![]() | Checklist Flora of Native and Naturalized Vascular Plants of Golden and Vicinity, Jefferson County, Colorado (Continued) |
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Tom Schweich |
![]() Topics in this Article: Introduction Geography History of Botanic Exploration Useful Publications Methods Results Discussion - Native Plants Discussion - Non-Native Plants Conclusion Acknowledgements Literature Cited Appendices |
Golden, Colorado sits in a valley formed by erosion along the Golden fault, the geotectonic boundary between the North American Cordillera and the Great Plains. Somewhat like Mono Lake, for which I have also prepared a checklist flora, it sits at a boundary, or perhaps ecotone. Things are always more interesting at the boundaries. I started this project when I realized no such list had been prepared for my newly adopted city. I hope you find this checklist flora helpful. Please write to me if you have questions or comments. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Discussion - Native Plants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Taxa represented by single collections. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Taxa without infra-specific determinations. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rare Plants | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
There are two plants found in Golden s.l. that are ranked as “rare” by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Physaria vitulifera Rydb. “Fiddleleaf Twinpod”Global Rank: G3, State Rank: S3: Vulnerable, found locally in a restricted range.Reported as an endemic of central Colorado in the Flora of North America (FNA Vol. 7). Known from Boulder, Clear Creek, Douglas, El Paso, Gilpin, Jefferson, Park and Teller counties. There is also a hybrid, currently designated Physaria ×1, and some current collections determined P. vitulifera may be of that hybrid. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Spiranthes diluvialis Sheviak. “Ute Ladies' Tresses” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Area List: Golden. |
Global Rank: G2G3, State Rank: S2: Widely distributed, but severely threatened where it occurs.
Populations of Ute ladies'-tresses orchids are known from three broad general areas of the interior western United States -- near the base of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains in southeastern Wyoming and adjacent Nebraska and north-central and central Colorado; in the upper Colorado River basin, particularly in the Uinta Basin; and in the Bonneville Basin along the Wasatch Front and westward in the eastern Great Basin, in north-central and western Utah, extreme eastern Nevada, and southeastern Idaho. The species is threatened throughout its range by many forms of water developments, intense domestic livestock grazing, haying, exotic species invasion, fragmentation and urbanization in particular. In Golden s.l., we do not identify locations where this plant has been found. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notable Native PlantsEvery native plant is notable to a native plant enthusiast. It is hard to pick out just a few for special mention. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun “Smooth Horsetail”There is only one collection of a “Horsetail” in Golden s.l., that of “Smooth Horsetail” — Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun — made by the author in the Colorado School of Mines Survey Field.There is additionally a published report of Equisetum hyemale L. by Ziese (1976) that is supported by a second informal report (Cindy Trujillo, personal communication). Reports or collection of other Horsetails include E. arvense, E. variegatum, and several hybrids. These reports or collections are scattered widely in Jefferson County. Equisetum is found throughout Colorado, though less dense on the eastern plains and in Moffatt County. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Area List: Golden. |
Argyrochosma fendleri (Kunze) Windham “Fendler's False Cloak Fern” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cheilanthes feei T. Moore “Slender Lipfern”Only one collection of “Slender Lipfern” — Cheilanthes feei T. Moore — in Golden s.l., that from South Table Mountain. There is only one other collection from Jefferson County, made along Clear Creek about four miles above Golden. There are many other collections scattered around Colorado.First described as Myriopteris gracilis by Fee (1852) citing habitat on rocks around Hillsboro, in North America. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Selaginella underwoodii Hieron “Underwood's Spikemoss”One collection on South Table Mountain in a stream gulley. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. “Brittle Bladderfern”There are collections of “Brittle Bladderfern” — Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. — from North and South Table Mountains. This fern is more common in the foothills of Jefferson County than out on the high plains. Common fern in the mountains of Colorado, with a few collections out on the southeast plains.The fern was first described by Linnaeus (1753) as Polypodium fragile from habitats described as the cooler hills of Europe. Cystopteris was proposed by Bernhardi in 1805, who placed C. fragilis therein. This was done in German which, I confess, I have not tried to translate. The fern is widely distributed in both the northern and southern hemisphere. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton ssp. cathcartiana (B.L. Rob.) Windham “Rocky Mountain Woodsia”Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton ssp. cathcartiana (B.L. Rob.) Windham — “Rocky Mountain Woodsia” — is found on North and South Table Mountains. It is probably also in Apex Park and on Lookout Mountain but, so far, has not been collected there. There are a few collections scattered around Jefferson County. Most collections in Colorado are from the Front Range and higher southern mountains, with a few collections out on the eastern plains, mostly in canyons or crevices. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Azolla mexicana C. Presl “Mexican Mosquito Fern”There is only one collection near Golden s.l. along CO Highway 58 just west of McIntyre Street. This is also the only collection in Jefferson County. There are only a few collections along waterways east of the Rocky Mountain Front Range.Described by Presl (1845) from plants known from Mexico. It is not clear to me that A. mexicana C. Presl is in question. Some authors apply A. mexicana Schltdl. & Cham., which is further placed in synonomy with A. microphylla Kaulf. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locations: Colorado School of Mines Survey Field. Eagle Ridge. Tin Cup Ridge. Area List: Golden. |
Juniperus communis L. var. depressa Pursh “Common Juniper”The Common Juniper — Juniperus communis var. depressa — is found around hilly edges of Golden s.l. such as Tin Cup Ridge or the Survey Field at the base of the Rocky Mountain Front Range scarp. It is likely additionally found at higher elevations in the Front Range, but this very common juniper is clearly undercollected, perhaps because it is so common. For example, the author has seen it at Buffalo Creek, but did not collect it.The species and all the varieties are called the “Common Juniper.” The species name is a Linnean name published 1753 in his Species Plantarum noting that the plant occurs in the northern woods of Europe. Frederick Pursh (1814) proposed the variety name depressa from plant he had seen live in New York and Maine. The varietal name depressa refers to the overall shape of the plant, giving the appearance of being flattened from above. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. “Rocky Mountain Juniper”The Rocky Mountain Juniper — Juniperus scopulorum Sargent — is found in all the hilly areas around Golden s.l., from Tin Cup Ridge on the south to Dakota Ridge on the north. The highly visible ‘Lollipop Tree’ on the west rim of North Table Mountain is a Rocky Mountain Juniper.The taxon was originally treated as J. virginiana L. or the Red Cedar. C. S. Sargent (1897) recognized J. scopulorum as a separate species. The Rocky Mountain Juniper is found as far east of South Dakota and Nebraska, where it is known to hybridize with its eastern relative J. virginiana in zones of contact in the Missouri River basin. To the west, J. scopulorum is known to occur in Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona, though not California. Hybrids of J. scopulorum and J. osteosperma are known from from Walnut Canyon [Arizona?] north into Utah and east to Mesa Verde. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson. “Ponderosa Pine”Like the Rocky Mountain Juniper, the Ponderosa Pine — Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson — is found on all the hilly areas around Golden s.l., except perhaps South Table Mountain. There is one tree on top of North Table Mountain near the radio tower. These single trees are usually treated as somewhat suspicious as having been planted. At other places such as Dakota Ridge, Windy Saddle Park, Tin Cup Ridge, and Apex Park, there are small natural groves.The Ponderosa Pine was one of several trees that David Douglas (1799-1834) introduced into cultivation in England following his second expedition to the Pacific Northwest. Another of Douglas' introductions was the Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). The pine species was described from specimens grown in England and grown in botanic or agricultural gardens. The published description was by Peter Lawson and his son (1836) from plants still in pots at his Agricultural Museum in Edinburgh, Scotland. This was supplemented by a larger specimen growing in the Caledonian Horticultural Society's Gardens, Inverleith Row, now part of the Royal Botanic Garden, also in Edinburgh, Scotland. The specific epithet ponderosa refers to the density of the “… timber said to be so ponderous as almost to sink in water …” Several varieties of P. ponderosa have been described, and those in Colorado are generally known as variety scopulorum Engelmann in S. Watson (Brewer, Watson, and A. Gray, 1880, vol. 2, pg. 126) though the taxonomy of this complex is far from resolved. Some recent evidence suggests that our variety scopulorum might be better treated at the rank of species (Willyard, et al., 2017). At the generic level, a phylogeny of Pinus was published by Gernandt, et al. (2005).
