous, few-flowered, crowded, with a central subsessile flower in each division ; sepals minutely hairy at the base, linear-oblong, obscurely 3-ribbed or even, with a very short cusp, arched at the summit within ; sterile setae as long as the filaments. — P. dichotoma ? Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New York, 2. p. 290.
β depressa: dwarf, densely dichotomous; leaves and stipules imbricated on the short branches ; flowers nearly immersed in the leaves. — P. depressa, Nutt.! mss.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 41°, Dr. James! Nuttall ! β “On the barren plains of the Rocky Mountains (lat. 41°), and on the plains of the Oregon.” Nuttall ! — Stems 4-6 inches high. Leaves on the flowering branches about half an inch long, slightly 2-sulcate, about the length of the internodes. Stipules shorter than the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or setose ; the point much shorter than in P. dichotoma ; the flowers smaller, fewer, and more crowded ; the cusp stouter and confluent with the arched inner portion. Calyx obpyramidal at the base. Style 2-cleft ⅓ of its length. The β. depressa has the branches crowded with leaves to the summit; the stipules are nearly the length of the leaves, and the flowers are scarcely cymose.

Gray (1849, p. 14) ...

Original Text
69. Paronychia Jamesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 170. High prairies, in gravely soil, east of Big Sand Creek (between the crossing of the Arkansas and Bent's Fort), Sept., 1846 ; and from San Miguel, New Mexico, to Council Grove, Aug. – Sept.

Big Sand Creek may now be Big Sandy Creek, and is the same creek where the Sand Creek massacre occurred.

Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torr.) W. A. Weber & R. L. Hartm. “Tuber Starwort”

Published as Stellaria jamesiana Torrey (1827) who noted the habitat was moist situations within the Rocky Mountains.

Weber & Hartman (1979) transferred our plant to Pseudostellaria saying,

“... realignment of Stellaria jamesiana with Pseudostellaria reinforces the emerging pattern of the Southern Roky Mountain Flora as one having a strong Asiatic element probably dating back to the Tertiary, a feature which greatly impressed Sir Joseph Hooker a century ago when he visited Colorado with Asa Gray.”

Coll. No. 2787, Pseudostellaria jamesiana

Saponaria officinalis L. “Bouncingbet”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1., p. 408-409) ...

Original Text
officinalis.	1. SAPONARIA calycibus cylindricis, foliis ovato-lanceolatis. Hort. cliff. 165. Hort. upf. 106. Mat. med. 214. Roy. lugdb. 444. Gron. virg. 160. Gort. gelr. 245.
	Saponaria major laevis. Bauh. pin. 206.
	Saponaria vulgaris. Cam. epit. 152.
hybrina.	β. Saponaria concava anglica. Bauh. pin. 206. Morif. hift. 2. p. 548. f. 5. t. 22. f. 52.
	Gentiana folio convoluto. Bauh. hift. 3. p. 521.
	Habitat in Europa media. ♃

Silene antirrhina L. “Sleepy Catchfly”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1., p. 419) ...

Original Text		Comments
17. SILENE foliis lanceolatis glabris, pedunculis trifidis, petalis emarginatism calycibus ovatis, Roy. lugdb. 447.	antirrhina.
Silene corymbo dichotomo, floribus pedunculatis, ramis alternis erectis, foliis lanceolatis integerrimis. Gron. virg. 50.
Vifcago americana noctiflora, antirrhini folio. Dill. elth. 442. t. 313. f. 403.		Leaves like Antirrhinum.
Habitat in Virginia, Carolina. ☉		Known at the time of publication from Virginia and (North and South) Carolina, now described as rangeing from Canada to Mexico (POWO, 2021).

Silene drummondii Hook. “Drummond's Campion”

Hooker (1830, v. 1, p. 89) ...

Original Text
Sect, IV. Stachymorpha. Otth. MSS. Caulescentes, Flores spicati (vel racemosi) axillares, non (aut rarius) oppositi. Calyx 10-striatus. DC.
6. S. Drummondii ; tota pubescenti-glandulosa viscida, caulibus erectis simplicibus strictis, foliis remotis lineari-lanceolatis, racemo laxo paucifloro, pedicellis elongatis plerumque alternis, calycibus oblongo-cylindraceis erectis. — S. nicaeensis. Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnaea, v. 1. p. 41.?
Radix perennis, crassiuscula. Caules simplices, erecti, strictissimi, teretes, pedales ad sesquipedalem, ubique, ut et tota plauta, praeter corollam, pubescenti-glandulosi, viscidi, superne prsecipue. Folia lineari-lanceolata, radicalia latiora, in petiolum attenuata; caulina remota sursum sensim minora, opposita, basi connata, uninervia. Flores pauci, 3-5 in racemum laxum, raro spicatum, strictissimum dispositi. Bracteae subulatce. Pedicelli alterni, nunc, sed raro, oppositi, unciam sesquiunciam longi, simplices, nudi vel, nunc, bibracteati. Calyx oblongo-cylindraceus, pubescenti-viscidus, 5-dentatus, dentibus parvis, striis decem viridibus, demum, fructiferus, paulo latior, nunquam inflatus nee clavatus. Petala alba, parva, vix calyce longiora. Capsula cylindracea, sessilis, calycis longitudine, apice 6-dentata.
Hab. Plains of the Saskatchawan. Dr. Richardson ; Drummond. Common on the elevated, gravelly soils near Fort Vancouver, and skirting the Blue Mountains. Douglas. — I am doubtful whether this species should be referred to the division “Stachymorpha” or “Siphonomorpha” of the Prodromus. It accords in many respects with S. gallica of the former division, but it has the flower-stalks vastly more elongated, sometimes opposite, and the calyx more cylindrical; while, on the other hand, it approaches very near to the S. nicaeensis in the latter division, but is far less glutinous, and never has clavate calyces, as in my specimens of nicaeensis from the south of France. Still I suspect it may be the Californian nicaeensis of Chamisso and Schlechtendal, which those authors refer, doubtfully, to the plant of Allioni and De Candolle. From both the species now mentioned ours differs in its remarkably strict habit and small petals.

Silene latifolia Poir. “Bladder Campion”

(Syn: Lychnis alba Mill. , Melandrium dioicum (L.) Cosson & Germain ) Bladder Campion

Silene latifolia Poir., Voy. Barbarie ii. 165. (1789).

Silene menziesii Hook

Hooker, William Jackson, Sir, (1830) Flora boreali-americana, or, the botany of the northern parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. To which are added (by permission of the Horticultural society of London,) those of Mr. Douglas, from north-west America, and of other naturalists

Sect. VII. Caulescentes. Pedunculi axillares; pedicelli elongati.