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North Table Mountain Park.
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Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco. “Douglas Fir”There is one tree on North Table Mountain and then, of course, many more on Lookout Mountain.
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Salix exigua Nutt. “Coyote Willow”The Coyote Willow — Salix exigua — can be found along practically every watercourse in Golden s.l. Of course, it is rarely collected because it is so common. There are reports of it on North Table Mountain, and the writer's collection at Ramstetter Reservoir on the northwest side of the mesa. But, otherwise, no one bothers to collect it except, maybe, in the heavily-collected places, such as Rocky Flats.It is the only willow that is found in every county of Colorado. The species was descibed by Nuttall (1842) in his extension of Michaux's North American Sylva as being found in the Territory of Oregon without any additional information about collector, location, date, &c. It it also a little curious that Nuttall mentions no willows in either his report of his residency in Oregon (Nuttall, 1840) or in his descriptions of plants collected by William Gambel (Nuttall, 1848).
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Betula occidentalis Hook. “Water Birch”There is one collection, by Wm. Huestis in Golden. The author has seen it in the flood plain of Clear Creek just west of US Highway 6. Collections are scattered around Jefferson County, those on the plains associated with either Clear Creek or Bear Creek. Colorado collections are from the Front Range to the west.Described by Hooker (1837, v. 2, p. 155) from collections by Dr. Scouler at the Straits of De Fuca, near springs on the west side of the Rocky Mountains (Douglas), and on the east side of the Rocky Mountains to Edmonton House (Drummond). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Corylus cornuta Marshall “Beaked Hazelnut”There is one collection of “Beaked Hazelnut” — Corylus cornuta Marshall — in Golden s.l. It was made by E. H. Brunquist as part of the vegetation survey for the Magic Mountain archeological dig. Brunquist found the plant in the shade of a rocky outcrop in Apex Gulch. Several trees have been observed by the author at that approximate location in Apex Gulch, though not in a condition that would justify collecting. So a confirming collection will have to be made in the future. Collections in Jefferson County have been made in watercourses right at the edge of the Front Range, with a couple more in Golden Gate Canyon State Park. Most of the Colorado collections were made at or near the base of the Front Range.Our tree was first described by Marshall (1785) giving the common names of “Dwarf Filbert” or “Cuckold-nut,” and described as a smaller version of C. americana Marshall, the “American Hazelnut.” Marshal wrote no description of where the trees were found, or who might have discovered them. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Quercus gambelii Nutt. “Gambel Oak”Gambel Oak — Quercus gambelii — is found mostly in southern Jefferson County and, until recently, not in Golden. However, the writer found it recently in a canyon in Apex Park. It is also found on Dinosaur Ridge just south of Interstate 70 and therefore just south of the Golden city limits. The Gambel oaks on Eagle Ridge Drive near Kinney Run were planted.The oak is broadly distributed throughout the American Southwest. For example, the writer has also collected it in the Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, about 45 km. northwest of Las Vegas. The oak was named by Thomas Nuttall (1848) for its first collector William Gambel who at the age of eighteen set off on his own for California and to collect plants and other specimens for Nuttall. The collection was made on the banks of the Rio del Norte, which we now call the Rio Grande River, presumably somewhere near Santa Fe, New Mexico. The Rio Grande does not actually pass through Santa Fe, but passes some 40 km. to the west.
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Celtis reticulata Torr. “Net-Leaved Hackberry”Known mostly from hillslopes on North and South Table Mountains, Dakota Ridge, and Apex Park, “Net-Leaved Hackberry” — Celtis reticulata Torr. — is found occasionally in Golden s.l. Most of the Jefferson County collections have been within a few kilometers of Golden, with notably no collections from Rocky Flats or Chatfield Farms. At the state level the collections are scattered around the state wherever there are rocky slopes and canyons at lower elevations.The tree was described by Torrey (1828) from collections by Edwin James MD, botanist on the Stephen H. Long expedition of 1820. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Humulus lupulus L. “Wild Hops”“Wild Hops” — Humulus lupulus L. — is found occasionally in Golden s.l. usually in rocky and moist situations. For example, the most dense occurrences are in Apex Gulch and in Clear Creek Canyon, although the latter location is just outside Golden s.l. It is also found occasionally in odd places, i.e., in a partially filled in mine pit, on the edges of small wetlands, and in the headscarp of an ancient landslide on North Table Mountain. In Jefferson County, our plant has also been found at Rocky Flats, Ranson/Edwards, and Chatfield Farms. It is generally found from the Front Range west in Colorado.Five different names have been applied to collections of wild hops in Colorado (Humulus americanus Nutt., H. lupulus L., H. lupulus subsp. americanus (Nutt.) Á.Löve & D.Löve, H. lupulus var. lupuloides E. Small, and H. lupulus var. neomexicanus A. Nelson & Cockerell) and indeed there may be several different taxa in the state. Small (1993+) writing in the Flora of North America North of Mexico accepts H. lupulus var. neomexicanus A. Nelson & Cockerell. Colorado authors Weber and Wittmann (2012) accept H. lupulus var. neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell, whereas Ackerfield (2015) treats it at the rank of species as H. neomexicanus Rydb. Confounding factors include the introduction of European domestic hops to support the beer industry. Wild and domestic hops hybridize leading some to question whether there is any pure wild hops remaining, except perhaps in the most remote locations.