10. S. Menziesii ; pubescens, caule erecto ramoso dichotomo, foliis lato lanceolatis basi apiceque acuminatis, pedunculis axillaribus folium vix superantibus, floribus parvis, calycibus obovatis 5-fidis, petalorum limbo bipartito laciniis linearibus. (???. ???.)

Tota planta tenera, pube brevi, minuto obtecta. Caules spithamaei ad pedalem, erecti, flexuosi, teretes, subdense foliosi. Folia opposita, bi-rarius triuncialia, patentia, lanceolata, uninervia, basi attenuata, sed inferiora solummodo subpetiolata ; reliqua sessilia, apice in acumen subpungens attenuata. Pedunculi sub-biunciales, foliis vix longiores, graciles, simplices, erecti, alterni vel plerumque oppositi, nudi, nisi supremi, qui bibracteati. Flores magnitudine Silenis quadridentatae. Calyx oblongo-obovatus, basi subattenuatus, apice profunde 5-dentatus seu quinquefidus, dentibus vel paululum obscure decemcostatus, pubescens. Petala 5, calyce multo longiora, alba, unguiculata, corona nulla, limbo bupartito, laciniis linearibus, obtusis. Stamina pistillumque anthophoro, germinis longitudine, suffulta. Filamenta 10, subaequalia, exerta : Antherae oblongo-ovales. Germen ovale, obtusum. Styli tres, petalorum unguibus vix longiores. Capsula membranacea, calyce minor. Semina subtriginta.

Hab. North-West Coast of America. Mr. Menzies. Straits of Juan de Fuca, in lat. 48°. Dr. Scouler. Under the shade of solitary pines, on the low hills of the Oakanagan. Douglas. Portage d' embarras, Slave River. Dr. Richardson. — This species is totally unlike any other with which I am acquainted, somewhat resembling a slender state of Saponaria ocymoides, nor indeed does it accord with any of the divisional characters of the genus given by De Candolle: for here the peduncles are throughout solitary and single-flowered, and the stem is leafy to the very summit. Dr. Richardson's specimens are smaller than those from the east side of the Rocky Mountains, and have fewer flowers: but they are not otherwise different.

???. XXX. Plants:—natural size. Fig. 1, Flower; fig. 2, Stamens, pistil, and their stalk; fig. 3, Capsule : —magnified.

Hooker (1830) Tab. XXX illustrating Silene menziesii.

Jurgens studied floral morphometrics in Caryophylloideae …

Taxa studied by Jurgens (2006) that are native to Colorado.

• Silene acaulis

Taxa studied by Jurgens (2006) that are introduced to Colorado.

• Dianthus armeria
• Dianthus deltoides
• Saponaria ocymoides
• Saponaria officinalis
• Vaccaria hispanica
• Agrostemma gothago
• Silene dichotoma
• Silene latifolia
• Silene noctiflora
• Silene vulgaris

Flower structure of Silene vulgaris and morphological characters measured (Jurgens, 2006).

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. “Common Chickweed”

(Syn: Alsine media L. )

Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. “Red Baneberry”

Aiton (1789, v. 2, p. 221) ...

ACTAEA. Gen. pl. 644.
Cor. 4-petala. Cal. 4-phyllus. Bacca 1-loculatis. Sem. femiorbiculata.
1. A. racemo ovato, fructibus baccatis. Sp. pl. 722.	fpicata.
α baccis nigris.	nigra.
Common black-berries Herb-chriftopher.
β baccis niveis.	alba.
White-berried Herb-chriftopher.
γ baccis rubris.	rubra.
Red-berried Herb-chriftopher.
Nat. α. of Britain ; β. and γ. of North America.
Fl. April and May.	H. ♃.

Willdenow (1799, v. 2, pt. 2, p. 1039) ...

1. ACTAEA fpicata.
α. Actaea fpicata nigra. ...
β. ...
γ. Actara fpicata rubra.
A. baccis rubris. Ait. Kew. 2. p. 221.	I think this is the publication of our name by Aiton.
Houttuyn Lin. Pfl. Syft. 7. p. 181.
Aehrentragendes Chriftophskraut. W.
Habitat in nemoribus Europae, β. γ. Americae. ♃ (v.v.)

Willdenow (1809, v. 1, p. 561) ...

★ 2. ACTAEA rubra.

A. racemo ovato, petalis stamininus brevioribus, fructibus baccatis.

Actaea spicata γ. rubra. Sp. pl. ed. W. 2. p. 1139.

Habitat in Canada. ♃. D.

Baccae rubrae et Petala staminibus breviora. Non est varietas praecedentis. Actaea baccis albis ex America boreali mihi est ignota.

Anemonastrum canadense (L.) Mosyakin “Canadian Anemone”

Anemone canadensis L. “Canada Anemone”

(Syn: Anemonidium canadensis (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve)

Anemone cylindrica A. Gray “Candle Anemone”

Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 7) ....

9. A. multifida; pilosa, foliis ternatim divisis, segmentis cuneatis tripartitis laciniatis, laciniis linearibus acutis, involucri involucellorumque breve petiolatis conformibus, sepalis 5-8 subcoriaceis ellipticis extus sericeis. — Poir. in Encycl. Meth. Suppl. v. 1. p. 364, De Less. Ic. v. 1. t 16, De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 21. — A. Hudsoniana. Herb. Banks. Rich. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 22.

β. caule unifloro. — A. multifida, γ. uniflora. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 21. De Less. Ic. v. 1. t. 17.

γ. flore sanguineo. — A. sanguinea. Pursh, in Herb. Lamb. — A. Hudsoniana, β. sanguinea. Rich. in Frankl 1st. Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 22.

Hab. Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Goldie. From the shores of Hudson's Bay to the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains, and from the United States to near the shores of the Arctic Sea : common. Dr. Richardson. Drummond. West side of the Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Columbia. Douglas. — Variable in size and in the number of peduncles arising from each stem, from 1 to 3, and agreeing with the figures of De Lessert (from plants gathered in the Straits of Magellan) in every particular, except that in those the segments of the leaves are shorter in proportion to the breadth ; so that their single-flowered variety has very much the appearance of a large state of A. Baldensis. Heads of pericarps, as in that species, roundish-oval, woolly. Flower white, yellow, purple, and deep red.

The species has a very extended range, from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the sources of the Columbia, west of the Rocky Mountains. It was found at Conception in Chili, during Capt. Beechey's Expedition, at the Straits of Magellan, and Dr. Gillies has gathered it on the Andes of Chili.

Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida “Pacific Anemone”

Aquilegia

Latin	Automated Translation to English	My Interpreted English
Aquilegia recens vocabulum est, quasi Aquilina ob florum mucrones aduncos ut sunt Aquiline ungues. Anglis Columbine dicitur, quia florum calcaria recurva columbarum cervicem cum capite & rostro tum figura tum colore referunt. An veteribus Graecis vel Latinis cognita, aut quo nomine dicta nondum constat.	Aguilegia recent designation is, as Aquilina of flowers blades that are AQUILINE hooked claws. English Columbine called for bits of flowers and beaks and curved shape and color the dove's neck and head. Is it known to the ancient Greeks, or to the Latins, the name of which it was said, or not yet been agreed.	… flower petals that are like an eagle's hooked claws …
Notae illius genericae sunt folia Umbelliferarum modo divisa, flores penduli cum pluribus corniculis recurvis, femina nigra lucida.	Note that the generic Umbelliferarum newspapers are now divided, with many little flowers hanging bend, female black cloud.
Aquilegiam stellatam, quae caret illis corniculis recurvis in flore, pro specie degenere habeo.	Aquileia the Star, which has no unto them, little curves that bend in the flower, here standing for species degenerates I have.

Ray's (1686) description of Aquilegia.

1. “aquiline” like an eagle
   • (of a person's nose) hooked or curved like an eagle's beak.

Aquilegia coerulea E. James “Colorado Blue Columbine”

James (1823, v. 2, p. 15) ...

[July] 11th. [1820] From our encampment, we travelled nearly south, and, crossing a small ridge dividing the waters of the Platte from those of the Arkansa, halted to dine on a tributary of the latter. In an excursion from this place we collected a large species of columbine, somewhat resembling the common one of the gardens. It is heretofore unknown to the Flora of the United States, to which it forms a splendid acquisition. If it should appear not to have been described, it may receive the name of Aquilegia coerulea.* Our road, during the morning, lay for about twelve miles, along ...

* A. coerulea. — Leaves twice ternate; flowers terminal, remote; nectaries strait and very long. It inhabits sandy woods of pine, and spruce within the mountains, rising sometimes to the height of three feet.

Aquilegia saximontana Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Columbine”

Gray (1895, v. 1, pt. 1, p. 43) ...

A.* saximontana, P. A. Rydberg. Much lower, scarcely a span high : stems slender, several from a scaly rootstock, quite glabrous : leaves small, twice ternate, even the upper slender-petioled, smooth : flowers much as in the preceding, but carpels glabrous. — Rydberg in ms. A. vulgaris, var. brevistyla. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 242 ; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 4. A. brevistyla. Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 10; Jones, Zoe, iv. 258. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, first collected by Parry.

Rydberg (1896, v. 3, p. 482) ...

A. saximontana Rydberg ; Gray, Syn. Fl, i, pt. 1, 43 (1895); A. vulgaris brevistyla Gray, Amer. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii, 110, and Proc. Acad. Phila, 1863, 57 (1863), name only; Porter, Port. & Coult. Fl. Col. 4 (1874), description; A. brevistyla Coulter, Man. Rock. Mount. Reg. 10 (1885) ; Jones, Zoe, iv, 258 (1893). Pl. XIX.

Stem 1 to 2 dm. high, densely tufted, scarcely exceeding the leaves, perfectly smooth; leaves twice-ternate, all on slender petioles thin, the upper a little smaller; leaflets 8 to 15 mm. long, with long petiolules, pedicels slender, upright; sepals greenish and obtuse or blue and acute; limb of the petals yellow, longer than the blue, curved spur, and the stamens and pistils; ovary smooth; pod 1.5 to 2 cm., smooth.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Specimens examined : Colorado, Dr. James (labeled A. caerulea, var. ?); 1861, C. C. Parry, No. 90; 1862, Hall & Harbour, No. 23; 1869, Scoville ; Argentine Pass, 1878, M. E. Jones, No. 875 ; Gray's Peak, 1895, P. A. Rydberg and C. L. Shear.

Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray. “Rock Clematis”

Nuttall (1834, p. 7) describes Atragene columbiana from collections by Nathaniel Wyeth on the Flat-Head river on the return trip between the Falls of the Columbia and the first navigable waters of the Missouri.

Original Text
2. Atragene *Columbiana. Pedunculis unifloris, foliis oppositis ternatum sectis, foliolis ovatis acutis, obsolete crenulatis, sepalis ovatis acuminatis, staminibus vix suplo longioribus.
Hab. Flat-Head river. In flower by the first of March, forming an intricate mat of branches so as to appear almost like a bush. Readily distinguishable from A. verticillaris by the flowers, which are scarcely half as large and of a dull palish blue. The leaflets are also cuneate rather than cordate at base, and the lateral ones apparently always entire.

Torrey & A. Gray (1838) placed Nuttall's Atragene columbiana into Clematis.

Original Text	Comments
§ 2. Involucre none : sepals 4 : petals several, minute. — Atragene, DC.	Here, Torrey & A. Gray credit DeCandolle as the author of section Atragene
19. C. Columbiana : peduncles 1-flowered ; leaves ternate : leaflets ovate, acute, obscurely crenulate ; sepals ovate, acuminate, nearly twice the length of the stamens. — Atragene Columbiana, Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 7. p. 7.
Rocky Mountains, Mr. Wyeth. March. — Flowers smaller than in C. verticillaris, pale blue. Nuttall.

James S. Pringle (1993+) writing in Flora of North America places C. columbiana in subgroup Atragene giving Torr. & A. Gray (1838) authorship of the name.

Weber & Wittmann (2012) treat Atragene at the rank of genus.

Ackerfield (2015) in Flora of Colorado accepts Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray, placing Atragene columbiana Nutt. in synonomy.

Clematis hirsutissima Pursh “Hairy Clematis, Sugar Bowls”

(Syn: Coriflora hirsutissima (Pursh) W. A. Weber )

Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 385) ...

Original Text		Comments
9. C. erecta, simplex ; foliis hirsutissimis bipinnatifidis incisis, laciniis linearibus acutis, caulinis composite-multifidis, pedunculo terminali solitario, flore erecto campanulato, petalis 4. erectis ovatis obtusiusculis apice reflexis.	hirsutissima.	Pursh states that the flower is erect, as might be deduced from the Lewis & Clark specimen. However, the flower is nearly always nodding. This may have led to confusion with Nuttall's Anemone ludoviciana, for which the flowers are erect.
On the plains of Columbia river. ♃. May. v. s. in Herb. Lewis. The whole plant is covered with a close coat of long hairs like Anemone Pulsatilla, which it very much resembles in several respects. I consider all the division of Anemones with caudated seeds to belong to this genus, or at least to one separate from Anemone.		The original label states, “One of the most common plants on the plains of the Columbia — May 27th 1806,” see Moulton (1999).

Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. “Western White Clematis”

Coll. No. 1970, Clematis ligustifolia

Published in Torrey & Gray (1838-1843, v. 1, p. 9) from a Nuttall manuscript.

Original Text	Comments
8. C. ligusticifolia (Nutt. ! mss.): “plant somewhat pubescent ; flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious ; leaves pinnate ternate ; leaflets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate, incisely toothed and trifid ; petals and stamens equal in length ; carpels with long plumose tails. — C. Virginiana, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 1. (in part).	It appears that this entire description is a quote from Nuttall's manuscript.
“β. brevifolia : leaves smoother, shorter and broader.
“Plains of the Rocky Mountains, in open and in bushy places, near streams. β in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the Oregon. — Very similar to C. Virginiana, but the leaves are mostly 5-foliolate, and almost lucidly coriaceous ; They are also much smaller, and in the var. α much narrower and longer. The tails of the carpels are also longer and more densely plumose in C. Virginiana. Flowers white and fragrant.” Nutt.

There are two vouchers of Nuttall collections of Clematis ligusticifolia at NY. One of them (NY233134) gives the location of “R. Mts. Lewis' River” in Nuttall's hand and was designated the holotype by Arnold Tiehm, December 1985. The Lewis River of the time is today's Snake River. The other (NY233159) is from the Torrey Herbarium and gives the location as the Columbia River. This has been designated as the holotype of C. ligusticifolia var. brevifolia Torr. & A. Gray found in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the Oregon.

Clematis orientalis L. “Oriental Virginsbower”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 543) ...

4. CLEMATIS foliis compofitis : foliolis incifis angulatis lobatis cuneiformibus.	orientalis.
Clematis orientalis, apii folio, flore e viridi-flavefcente pofterius reflexo. Tournef. cor. 20.
Flammula fcandens, apii folio glauco. Dill. elth. 144. t. 119. f. 145.
Habitat in Oriente.

Delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks. “Plains Larkspur”

Coll. No. 2359, Delphinium carolinianum subsp. virescens	Coll. No. 1440, Delphinium carolinianum subsp. virescens

Walter (1788, p. 155)

Original Text		Comments
T R I G Y N I A
220. DELPHINIUM. Cal. nullus. Petala 6. Nectarium 2-phyllum, cornutum. Silique 3.
carolinianum 1.	nectario diphyllo, quam flos longiori, labellis integris, floribus fpicatis purpureis macula lutea, petalis duobus bifidis barbatis.

Nuttall (1818) described the Plains Larkspur from his collection on the plains of the Missouri.

Original Text
371. DELPHINIUM. L. (Larkspur.)
Calix none. Petals 5. Lepanthium (nectary) bifid, cornutely produced behind. Siliques 3 or 1.
Herbaceous, lower leaves digitate or palmate, upper ones often undivided; flowers spiked or paniculate, blue, violaceous or yellowish.
Species. 1. D. tricorne 2. azureum 3. exaltatum. 4. consolida. Naturalized.
5. *virescens. Perennial, pubescent; lepanthium 4-leaves, shorter than the 5 calicine petals, interior laminae densely bearded; leaves 3-parted, segments linear, subtrifid, lower ones divaricate. Hab. On the Plains of the Missouri. Obs. Stem simple about 8 to 12 inches, pubescent; leaves upon long petioles, partly digitate or 5-parted, 10 to 15 lines wide; spike few-flowered, flowers greenish white, petalois calix, 5-leaved, leaves oblong, spur longer than the flower, nearly straight. Petals of lenanthium 4; the 2 internal ones irregularly concave, small, the 2 lateral larger, flat, and unguiculate, bearded, claw sending out a short spur at the base; capsules 3. Flowering in June.
A genus almost equally divided betwixt Siberia and the south of Europe.

Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 32) accepted Nuttall's D. virescens.

Original Text	Comments
8. D. virescens (Nutt.): pubescent ; petioles scarecely dilated at the base ; leaves 3-5-parted, the middle division mostly undivided, lateral ones 2-3-cleft ; lobes lanceolate ; raceme loose, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or lanceolate ; spur longer than the sepals, ascending ; lower petals deeply 2-cleft ; claw gibbous at the base. — Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 14; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53.
Plains of Missouri and Arkansas, Nuttall ! North Carolina, Schweinitz ! Georgia, Le Conte ! June. — Stem 8-12 inches high. Raceme simple. Pedicels longer than the flowers. Bracts subulate. Flowers large, yellowish or greenish white, minutely pubescent. Sepals marked with a brownish spot near the apex, much longer than the petals. Spur straight or somewhat incurved. Lower petals rather densely bearded. Ovaries 3.	It is possible that the collections of D. virescens should carry the name D. carolinianum.

Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 32) treat D. carolinanum Walt. as a synonym of D. azureum Michx.

Rydberg (1899) supports acceptance of D. virescens, although on somewhat flimsy evidence. Not sure why he did not mention the taxon as found in Colorado or Wyoming.

Original Text	Comments
Delphinium carolinianum Walt. subsp. virescens R. E. Brooks, comb. nov. Basionym: D. virescens Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 14. 1818.
Warnock (1981) treated virescens as a synonym of D. carolinanum subsp. pernardii (Huth) Warnock. Field examinations of numerous individuals combined with mor[hological evaluations, including SEM studies of the seeds, indicate that virescens is sufficiently distinct from pernardii to warrant taxonomic recognition of virescens. Warnock's (op. cit.) concept of subspecies in this group is new, however, and one with which I agree. Subsp. virescens has mostly equally distributed cauline leaves with a few basal leaves and the upper stem and rachis are covered with basally yellow, pustualte (sic) trichomes. It occurs in the eastern Great Plains and adjacent eastern areas from North Dakota south to northeast Texas and Missouri. Subsp. pernardii usually has a distinct basal rosette of leaves with a few cauline leaves, the upper spem is canescent and sparsely pustulate hairy, and the rachis is canescent. The subspecies occurs in the western Great Plains from western Nebraska south to Texas.