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Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl. “Pale Bastard Toadflax”Pale Bastard Toadflax — Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Ssp. pallida — is common in Golden s.l. and frequently collected. The species is found all across the United States and into Canada, while the subspecies found in Colorado, subspecies pallida, is found between Kansas/Nebraska west to Nevada.In Jefferson County, it has been collected at Rocky Flats, Ranson/Edwards and North and South Table Mountains, though not at Chatfield, which seems a little odd. Nuttall (1818) first published the name Comandra umbellata, using a Linnaeus name of Thesium umbellatum as a basionym. C. pallida was proposed by DeCandolle (1857) from a collection made in present-day Nez Perce County, Idaho, by missionary Reverend Henry H. Spalding. Piehl (1965) reduced C. pallida to a subspecies of C. umbellata noting that the various subspecies intergrade. There is thus one species of Comandra in North America with three subspecies, and one subspecies in the Balkan region of Europe. Recent phylogenetic work (Der and Nickrent, 2008) supports a Comandra clade within the Santalaceae. Comandra umbellata has a couple of interesting characters. First, it is parasitic as apparently is much of the Santalaceae, parasitizing other plants from rhizomes. Second, hairs growing from the petals to the back side of the stamens is somewhat unique. They also play a role in forest pathology as alternate hosts of the comandra-pine blister rust. Finally our subspecies, pallida dies back to the ground each year, resprouting each spring from subterranean buds.
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Eriogonum alatum Torr. “Winged Buckwheat”Very distinctive and common around Golden s.l. is the Winged Buckwheat — Eriogonum alatum Torr. — that has a unique appearance among the wild buckwheats. It has a rosette of leaves, and a single tall flower stalk with flowers dispersed in a much branched inflorescence. The plant is monocarpic, meaning that it grows for several seasons, then flowers once, dying in the process.Winged buckwheat is found sparingly in Jefferson County, primarily in drier sites along the Rocky Mountain foothills. More broadly, the winged buckwheat is found throughout the Colorado Plateau and nearby places. The taxon name was published by John Torrey in 1857, from a collection made along the Zuni River, in Arizona or New Mexico. Torrey notes that the unique plant was seen in the field as early as 1842 by John Frémont and by other early plant explorers, though he makes no explanation for the delay in publishing a name for the plant. Winged buckwheat is sometimes treated as Pterogonum alatum (Torr.) Gross, e.g., for Colorado in Weber & Wittmann (2012). However, other authors, e.g., Ackerfield (2015) and Reveal in Flora of North America (Reveal, 2005), place the taxon in Eriogonum reducing Pterogonum to the rank of subgroup.
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Eriogonum arcuatum Greene “Baker's Buckwheat”Baker's Buckwheat — Eriogonum arcuatum Greene — is one of two similar-appearing caespitose wild buckwheats found in Golden s.l. The other is the Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat — Eriogonum umbellatum — that is discussed below. The two wild buckwheats can be confused for each other if they are not examined carefully. In E. arcuatum the perianth is hairy externally whereas E. umbellatum is glabrous externally, in addition to other differences.E. arcuatum has been widely collected in Golden s.l., from Mt. Vernon Canyon in the south, on North and South Table Mountains, to North Washington Open Space. It probably can also be found in the other open spaces as well. There are also observations of E. flavum on North Table Mountain, and a collection there by the writer. Yet today we might identify those plants as E. arcuatum. Users of Weber & Wittmann (2012) would have applied E. flavum to them, because those authors treat E. arcuatum as a local race rather than a separate species. Ackerfield's (2015) Flora of Colorado and Reveal's (2005) treatment of Eriogonum in Flora of North America treat E. arcuatum and E. flavum as a distinct species. This leaves the vouchers E. flavum and the SEINet data base prepared from those vouchers in a confused state, in that some of those carrying the name E. flavum could very well be E. arcuatum.
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Eriogonum effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat”Eriogonum effusum Nutt. — “Spreading Buckwheat” — is quite different than the other wild buckwheats found in Golden s.l. As a member of subgroup Eucycla, this one is a subshrub rather than low or spreading.Nuttall (1848) described Eriogonum effusum in his description of plants collected by William Gambel. It is, however, a Nuttall collection made on the “… Platte plains …” and therefore on his 1834 journey across the Rocky Mountains. E. effusum is the only representative of Eriogonum subgroup Eucycla that is found in Golden s.l.
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Eriogonum umbellatum Torrey, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York. 2: 241. 1827. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”Quntessential Jefferson County plant because the type was collected in Jefferson County by Edwin James, M.D. in 1820. The species is native to western North America from California to Colorado to central Canada, where it is abundant and found in many habitats. This is an extremely variable plant and hard to identify because individuals can look very different from one another. Also, there are a great many varieties. Nearly all of the sulphur-flower buckwheats in Golden s.l. will be var. umbellatum.There is another variety, var. ramulosum, that Jim Reveal (2004) described from Mount Vernon Canyon on the southern edge of Golden. The inflorescence is branched and there is an additional whorl of bracts below the branches of the inflorescence. The writer has also found this variety in the north part of Apex Park, about 3˝ km. north of Mount Vernon Canyon.
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Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal “Buffalo Bill's Sulphur Flower”Jefferson County collections of this variety are limited to Reveal's (2004) type collections and a collection by the author in Apex Park, just slightly to the north. The other Colorado collections are in or near Estes Park [Collections that appear in Denver and near Foxton are georeferencing errors.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. umbellatum. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. umbellatum. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat” is found in every Golden s.l. open space. Jefferson County collections are distributed in the northern part of the county, primarily in the intensely-collected locations. It is a little surprising that it has not been collected in the southern part of the county. Colorado state collections are mostly from the Front Range to the west. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Polygonum douglasii Greene “Douglas Knotweed”Collected in Apex Park and on South Table Mountain, and in the author's garden, Polygonum douglasii Greene “Douglas Knotweed” is a common native “weed.” Most collections are in the urban areas of northern Jefferson County, although the author has collected it in the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. Colorado collections are mostly in the mountain valleys on the east and west slopes, not out on the plains. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Polygonum engelmannii Greene “Engelmann's Knotweed”There are two collections of Polygonum engelmannii Greene “Engelmann's Knotweed,” one in 1884 at the generic location of Golden, and the other more recently on private land on Lookout Mountain. Other Jefferson County collections were made at Chatfield Farms and Bergen Park. Colorado state collections are made in the mountainous regions, and not out on the plains.P. engelmanii has been treated as a variety of P. douglasii. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. “Bushy Knotweed” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. “Triangular-Valved Dock”A collection on South Table Mountain and an observation on North Table Mountain. Jefferson County collections are mostly on the plains with just a few collections in the foothills. Colorado state collections are found from the high plains west along roadsides, in meadows and along streams.The author has collected our plant at Lippincott Ranch and at Mono Lake, California. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rumex venosus Pursh “Veiny Dock”One collection on South Table Mountain and an observation by the author on Dakota Ridge. No other collections in Jefferson County. Mostly a plant of the plains, and found occasionally in northwest Colorado.Descibed by Pursh (1814, v. 2, supplement, p. 733) from a collection by Bradbury in Upper Louisiana. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chenopodiaceae Vent — Goosefoot Family | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locations: Big Bend of the Missouri. Area List: Golden. |
Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. “Four-wing Saltbush”One collection on South Table Mountain (Peter Root, 83-12) made just below the cliff forming the edge of the mesa top. The author has also seen it along Alameda Parkway on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge.Otherwise, around Jefferson County, it has been collected in the heavly collected places, such as Chatfield and Rocky Flats. In North American, this taxon is found from the 95th Meridian (east-central Oklahoma and Texas), west to the southern Coast Ranges of California, and from the north near Calgary, Alberta, south to central Mexico. The name, as Calligonum canescens, was published by Pursh (1814-1816, v. 2., p. 370) from a collection in the Lewis & Clark herbarium that was made at the Big Bend of the Missouri River on September 21, 1804 (Moulton, 1999). Nuttall (1818, p. 197) moved the plant to Atriplex. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chenopodium atrovirens Rydb. “Pinyon Goosefoot”There is one collection, made at the site of the Magic Mountain acrheological dig. A couple other Jefferson County collections, around the northern part of the county. Many more Colorado collections, from the Front Range to the west. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. “Pitseed Goosefoot”There are three collections of “Pitseed Goosefoot” — Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. — in Golden s.l., two from South Table Mountain and the other from the base of Lookout Mountain. This would be in the Survey Field or Windy Saddle Park. There are a few collections along the Front Range in Jefferson County. Colorado collections are scattered around the state in disturbed places, along creeks, and open spaces.The species was described by Moquin-Tandon (1840) from a collection by Berlandier in Mexico. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb. “Poison Suckleya” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. “Sandhill Pigweed”There is one collection of “Sandhill Pigweed” — Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. — from the Table Mountain Ranch at the northwest corner of North Table Mountain. That is the only collection of the species in Jefferson County, while the species is found on the eastern plains up to the foothills. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson “Mat Amaranth”I have never seen “Mat Amaranth” — Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson — in my travels around Golden s.l. Or … have I … and overlooked a non-descript weed in the dirt. There are only a few collections around Jefferson County of this species that is scattered around Colorado, except for northwest Colorado. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Amaranthus powellii S. Watson “Powell's Pigweed”There are just two collections of “Powell's Pigweed” — Amaranthus powellii S. Watson — from Golden s.l., and just two more from all of Jefferson County. Colorado collections are concentrated around Denver and Fort Collins (weedy areas?) and otherwise scattered around Colorado except, again, the northwest.The pigweed was named for Col. John Wesley Powell, who brought seeds from Arizona. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. “Slender Snakecotton”“Slender Snakecotton” — there is a name for you! The scientific name — Froelichia gracilis (Hook.) Moq. — is not quite so distinctive. Regardless, there are a few collections in Golden s.l., one from the Peabody Museum archeological dig at Heritage Dells, and one from the intersection of Highways 6 and 58. That area, of course, was recently reconstructed with the development of the Basecamp Apartments, and the Gateway to Clear Creek Canyon parking lot. There are a few other collections scattered around the county, and most of the state collections are on the eastern plains and the base of the Front Range.The type is a Drummond collection from Texas. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook. “Snowball Sand Verbena”One collection (Ehlers, 8393, 1942) from waste places in Golden. Not seen since. The distribution of Abronia fragrans in the metro Denver area supports the presence of this taxon in Golden s.l. and suggests it may be extirpated here.Widely distributed in Colorado, primarily on the plains, though also found in the valleys of the Colorado, Gunnison, and Dolores Rivers, and the headwaters of the Huerfano River. The name was published by Hooker (1853) from a description by Nuttall. Nuttall collected the plant on the sand hills of the Lower Platte, though he does not identify the expedition or the year. It is assumed (by me and others) that the collection was made on his trip to Oregon Territory in 1834. Otherwise, the earliest known collection would be on Fremont's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 1842. A voucher from Fremont's expedition (NY3370444) was in Torrey's Herbarium, so it would seem that Torrey knew the plant and the name but deferred to Nuttall to publish it. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl “Narrowleaf Four O'Clock”Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl “Narrowleaf Four O'Clock” is common, but not often seen and, when seen, it is usually solitary plants. Most Jefferson County collections were made along the Front Range, with a few in the interior foothills. Our plant has been collected throughout Colorado, though with less density in the northwest quarter.First published by Nuttall (1813) as Calymenia angustifolia, then as Allionia linearis by Pursh (1814). Then published as Mirabilis linearis Heimerl (1901). It seems to me that Nuttall's (1813) name has priority over Pursh's name. We could still use Pursh's A. linearis if it were conserved, though I see no evidence of that, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. “Heartleaf Four O'Clock”Mirabilis nyctaginea (Michx.) MacMill. “Heartleaf Four O'Clock” is found occasionally on North and South Table Mountains, in Deadman Gulch / Kinney Run, and on Tin Cup Ridge. Found mostly on the plains of Jefferson County, right up to the base of the foothills. Most Colorado collections are made from the base of the foothills out onto the plains.First described by Michaux (1803) as Allionia nyctaginea from habitat on the Tennessee River, placed in Mirabilis by MacMillan (1892, p. 217). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Claytonia lanceolata Pursh “Lanceleaf Springbeauty”There is one collection of Claytonia lanceolata Pursh “Lanceleaf Springbeauty” that may be in Golden s.l. The author has only found C. rosea, see the next, when collecting.The species was described by Pursh (1814) from a Lewis & Clark collection made in 1806 at the headwaters of the Kooskooski (Clearwater) River. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Claytonia rosea Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Springbeauty”A very common early spring wildflower in Golden s.l., Claytonia rosea Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Springbeauty” has been found in every open space except North Washington.Described by Rydberg (1904) as a segregate from C. caroliniana upon examining herbarium specimens. Found along the Front Range and into the foothills of Jefferson County. Colorado collections are along the Front Range, and then along the south side of the San Juan Mountains. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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North Table Mountain.