Jabbour and Renner (2011) studied the global phylogeny of tribe Delphineae that comprises Aconitum and Delphinium. The only studied taxon found in Golden s.l. was Delphinium nuttallianum, so there is nothing to say about D. carolinianum subsp. virescens. The study showed that some re-arrangement of names in Delphineae is required though none that will affect names in Colorado. Molecular clock dating suggests that Delphinium arrived in North American from Asia in the Pliocene.

Delphinium geyeri Greene “Geyer's Larkspur”

Greene (1894, v. 2, p. 189-190) ...

Delphinium Geyeri. Rootl woody-fibrous : stem stoutish, 10 to 20 inches high: leaves mostly near the base of the stem and forming a considerable tuft, but in taller specimens many cauline also, these diminishing upwards; the whole plant, especially the calyx, pedicels, and upper part of stem, canescently tomentulose: leaves slightly fleshy, cut into many linear segments, each of these tipped with a white callosity : flowers rather large, very deep azure, in a narrow simple and strict raceme; spur stoutish, horizontal or ascending, curving downwards from near the tip.

Common plant of the very high plains toward the head-waters of the Platte River in Wyoming and northern Colorado. First collected by Nuttall, whose specimen (Herb. Brit. Mus.) is ticketed "D. hicolor? collected in Rocky Mts. by myself," though it is far enough from being his D. bicolor. It is also Geyer's n. 163 of “Slopes of undulating plains between the Kansas and Platte rivers, with Oenothera serrulata.” It is one of several easily distinguishable plants, from widely sundered, and very different climatic regions, which Dr. Gray referred to D. azureum.

Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. “Twolobe Larkspur”

One our two common larkspurs in Golden s.l., Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. “Twolobe Larkspur” in every open space except Schweich Hill. Found mostly along the base of the Front Range in Jefferson County, with a few collections up into the foothills. Colorado state collections are from the Front Range to the west, sparingly in the large valleys and parks, such as San Luis Valley and South Park.

The first name applied was D. pauciflorum Nutt. From a manuscript by Nuttall in Torrey & Gray (1838-1843). However, this name was previously used for a larkspur in Nepal and therefore nom. Illeg. This was corrected by Pritzel in a manuscript published by Walpers (1843).

Torrey & Gray (1838-1840, v. 1, p. 33) ...

11. D. Pauciflorum (Nutt.l mss.) : “somewhat hirsutely pilose ; petioles scarcely dilated ; leaves reniform, lobes bifid or trifid, linear and entire; bracts simple, minute ; raceme 3-5-flowered ; spur subulate, straight, about the length of the oblong acutish petals ; stigmas and styles smooth; root grumous.

“petals” has been crossed out, and “sepals” written in the margin.

“Rocky Mountains and Blue Mountains of the Oregon. — Scarcely a foot high, slender ; the lower part and the stem more or less minutely and roughly pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth on the upper surface ; two or three divided ones on the stem, the uppermost beneath the flowers simple. Flowers 2-3, large, blue. Lower petals with a central line of pubescence ; upper ones hirsute externally. Carpels pubescent.” Nutt.

Walpers (1843, t. 2. p. 744) ...

13. *D. PAUCIFLORUM Nutt. mss. in Torr. et Gr. Fl. of North Am. I. p. 33. — (Wlprs. Rep. 1. p. 56.) accipiat nomen : D. Nuttallianum Pritz. mss.

Myosurus minimus L. “Tiny Mousetail”

Myosurus minimus was first published by Linnaeus (1753), and some other previous works. It's still an accepted name.

Original Text
POLYGYNIA.
MYOSURUS
minimus.	1. MYOSURUS. Myofurus foliis integerrimis. Hort. Cliff. 177. Fl. Fuet. 261. Roy. Lugdb. 492. Holofteo affinis Cauda mirus. Bauh. Pin. 190. Cauda muris. Dod. Pempt 112. Habitat in Europae collibus apricis aridis. ☉

Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Spreng. “Nuttall's Pasque Flower”

DeCandolle (1818, v. 1, p. 193) ...

7. Anemone Nuttalliana.

A. foliis palmati-sectis , segmentis tribus multifidis , lobis linearibus elongatis , involucralibus in lobos lineares multi-sectis, flore erecto, sepalis 6 erecto-conniventibus.

Hab. in Louisiana. Nuttall. ♃ ( v. s. sp. in H. Lamb.).

Species distinctissima ob habitum oninino Puisatiiiae et folia radicalia palmatim trisecta , nec pinnatim multisecta ; petioli adpresse pubescentes , 3 poll. longi; limbus trisectus, segmentis petiolulatis multifidis, lobulis linearibus , elongatis , acutis , minime dentatis , superne et imprimis subtus subvillosis ; scapus 6-12 poll. longus, plus minusve villosus , interdiim glabratus ; involucri folia in lobos lineares multisecta, basi hirsuto-villosa ; pedicellus iongitudine varins; flos purpurascens erectus , sepalis 6,oblongis, acutis, erecto-conniventibus , extus villosis, 8-10 lin. longis ; fructus A. pulsatillae !

Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 20) ...

1. A[nemone] * ludoviciana.

Hab. Commencing near the confluence of the river Platte and Missouri; on gravelly hills; flowering about April. Clematis hirsutissima. Pursh 2. p. 385. Obs. A species related to A. patens and A. Pulsatilla, and much about the size of the latter. ...

While Nuttall was describing Pulsatilla nuttalliana, he placed Pursh's Clematis hirsutissima in synonomy, an error, thus rendering his name of A. ludoviciana illegitimate.

Bercht. & J.Presl (1823) published Pulsatilla nuttalliana without much comment. They did, however, establish a specific epithet for our plant as a North American entity.

Brechtold & Presl (1823) publication of Pulsatilla nuttalliana.

Nuttall (1825, v. 5, p. 158) ...

Observations on a species of Anemone, of the section Pulsatilla, indigenous to the United States. By Thomas Nuttall. Read October 11, 1825.

That the genus Anemone, as constituted by Linnaeus and his successors, even after the judicious separation of Hepatica by Willdenow, still requires revision, must, I conceive, be apparent to all who have ever compared the Pulsatillas with such other assumed species of the genus, as A. virginiana, A. caroliniana, or A. thalictroides : the last, indeed, with strict propriety, has been referred by De Candolle to Thalictrum, and the Pulsatillas are sectioually divided by Persoon, from his Anemonoides, being distinguished remarkably from the latter by the long plumose appendages of their spreading carpelles, in which particular, though remote in habit, they bear so marked an affinity to the genus Clematis, that Pursh, deceived by imperfect specimens of our plant, named it Clematis hirsutissima, (2. p. 385) and by this name he marked the specimen in Mr. Lambert's herbarium which I had collected. In the work on the Genera of North American plants and the rarer species, Vol. II. p. 20, I have attempted to describe it as Anemone *ludoviciana, having a 1 -flowered involucrate scape, remarkably soft and lanuginous (no ways hirsute) with the segments subulately divided ; the leaves pseudo-digitate, multifid, and smooth on the upper surface, the segments entire, linear and acute; the petals 6, oblong-ovate, and nearly erect.

This species has also been introduced into the Systema Vegetabilium of De Candolle, by the name of Anemone Nuttallii ; and the better to illustrate it, I have now added a figure from a sketch made on the spot (vid. Pl. viii.) Like most of the section to which it appertains, it grows on exposed bare hills, and flowers early in the month of April. The colour of the flower is a grayish sombre blue. We found it growing in considerable tufts, on hills near the confluence of the Missouri and Platte rivers. It would be highly acceptable to the flower garden from its early and showy appearance.

Unfortunately, Plate viii is missing from the online volume on Biodiversity Heritage Library.

Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 4-5) ...

1. A. patens; molliter sericea, foliis serotinis tripartitis ternatisve, segmentis cuneatis trifidis incisis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis, involucro lineari-multifido, flore erecto, sepalis 5-6, aristis longis barbatis. — Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 759. Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 195. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 16. — (β. ochroleuca.) Sims, in Bot. Mag. t. 1994. — Clematis hirsutissima. Pursh, Fl. Am. v. 2. p. 285. — Anemone ludoviciana. Nutt. N. Am. Fl. v. 2. p. 26. — A. Nuttalliana. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 17. Nutt. in Journ. of Acad. of Nat. Sc. of Philad. v. 5, p, 158. t 8. (A. Nuttallii,) excellent. Rich. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 21.

Hab. Profusely in the eastern prairie district ; and, more scattered, in the central limestone tracts from lat. 45° to 67° on the Mackenzie. Dr. Richardson. Valleys in the Rocky Mountains. Drummond. Douglas. — There is no difference whatever between this American plant and the A.patens which I possess from the Russian Empire, gathered by Dr. Goldbach, and from Silesia on the borders of Poland, by Professor Treviranus. Both are liable to vary in the breadth of the segments of their leaves, and in the colour of their flowers. Mostly, however, these are purple. The pale yellow-flowered variety from Siberia, is cultivated in England; and the fresh juice of that kind, Gmeliu tells us, is employed by the inhabitants of Irkutsck to cure deafness, and newly gathered leaves for pain in the head, as vesicatories. The plant affects sandy soils, and its blossoms appear among the earliest of the season. The young buds are eaten by the Marmots, inhabitants of the plains of N. America. — A. Halleri comes too near to this species. Its flowers I have often gathered in Switzerland before the leaves have appeared; but since, in both, the flowers continue a long time, they and the leaves are sometimes gathered in perfection together, I possess specimens from Moscow, in which the former year's leaves are present with the vernal flower ; quite dead, indeed, and brown, but perfect in form and shape.

Torrey & Gray (1840, v. 1, p. 11) ...

§ 1. Carpels with long bearded tails : leaves of the involucre sessile, palmately divided, with linear lobes. — Pulsatilla, DC.

1. A. patens (Linn.): silky-villous ; leaves 3-parted or ternate; segments cuneiform, 3-cleft, incised; lobes linear-lanceolate; involucre linearly many-cleft; sepals 5-6.— DC. prodr. 1. p. 16. – (β. ochroleuca); Hook ! f.. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 4. A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 26. A. Nuttalliana, DC. prodr. l. c. p. 17; Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 5. p. 158. t. 8. and 7. p. 7 ; Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. (ed. 2.) p. 21. Clematis hirsutissima, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 385.

British America as far north as lat., 67° ! Valleys of the Rocky Mountains, Drummond, Nuttall! On the Missouri and Platte, Nuttall! Galena, lllinois ! — About a span high. Sepals an inch or more in length, dull blue or purple. Tail of the carpels nearly two inches long. — Appears to be identical with the European plant.

Anemone patens var. multifida Pritz., Linnaea 15(6): 581 (1842). Georg August Pritzel (2 September 1815, Carolath – 14 June 1874) was a German librarian and botanical writer. He studied in Breslau, graduating with a dissertation titled Anemonarum revisio. In 1851 he began work as a Hülfsarbeiter at the royal library in Berlin, a post which eventually led to curator duties. From 1855 onwards, he served as archivist at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

Pritzel (1842, v. 15, n. 6, p. 581) …

A. patens L. sp. 759. … Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I. p. 4 Torrey & Gray Fl . Of North-Am. I. p. 11. …
Anemone Nuttalliana DC. Syst. I. 193. Prodr. I. 17. Pulsatilla Nuttalliana Spr. Syst. 11. p. 663. (Clematis hirsutissima Pursh, Anemone Ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. am. Et Journ. Of the Academy of nat. sc. Of Philadelphia vol. V. (a. 1825.) p. 158. et icon tab. 8. ex auctoritate Hookeri, Gray et Torrey! (Hab. as confl. Platt et Missouri, 39° lat. — secundrum DC., quod tacent Illustr. Viri Hooker, Torrey et Gray, in Louisiana; 29°-33° lat. (?!) — ad flum. Columbia, 33° lat. Sprengel!)
…
4. var. multifida, segmento intermedio petiolato, lateralibus subsessilibus, omnibus bi-tripartitisva ; laciniis profunde incisis: lacinulis saepe iterum incisis. (var. 3. ft. alt.) — in Sibiria frequenter.	While Pritzel publishes the the variety name of multifida, he does not make a connection to the North American plants.
In America boreali copiose in planitiebus orientalibus, rarius in interioribus regionibus calcareis inter lat. 45-67° (1) ad Mackenzie flumen, Dr. Richardson! Vallibus montium rupestrium (Rocky-Mountains, Felsengebirge), Drummond et Dougas! — ad confl. Platte et Missouri, 39° lat. Nuttall! — prope Galena civitatis Illinois, Torrey et Gray! 42° 50' lat. — In Louisiana, (29-33° lat.!) DC. Teste Nuttall! (locus, scriptoribus Americanis non laudatus!). Si recta res se habet. A. patens in American a lat. 29° (?!) ad lat. 67° distributa est! —

The only reference made by Hoot, et al. (2012) to A. patens is to place it in section Pulsatilla (Mill.) DC. 1817:193.

Mosyakin (2016) proposed ...