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Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nutt.) Kiger “Sunbright”Sunbright — Phemeranthis parviflorus — is a tiny little perennial that I probably walked over many times before noticing it. The highest density I have seen is in basalt gravel on the southwest quadrant of the top of North Table Mountain, in the same place that Eriogonum arcuatum and E. umbellatum grow together in abundance. It has also been collected on top of South Table Mountain.It was first collected by Thomas Nuttall on the Arkansas River on his 1818-1820 trip there, and published by Torrey and Gray (1838-1843) as Talinum parviflorum. However, recent molecular and morphological evidence show that the New World genus Phemeranthus in phylogenetically distinct from the generally Old World genus Talinum. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cerastium arvense L. ssp. strictum Gaudin “Field Chickweed”“Field Chickweed” — Cerastium arvense L. ssp. strictum Gaudin — is a very common early-blooming wildflower, found in all Golden s.l. open spaces. Found mostly right along the Front Range in Jefferson County, with a few collections in the interior of the county, such as one near Deckers.Both Cerastium arvense and C. strictum were named by Linnaeus (1753), and Gaudin (1828) reduced strictum to a variety. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cerastium brachypodum (Engelmann ex A. Gray) B. L. Robinson “Short-stalked mouse-ear chickweed”Known from three collections on South Table Mountain and one observation on North Table Mountain. Other collections in Jefferson County from Rocky Flats and Lippincott Ranch. Most collections in Colorado are in the Fort Collins and the Boulder-Denver areas, with a few other collections scattered around the state. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Eremogone fendleri (A. Gray) Ikonnikov “Fendler's Sandwort”There are no collections of “Fendler's Sandwort” — Eremogone fendleri (A. Gray) Ikonnikov — in Golden s.l., only a report from North Table Mountain (Zeise, 1976). There is a concentration of Jefferson County collections in the Rocky Flats and Ranson/Edwards areas, and then a few collections in the southern interior of the county, e.g., Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. Common in Colorado, except on the eastern plains, on rocky or sandy soil of open slopes.Collected by Agustus Fendler west of Las Vegas, New Mexico, and described by Gray (1849). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray “James' Nailwort”A small, stiff forb, “James' Nailwort” — Paronychia jamesii Torr. & A. Gray — has been collected on the tops of North and South Table Mountains, on thin soils or growing in rock outcrops. There are four species of Paronychia recognized in Colorado (Ackerfield, 2015), but only one (P. jamesii) is known to occur in Jefferson County. Jefferson County collections are mostly along the Front Range, including Rocky Flats, but not Chatfield Farms. Most Colorado collections are similarly along the Front Range with a few collections out on the eastern plains.The type (NY342575) was collected by Dr. James, June 26, 1820, probably between Ogallala, Keith County, Nebraska, and Julesburg, Sedgwick County, Colorado. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torr.) W. A. Weber & R. L. Hartm. “Tuber Starwort”There are two collections of Pseudostellaria jamesiana (Torr.) W. A. Weber & R. L. Hartm. “Tuber Starwort” made in Golden s.l. One is quite old (1901) and gives only Golden as the location. The other was made on the Apex Gulch Trail in 1995. There are a couple of other collections, e.g., Marcus E. Jones #272, that may have been made in or near Golden. Jefferson County collections are distributed around the county, though not at Rocky Flats or Chatfield Farms. My collection from Bull Gulch (Lippincott Ranch) is not online yet. Colorado collections are scattered around the state, except for the eastern plains.Described first from a Dr. Edwin James collection (Torrey, 1827), although James' diary makes no mention of the collection. Weber & Hartman (1979) moved the plant to Pseudostellaria because of its similarity to that Asiatic genus. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Silene antirrhina L. “Sleepy Catchfly”There are three collections of Silene antirrhina L. “Sleepy Catchfly” in Golden s.l., one by the author in the Survey Field, one from South Table Mountain, and a Marcus E. Jones collection from “foothills near Golden.” Other collections in Jefferson County were made at Rocky Flats, and White Ranch Park. Colorado collections are concentrated along the Front Range and in the valleys of southwestern Colorado.The species was described by Linnaeus (1753) as being native to Virginia and Carolina. We now know it is found from Canada to Mexico (POWO). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Silene drummondii Hook. “Drummond's Campion”There is one collection of Silene drummondii Hook. “Drummond's Campion” made in Golden s.l., made by Edward L. Greene in 1872. It is on the same sheet as a Hall & Harbour collection of the same taxon. Other collections in Jefferson County were made at Rocky Flats, with a single collection from the Tarryall Mountains. Colorado collections are from the Front Range to the west, for the most part.The taxon was described by Hooker (1830) from collections by Richardson, Drummond, and Douglas. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. “Red Baneberry”One collection of Actaea rubra (Aiton) Willd. “Red Baneberry” may be in Golden s.l.. It was made in 1916 by William Huestis. Of the other Jefferson County collections, two were made in the Lost Creek Wilderness, one in Golden Gate Canyon State Park, and one by the author at Lippincott Ranch. Colorado state collections are from the Front Range to the west.
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Anemone canadensis L. “Canada Anemone”There are three Anemone collected on Lookout Mountain: A. canadensis, A. cylindrica, and A. multifida. All of the collections were made more than 100 years ago.Of the three, A. canadensis is most common in Jefferson County. Most of the Colorado state collections were made in the Front Ranges. Described by Linnaeus (1768) as living in Pennsylvania. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Anemone cylindrica A. Gray “Candle Anemone” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida “Pacific Anemone”Collections that may be in Golden s.l. are on Lookout Mountain or in foothills near Golden. The other Jefferson County collection is along US I-70 near Beaver Brook. Colorado state collections are in the mountains west of the Front Range. The author has collected our plant in Evans Gulch, Lake County, near Leadville.Be careful to distinguish between Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida and Anemone patens L. var. multifida Pritzel. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Anemone patens L. var. multifida PritzelFor a very common plant, there are very few collections of Anemone patens L. var. multifida Pritzel that have been made in Golden s.l.. Actually only one collection is definitely from Golden. Specific searches for our plant in the Survey Field and on Dakota Ridge had found none. Jefferson County collections are scattered around the county, except at the lower elevation locations, such as Chatfield Farms. Most Colorado state collections are found from the Front Range to the west, on open hillsides, meadows, and forests, up to 13,000 ft.Be careful to distinguish between Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida and Anemone patens L. var. multifida Pritzel. Plants of the World (POWO, 2022) treats our plant as Pulsatilla nuttalliana (DC.) Bercht. & J.Presl., a strictly North American entity. Anemone patens var. multifida is not accepted, and is treated as a synonym of Pulsatilla patens subsp. multifida (Pritz.) Zämelis, with its distribution mapped as eastern European Russia to Kamchatka and northern China. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aquilegia coerulea E. James “Colorado Blue Columbine”Two collections, both on Lookout Mountain, and both more than 100 years ago. Most Jefferson County collections are in the foothills of the Front Ranges. Colorado state collections are in the mountains from the Front Range to the west.Described by Edwin James from a collection he made at Elephant Rock, near Palmer Lake, El Paso County. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Aquilegia saximontana Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Columbine”One collection on Lookout Mountain well more than 100 years ago. The only collection of our plant made in Jefferson County. Most Colorado state collections are well into the mountains, with a little concentration around Torrey and Gray Peaks.