... a nomenclatural and taxonomic update to the treatment of Anemone in the Flora of North America North of Mexico (Dutton et al., 1997). The taxa placed in Anemone in that treatment should not be placed in at least four genera: Anemone sensu stricto, Hepatica, Pulsatilla, and Anemonastrum.

That explains the proposed treatment as Pulsatilla. What about adoption of the specific name of nuttalliana in preference to multifida. Mosyakin (2016) summarizes ...

Native North American plants of the Pulsatilla patens aggregate were recognized by [FNANM] as Anemone patens var. multifida Pritzel, which was described from Siberia (Pritzel 1841). The North American taxon has a very complicated synonymy and it is definitely not identical with the typical European–Western Asian P. patens sensu stricto (subsp. patens). Its correct name as a species of Pulsatilla is P. nuttalliana (DC.) Bercht. & J. Presl.

Sramko, et al. (2019) ...

Genus Pulsatilla Mill.

...

Subgenus Pulsatilla

....

Section Pulsatilla

Series Patentes (Aichele & Schweg.) Juz. ex Tamura

species: P. integrifolia (Miyabe & Tatew.) Vorosch., P. patens (L.) Mill. [incl. subsp. flavencens (Zucc.) Zamelis, subsp. multifida (E. Pritz.) Zamelis, subsp. nuttalliana (DC.) Grey-Wilson], P. vernalis Mill.

...

Ranunculus acriformis A. Gray “Sharpleaf Buttercup”

A.Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 374 (1886) ...

R. acriformis. A foot high, strict, with pubescence in good part appressed : leaves all palmately or pedately and deeply 3-5-parted or even divided, and often again 2-3-cleft into narrower lanceolate or linear segments and lobes : petals orbicular-obovate, one fourth inch long, hardly double the length of the spreading calyx : akenes over a line long; beak of half their length. — R. acris, Hook. Fl. i. 18, partly, & Lond. Jour. Bot. vi, 66, not L. — Northern Rocky Mountains, lat. 58°, Drummond. Wyoming, Parry (distrib. as R. affinis). Wind River, Dr. Forwood, and near Cheyenne, Greene.

Ranunculus acris L. “Tall Buttercup”

Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. diffusus With. “Threadleaf Crowfoot”

(Syn: Ranunculus aquatilis L. var. capillaceus (Thuill.) DC.)

Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With., Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 3. 2: 507 (1796).
Withering, William (1741-1799)
An Arrangement of British Plants ..., Edition 3

Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh “Alkali Buttercup”

(Syn: Halerpestes cymbalaria (Pursh) Greene , R. cymbalaria Pursh var. saximontanus Fernald )

Ranunculus glaberrimus Hook. var. ellipticus (Greene) Greene “Sagebrush Buttercup”

Hooker (1829, v. 1, p. 12) ...

6. R. glaberrimus ; foliis omnibus petiolatis, radicalibus subrotundis integerrimls vel grosse tridentatis, caulinis subcuneatis trifidis, calyce patente petalis dimidio breviore, fructibus globosis. (Tab. V. A.)

Radix fasciculato-fibrosa. Tota planta hirsutie destituta. Caulis erectus, subspithamieus, superne uni-bitriflorus. Folia omnia (nisi supernum quod subsessile,) petiolata, subsucculenta : radicalia subrotunda, integra, atque oranino iutegerrima vel apice dentibus trlbus grossis obtusis : caulina cuneata, fere ad medium trifidum : segmentis lanceolatis, obtusis, integris. Pedunculus et calyx etiam glaberrimi. Sepala ovalia, concava, patentia, non reflexa, corolla duplo breviora. Petala 5, ovalia, flava. Fructus, vix maturus, globosus.

Hab. Common on the mountains around the Kettle Falls, and on the Rocky Mountains, near the limits of perpetual snow. Douglas. — This differs from all its congeners by its entirely glabrous stem, leaves, and calyx, by its entire or only 3-toothed, rounded, radical leaves, and by the petiolated, never more than trifid, cauline ones. The whole plant has a succulent appearance, and turns almost black in drying. I have seen it in no collection but that of the indefatigable Douglas.

Greene (1890, v. 2, p. 110-111) ...

R. ellipticus. R. glaberrimus, Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 2d Ser. xxx. 241; Port. & Coult. Fl. Colo. 7; Coult. Man. 7; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 7 mainly; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 369 in part, not of Hooker. R. brevicaulis, Hook. Lond. Journ. vi. 66, not of Fl. Bor.-Am. (teste Gray, l. c.). R. alismaefolius, Gray, Am. Journ. l. c. 404, not of Geyer. Very glabrous : stems several, 2 or 3 inches. high, from a large fascicle of perennial fleshy-fibrous roots : radical leaves elliptical, entire, acutish at both ends, the petiole equalling the blade ; cauline narrower, often cleft into two or three linear divisions : petals often wanting, sometimes 1 only, or 5, large, broadly obovate or more rounded, bright yellow : achenes very numerous, plump, smooth, tipped with a short curved style and disposed in a large globose head.

Lower and middle mountain districts of Colorado, Utah and Nevada to eastern California. Very nearly allied to R. glaberrimus, though a smaller plant, and inhabiting a different climatic belt. There is a difference in the achenes ; those of the true glaberrimus having a slender beak. The order of leaf-division is, moreover, inverted in the two species. In R. ellipticus the cauline are 3-cleft while the radical are entire and even acute. In R. glaberrimus the radical ones are broad and broadly 3-lobed while the cauline are entire. The herbage of the latter invariably blackens in drying. In the former it undergoes no change of color.

Greene (1892, p. 298) in Flora Franciscana ...

8. R. glaberrimus, Hook. Fl. i. 12 t. 5. A (1829). Glabrous, flaccid but rather fleshy, 3—6 in. high: leaves all petiolate; radical rounded, 3-lobed or coarsely toothed; cauline subcuneate, trifid or entire: fi. several, large ; sepals spreading; petals 3-4 lines long, obovoid: achenes plump, smooth, puberulent, with a short curved beak, and disposed in a large globose head. Var. ellipticus. R. ellipticus, Greene, Pitt. ii. 110 (1890). Radical leaves elliptical, acute, entire: stems shorter; fl. fewer, often apetalous. — The type, a plant of the far north and east, reaches our borders on the eastern slope of the Sierra northward. The variety, a plant of different aspect, and with very dissimilar foliage, is found not far from Truckee, Mr. Sonne, where it appears as if confluent with the type.

Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.) Rydb. “Tadpole Buttercup”

Torrey & A. Gray (1838-1840, v. 1, p. 26) worked from Nuttall's manuscript.