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Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray “Rock Clematis”There are three collections on Lookout Mountain that may be within Golden s.l.. I have not seen this; C. ligusticifolia is more common around Golden.The plant was originally named Atragene columbiana Nutt. from a Nathaniel Wyeth collection on his return from Oregon Territory in 1833. Atragene is a Linnean name that DeCandolle reduced to a section of Clematis in 1818. Weber & Witmann (2012) continue to treat it at the rank of genus. Ackerfield (2015) accepts Clematis columbiana (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray, placing Atragene columbiana Nutt. in synonomy. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Clematis hirsutissima Pursh “Hairy Clematis, Sugar Bowls” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. “Western White Clematis”Fairly common around Golden s.l. Typically I associate this species with more mesic sites perhaps along the edges of riparian zones. However, I have also collected it in a partially-filled in mining pit on Eagle Ridge.The name was published by Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 9) in their Flora of North America from a manuscript by Thomas Nuttall. Nuttall was describing a plant he collected on the Snake River in 1834 on his trip to Oregon Territory. The third Clematis found in Golden is C. orientalis, a List B noxious weed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Delphinium carolinianum ssp. virescens (Nutt.) R.E. Brooks “Plains Larkspur”The Plains Larkspur — Delphinium carolinianum subsp. virescens — is found occasionally throughout Golden s.l. I think it is a little later than Nuttall's Larkspur and, just when it seems there will not be any, the Plains Larkspurs begin to bloom. It has been collected or observed in all the open spaces of Golden. Generally, the Plains Larkspur is found on the plains and just barely into the foothills. There are a few collections west of the Continental Divide. However, these may be outliers or misidentifications.Of the three larkspurs known from Golden s.l., this is the only one that is usually white. The other two D. geyeri and D. nuttallianum are typically blue. The Plains Larkspur was first described by Thomas Nuttall (1818), as being on the plains of the Missouri. Presumably, Nuttall also collected it. However, so far I have not found a collection or reference to a type. Delphinium is very much a global genus and phylogenetic data (Jabbour and Renner, 2012) suggests that it originated in early Oligocene, possibly in the Mediterranean region, and crossed into North America from Asia in the Pliocene.
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Delphinium geyeri Greene “Geyer's Larkspur”Just three collections in the south west margin of Golden s.l. and an observation on North Table Mountain. One collection “plains at base of Lookout Mountain” may be in the Survey Field, though the author has not seen it there. Collections in Jefferson County are along the base of the Front Range. Colorado state collections tend to be along the Front Range from Morrison north, and then out on the Pawnee National Grassland.The name was applied by Greene (1893) who cited collections by Nuttall and Geyer. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. “Twolobe Larkspur” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Myosurus minimus L. “Tiny Mousetail”Around Golden s.l., this tiny little plant has been found only on top of North Table Mountain, in drying ponds and muddy places. A little more broadly, in Jefferson County, it has been collected numerous times at Rocky Flats. Otherwise widely scattered throughout Colorado except the eastern plains. Native to Colorado, and much of the United States and Europe. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Berberis repens Lindl. “Creeping Barberry”“Creeping Barberry” — Berberis repens Lindl. — has been collected or observed in every Golden s.l. open space. There are not very many collections in Jefferson County, and those are mainly right along the Front Range, but I suspect it is far more common than the number of collections would imply. The plant is not found on the plains, but is common from the Front Range west.According to Lindley (1828), seed was collected by the Lewis & Clark party, from which plants raised in American, then sold, and one growing in the Garden of the Horticultural Society (London) was then described by Lindley. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Argemone hispida A. Gray “Rough Prickly Poppy”Two collections, one definitely from Golden s.l., and one probably just south in Mount Vernon Canyon. The few collections of this species, are along the base of the Front Range. Colorado collections are also along the Front Range and in the interior valleys.Described by Gray (1849) from a collection around Santa Fe, also noting collections by Fremont and Wislizenus. Distinguished from the next primarily on the density of prickles on the stem. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey “Crested Prickly Poppy”Very pretty and very stickery, “Crested Prickly Poppy” — Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey — is found in all the open spaces of Golden s.l. This vegetative parts of this very pretty flower are so prickly that it is sometimes mistaken for a cactus. Similarly Be a little careful of the orange latex-bearing sap as it can be very sticky.Jefferson County collections are primarily along the Front Range with a few collections up into the foothills. Similarly, most Colorado collections are along and barely into foothills of the Front Range, and scattered along the southern border including the southwest part of the state. There are fewer collections in New Mexico, including its type locality of Santa Fe. The first collection of A. polyanthemos was very likely made by Edwin James, MD, on June 20, 1820, just west of Gothenburg, Nebraska. Unfortunately, James gave it the name of A. alba, a name that was not available because it was previously used by Rafinesque (1817). Torrey & Gray (1838) do not mention James' prickly poppy in their Flora of North America and the plant was treated as A. mexicana var. albiflora until Fedde (1909). I have placed those collections determined A. intermedia Sweet and A. intermedia auct. non Sweet into A. polyanthemos. A. intermedia is a confused name that cannot be resolved to any species of Argemone with assurance (Ownbey, 1958).
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Corydalis aurea Willd. “Scrambled Eggs”An annual or possibly biennial found occasionally on North and South Table Mountains. Bright yellow flowers.The plant was first collected in Canada, and taken to the Berlin garden, grown there, and described by Willdenow (1809). Scattered around Jefferson County, and widely distributed in Colorado in mountains and foothills, with a few found out in the plains, in places such as blow-out sand, or along streams. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hopkins var. pycnocarpa “Cream Flower Rockcress”The only Arabis remaining in Colorado after the group was split apart, mostly into Boechera, but also Turritis, Arabis pycnocarpa M. Hopkins var. pycnocarpa “Cream Flower Rockcress” has been colleted on North and South Table Mountains and Tin Cup Ridge. Jefferson County collections on the plains have been at some of the higher elevation sites, such as Rocky Flats and Ranson/Edwards, though not at Chatfield Farms, plus a few collections in the interior of the county. State-wide, most Colorado collections were made in the interior forests, meadows, and grasslands.The name A. pycnocarpa M. Hopkins (1937) was proposed to separate a strictly American plants from the European name of A. hirsuta. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Boechera fendleri (S.Watson) W.A.Weber “Fendler's Rockcress”“Fendler's Rockcress” — Boechera fendleri (S.Watson) W.A.Weber (Syn: Arabis fendleri (S. Watson) Greene ) — has been collected on North and South Table Mountains. It is probably more probably more common than the number of collections would suggest, but is easily overlooked. See the photo at left; there are six plants in bloom between the field press and field notebook.The author has also seen it at Ranson/Edwards and there are several collections from Rocky Flats. Found in Colorado from the Front Range to the west, and also in Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and New Mexico. The type was collected by Augustus Fendler (no. 27, 1847) in New Mexico. The holotype is at GH, isotypes at K, MO, UC. Gray did not publish the name in Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae (Gray, 1849), nor did he refer to Fendler coll. no. 27. It was not published until Watson's (1878) revision of Gray's Syntopical Flora of North America. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Descurainia incisa (Engelm.) Britton “ Mountain Tansy Mustard”“Mountain Tansy Mustard” — Descurainia incisa (Engelm.) Britton “ and the next (D. pinnata) are often mistaken for each other. Consequently, one will find vouchers of the same collection annotated as the other. That being the case, I believe there are two collections of D. incisa in Golden s.l., both from South Table Mountain, plus an additional collection from Clear Creek Canyon, very near to Golden s.l. There is one other Jefferson County collection from Lakewood. It is determined ssp. viscosa, which is now treated as a synonym of ssp. incisa. Colorado-wide, collections of D. incisa are made from the highest plains to the Utah border.Originally named Sisymbrium incisum Engelm. in Gray's (1849) Plantae Fendlerianae, it was placed in Descurainia by Britton, et al. (1894) as part of a larger effort to standardize nomenclature.