7. CYRTORHYNCHA. Nutt. mss.

" Sepals 5, petaloid, narrow, spreading. Petals 5, narrow and unguiculate ; the claw nearly the length of the lamina, with a projecting scaly callosity at its summit. Stamens rather numerous: anthers rounded. Stigmas short and subulate, strongly incurved. Achenia oblong-cylindrical, somewhat conspicuously grooved (not carinated), collected into a spheroidal head. Seed suspended. — A small perennial herbaceous plant. Leaves mostly arising from a short caudex, ternate and bipinnately divided. Panicle loose and cymose. Calyx petaloid and, like the corolla, bright yellow. In the fruit it resembles Thalictrum; in the flower, both Anemone and Ranunculus."

C. ranunculina (Nutt.! mss.) " By the sides of gravelly brooks in the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains, around the place known by the name of Independence Rock on the banks of the Sweet Water of the Platte, but not further to the westward. Flowers in June. — Caudex clothed with numerous brown vestiges of sheathing petioles. The whole plant quite smooth. Leaves somewhat coriaceous and shining ; radical ones on long petioles, the subdivisions pinnatifid ; laciniae entire or 2-3-toothed. Stem, or scape, about a span high, cymosely branched above ; bearing at the lowest division a single sessile 3-parted leaf, and at the upper divisions minute and undivided leaves. Sepals oblong-ovate, spreading but not reflexed. Petals somewhat longer than the sepals, oblong, obtuse, very conspicuously narrowed below into a long claw, (almost like the nectaries of Coptis) ; the upper part of the claw thickened bv a scale-like process. Stamens 20 or more : anthers adnate. Carpels 10-15, quite glabrous, cylindrical-oblong, grooved (as in Thalictrum). Stigma subulate, shorter than the ovary, inflexed so as to be almost concealed in the mature fruit."

Rydberg (1984, p. 23) ...

Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.)

Cyrtorrhynca ranunculina Nutt. in Torrey & Gray's Fl. N. Am. I., 26. (1838)

Emadzade, et al. (2010) ...

Clade II-a, Arcteranthis-Beckwithia-Cyrtirhyncha-Halerpestes-Oxygraphis-Trautvetteria clade.

...

Achenes of Cyrtorhyncha have long triangular hooked beaks and almost parallel longitudinal veins (Fig. 4H) which are unique within the tribe. Although there are no obvious morphological synapomorphic characters shared between Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina and Beckwithia andersonii, these two taxa form a clade with 100% BS in tree topologies based on combined nuclear and chloroplast data (Figs. 1, 2) and have a similar distribution area.

Ranunculus repens L. “Creeping Buttercup”

Ranunculus sceleratus L. “Cursed Buttercup”

(Syn: Hecatonia scelerata (L.) Fourr.)

Ranunculus testiculatus Crantz “Bur Buttercup”

Berberis repens Lindl. “Creeping Barberry”

Lindley (1828, t. 1176) ...

1176
BERBERIS* repens
Creeping-rooted Berberry.
HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA
Nat. ord. Berberideae. BERBERIS. — Supra, vol 6. fo. 487.
B. repens; foliis pinnatis 2-3-jugis; foliolis subrotundo-ovatis opacis spinoso-dentatis glaucis, fasciculis diffusis, radice repente. Frutex humilis, ramosus, erectus. Folia sempervirentia, nunc ternata, saepius bi-trijuga, cum impare ; foliolis glabris, ovato-subrotundisy spinoso-dentatis, utrinque glaucis, nulla modo lucidis. Racemi terminales. fasciculati, diffusi, e gemmis squamaceis orti. Flores lutei.
A native of the north-western part of North America, where it was originally found by the party accompanying Captains Lewis and Clarke in their expedition across the continent of America.
From seeds procured on that occasion plants were raised in America, which have lately been sold into Europe at the rate of twenty-five dollars each. One of these now growing in the Garden of the Horticultural Society afforded our figure and the opportunity of examining the species : it had been purchased of Mr. Michael Floy, Nurseryman at New York, under the name of Berberis aquifolium.
It appears, however, from the researches of Mr. Douglas, that this is not the true B. aquifolium. That species was described by Pursh, in part from an inspection of specimens in the collection of Captain Lewis, but chiefly from the Banksian Herbarium, in which it had been placed by Mr. Menzies, who discovered it on the north-west coast of America. From this last source the drawing in the Flora Americae Septentrionalis was also taken. It is probable that the specimens in Captain Lewis's Herbarium were of the plant now under consideration; but it is also certain that those of Mr. Menzies belong to very distinct species. Hence it seems that Pursh founded two plants under the same name That he intended to call Captain Lewis's plant B. aquifolium, there can be no doubt; but it is equally certain, that in consequence of his having figured Menzies' species, the world now applies the name to the latter. This being the case, it has become necessary to distinguish the former by a new name, which has been suggested by its singular property of creeping at the root; a habit peculiar to this species among Berberries.
A hardy, evergreen shrub, flowering in April ; propagated, but with difficulty, by its creeping roots. Branches short, stiff, erect. Leaves evergreen, sometimes ternate, more frequently of two or three pairs, with an odd one ; leaflets ovate, roundish, with spiny teeth, glaucous on each side, in no degree shining. Racemes terminal, fascicled, diffuse, arising out of scaly buds. Flowers yellow.
J. L. [John Lindley]
* Berberys, according to Golius, as quoted by De Theis, is the Arabic name of the fruit.

Lindley's (1828) figure of Berberis repens

Argemone hispida A. Gray “Rough Prickly Poppy”

Gray (1849, p. 5) ...

16. Argemone hispida (sp. nov.) : radice perenni ; caule crasso foliisque profunde pinnatifidis pube brevi cinerea undique tectis et (nervis marginibusque praesertim) setosissimis ; calyce aculeato ; corolla alba maxima ; capsula cylindrica (2-unciali) acutata spinis validis setisque horrida. — Low, sandy places around Santa Fe ; the stems 1 to 2 feet high, growing socially in great numbers ; June, July. (Also on the Upper Arkansas, &c., Fremont, Wislizenus.) — The flower is 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and accords with Dr. Lindley's figure of A. grandiflora, excepting the prickly calyx. That is a glabrous plant, while ours is not only densely setose, but is hoary throughout with a short and close hirsute pubescence. The pod is covered with very strong spines, of which the larger are often branched, and also with smaller prickles and a hoary and bristly pubescence. A. Mexicana was also collected, in two forms.

Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey “Crested Prickly Poppy”