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Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton “Western Tansymustard”Similar to the previous, Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton “Western Tansymustard” is only known in Golden s.l. from a single voucher of a collection on South Table Mountain. Another voucher of this collection has been annotated D. incisa. Other collections from Jefferson County are clustered in the northern part, and most of them are from Rocky Flats. Somewhat more common in Colorado, collections are scattered around the state.First named Erysimum pinnatum Walter (1788), Nuttall (1818) placed it in Sisymbrium, and finally consolidated as Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton (1892). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald “Carolina Whitlow Grass”Draba reptans (Lam.) Fernald “Carolina Whitlow Grass” has been collected in “Golden,” on South Table Mountain, and at the Magic Mountain Archeological Dig. The writer has collected it twice at Ranson/Edwards but has not seen it in Golden s.l. Further afield in Jefferson County this tiny little annual has been collected at Rocky Flats and Beaver Brook. Generally, it is found early in the botanic season on dry slopes, rocky outcrops, and in grasslands, throughout Colorado, except on the eastern plains and the high mountains.The common name Whitlow Grass refers to members of the genus being formerly used to treat a viral infection of fingers and toes and comes from the Middle English whitflawe or “white flow.” First placed in Arabis as A. reptans by Lamarck (1783), it bounced around until Fernald (1934) placed it in Draba.
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Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. “Prairie Wallflower”Collected on Lookout Mountain and below Lookout Mountain (probably the Survey Field), with several older collections giving a location of “Golden” Also reported on North Table Mountain.Collected thoughout Colorado, though more commonly along the northern Front Range and in southeast Colorado. Tends to occur more on prairies, sand dunes, roadsides, bluffs, sandhills along stream banks, knolls, and open plains. through west-central North America. Less common in Golden s.l. than E. capitatum from which it differs by details of the fruit, or the position in which the fruit is held, but is more commonly found on hillsides, sry slopes, and meadows. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Erysimum capitatum (Hook.) Greene “Sanddune Wallflower”Found throughout Golden s.l.. though rarely in large numbers. Found mostly along the Front Range in Jefferson County. Similarly, found throughout Colorado, though with just a few collections on the eastern plains.First described by Douglas and published in Hooker (1829) as Chieranthus capitatus, and later moved to Erysimum capitatum by Greene (1891), who was then writing about the flora of middle California.
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Noccaea fendleri (A. Gray) Holub ssp. glauca (A. Nelson) Al-Shehbaz & M. Koch “Alpine Pennycress”Actual collections of Noccaea fendleri (A. Gray) Holub ssp. glauca (A. Nelson) Al-Shehbaz & M. Koch “Alpine Pennycress” are only from Lookout Mountain, and thus may be in Golden s.l., plus there is one observation about mid-slope that is definitely within the limits of this flora. There are several other collections around Jefferson County, including the author's collections at Ranson/Edwards, but no collections from Rocky Flats, and a few more from the interior of the county. Colorado collections are mainly from the Front Range west, up to 14,000 feet, though not in the valley bottoms.Ours was first recognized by Aven Nelson (1896) in his First Report on the Flora of Wyoming as Thlaspi alpestre var. glaucum then elevated to by rank of species by Nelson (1898) when he had seen more material. It remained in Thlaspi until 1998 when phylogenetic work showed Noccaea to be a distinct species. Subsequent reorganizations placed our plant as a subspecies of Noccaea fendleri. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Physaria montana (A. Gray) Greene “Mountain Bladderpod”“Mountain Bladderpod” — Physaria montana (A. Gray) Greene — is very common in Golden s.l. and has been found in all the open spaces. Collections in Jefferson County are clustered around Golden s.l., Chatfield Farms, and Rocky Flats, with a few collections in the central county foothills. There are no collections from the interior of southern Jefferson County.First described as Vesicaria montana A. Gray from a Hall & Harbour collection. Watson (1888) placed the plant in Lesquerella a rather large genus in the Brassicaceae. Greene (1891) placed the plant in Physaria without referring to Watson's Lesquerella, perhaps he did not know of it. Greene's proposal was ignored, e.g., Gray (1895) Syntopical Flora of North America. Al-Shehbaz & O'Kane (2002) moved most Lesquerella to Physaria as indicated by phylogenetic analysis, thus elevating Greene's placement to the accepted name for the taxon. Some synonyms of Physaria montana, specifically Vesicaria montana and Lesquerella montana, are treated as accepted names in the SEINet taxon tree. Searches for all three names are required to ensure that records for all vouchers are returned. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser “Bog Yellow-Cress”Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser “Bog Yellow-Cress” is known in Golden s.l. from only one collection at the Magic Mountain archeological dig. There are a few other collections in Jefferson County, including the author's collection at Ranson/Edwards and a collection at Rocky Flats. Colorado collections are scattered around the state, though not out on the eastern plains.Originally treated as a variety of Sisymbrium amphibium by Linnaeus (1753), it was elevated to rank of species by Leysser (1783), and moved to Rorippaby Besser (1822). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) Hitchc. “Spreading Yellowcress”First published as Nasturtium sinuatum Nutt. ex. Torr. & A. Gray (1838). Collections by Nuttall are from his Arkansas and overland trail trips. Moved to Rorippa by Hitchcock (1894) Spring Flora of Manhattan without comment or explanation. The Manhattan referred to is the one in Kansas.It seems a little suspicious to me that there is one collection each of three different Rorippa in Golden s.l. Of course, mine is correctly identified. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rorippa tenerrima Greene “Modoc Yellowcress”Known from only one collection on North Table Mountain by the author, Rorippa tenerrima Greene “Modoc Yellowcress” and this is the first collection in Colorado since 1910. The plant was more commonly found between 1897 and 1910 along waterways in northern Colorado.The species was described by E. L. Greene (1895b) from collections made in Modoc County, California. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Turritis glabra L. “Tower Rockcress”Collected sparingly in Golden s.l., only in the Survey Field and Apex Park, with a report from North Table Mountain. Mostly along the base of the Front Range, with one collection in the interior foothills. Generally known from the Colorado Front Range to the west. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cleomaceae Bercht. & J. Presl. — Bee Plant Family | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cleomella serrulata (Pursh) Roalson & J. C. Hall “Rocky Mountain Beeplant”There is one collection, made at Heritage Square by Ernest H. Brunquist in connection with the Peabody Museum archeological dig. There is also a report from North Table Mountain, and an observation by the author in Tucker Gulch near the 1st Street bridge. Jefferson County collections are distributed along the base of the Front Range. Otherwise, collections in the state are well-distributed to the counties.First described by Pursh (1814) from a Lewis & Clark collection, it was placed in Peritoma by deCandolle (1824). It resided there until phylogenetic data suggested it was best placed in Cleomella s.l. (Roalson, et al., 2015). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Polanisia dodecandra (L.) DC. “Sandyseed Clammyweed”One collection in Golden s.l., by Loraine Yeatts on South Table Mountain. Jefferson County locations are along the base of the Front Range and then up Clear Creek Canyon. Colorado state collections are mostly along the base of the Front Range, and then out on the eastern plains, with a few collections scattered in the mountain interior.First named Cleome dodecandra L., then placed in Polanisia Raf. by deCandolle (1824). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sedum lanceolatum Torr. “Spearleaf Stonecrop”“Spearleaf Stonecrop” — Sedum lanceolatum Torr. — is the common succulent along the Front Range. In Golden s.l., it has been collected on South Table Mountain and in the mouth of Clear Creek Canyon, and observed on North Table Mountain and other places. It is probably one of those very common plants that are often overlooked by collectors.Sedum lanceolatum Torr. was first collected by Edwin James MD, botanist of the Stephen Long expedition of 1820. James did not record the collection in his diary, so we only know it was collected somewhere in Jefferson, Douglas, or El Paso Counties. John Torrey (1827) described the plant in his first account of plants collected on the Long expedition. This little succulent has been collected throughout Jefferson County, though more intensely in the northern part of the county. The author has collected it at Ranson/Edwards, Clear Creek Canyon, and the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. Colorado collections are mostly from the Front Range westward. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Jamesia americana Torr. & A. Gray “Fivepetal Cliffbush”“Fivepetal Cliffbush” — Jamesia americana Torr. & A. Gray — has been collected on South Table Mountain and in the mouth of Clear Creek Canyon. It should also be found in Apex Park. There are collections throughout the foothills region of Jefferson County. Generally found along in the Front Range of Colorado.The plant was collected by Edwin James MD in 1820, but the location of the collection was not recorded. It could have been anywhere from Adams County south along the Front Range to Fremont County. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Heuchera parvifolia Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray “Littleleaf Alumroot”Found on or below cliffs of North and South Table Mountains, usually in damp places. Also known from Rocky Flats and Chatfield.Published by Torrey & A. Gray (1838) from a manuscript by Thomas Nuttall. Collections noted by Nuttall in the Blue Mountains of Oregon and by Dr. Edwin James in the Rocky Mountains. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Micranthes rhomboidea (Greene) Small “Diamondleaf Saxifrage” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ribes aureum Pursh “Golden Currant”Ribes aureum Pursh — “Golden Currant” — is common on slopes of Golden s.l. I have collected it on North Table Mountain, in Kinney Run, and Apex Park. It has also been seen or collected on South Table Mountain and Windy Saddle Park. It is generally found alond the foothills of the Front Range in Jefferson County, and scattered through most areas of Colorado, except the highest mountains.Described by Pursh (1814) from Lewis & Clark collections and garden-grown specimens that he had seen. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Ribes cereum Douglas “Wax Currant”Very common small shrub in Golden s.l., “Wax Currant” — Ribes cereum Douglas — has been collected in all identified localities within the city. Known from nearly all places in Jefferson County, and nearly every county of Colorado.Described by David Douglas (1830) from plants grown from seed he took to England in October 1827. He described the plant as occurring along the Columbia River from the Great Falls to the sources in the Rocky Mountains. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Locations: Chimney Gulch. Dakota Ridge. North Table Mountain Park. South Table Mountain Park. Tin Cup Ridge. Area List: Golden. |
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. “Saskatoon Serviceberry”Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. “Saskatoon Serviceberry” and the related Amelanchier utahensis Koehne are found occasionally around Golden.Around Golden, the author has collected A. alnifolia at North Table Mountain, Tin Cup Ridge, and Dakota Ridge. Loraine Yeatts made several collections at South Table Mountain, and there is one collection in Chimney Gulch by Hazel Schmoll. The specimens seen by the author are all quite small, usually on the order of one meter tall and the same in diameter. There are also two collections of A. utahensis, one from Lookout Mountain, and one from “hog back near Golden.” This could be Dakota Ridge (North Hogback) or Tin Cup Ridge, the northward extension of Dinosaur Ridge into Golden. The author has not seen this serviceberry in Golden, but is familiar with it from collections made in eastern California. Saskatoon Serviceberry has been collected sparingly around Jefferson County. In Colorado, it is found from the Rocky Mountain Front Range and in montainous areas to the west. On a national basis, be serviceberry is found in western North America. Some authors, such as Ackerfield (2015), treat A. utahensis as a variety of A. alnifolia, explaining that the two taxa overlap in morphology and distribution, and that it can be difficult, if not impossible, to assign one name or the other to some specimens. The author citation “(Nutt.) Nutt. Ex M. Roem.” is curious. It seems that Nuttall (1818) first published Aronia alnifolia Nutt. from plant he saw in 1811 near Fort Mandan. Then Nuttall (1834a) used the name Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. from plants collected for him by Nathaniel Wyeth in 1833. It would seem that he accepted that the taxon should be in Amelanchier, but his simple listing of the name without specifying the basionym (a first name for the taxon) was an invalid naming, or nom. inval. It was not until Roemer (1847) that Amelanchier alnifolia was validly published from a description by Nuttall.
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Cercocarpus montanus Raf. “Alder-Leaf Mountain Mahogany”
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Locations: Welch Ditch. Area List: Golden. |
Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) A. Heller “Rock Spiraea”Rock Spiraea — Holodiscus dumosus (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) A. Heller — is found occasionally on rocky slopes. Expected mainly on canyon slopes, such as such as those along Welch Ditch in the mouth of Clear Creek Canyon, it is also found on the west-facing slope of North Table Mountain, and the east-facing slope of Eagle Ridge.Most of the Jefferson County collections are near Golden, though there are two collections in southwest Jefferson County. More broadly in Colorado, it is found throughout the southern Rocky Mountains To borrow from Kermit and Cookie Monster of Sesame Street, the hoped-for rectangle of nomenclature and taxonomy in Holodiscus is a wreck and a tangle. Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept only H. discolor, whereas Ackerfield (2015) accepts only H. dumosus. Meanwhile, Lis (2015) in his recently published treatment of Holodiscus in Flora of North America reduces H. dumosus to a variety of H. discolor. To be sure, the history of these names is a kind of mess, in part, for example, because Nuttall's manuscript describing H. dumosus was mentioned Torrey & Gray's (1838) Flora of North America but not published until 1847 in Hooker's London Journal of Botany. I think similarly the common name of “Rock Spiraea” is unfortunate because it conflicts with the more-descriptive use of the same common name for Petrophytum caespitosum (Nutt.) Rydb. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Physocarpus monogynus (Torr.) J.M. Coult. “Mountain Ninebark”Found in the foothills and on slopes of the mesas generally in a slightly more moist or protected location.Described by John Torrey (1828) as Spiraea monogyna from an Edwin James, MD, collection July 7, 1820, in ravines of the foothills of Sheep Canyon on the north side of South Platte Canyon. Placed in the genus Physocarpus by Coulter (1891)
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Potentilla fissa Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray “Bigflower Cinquefoil”Collected on most mesas, mountains, and ridges around Golden s.l.. Found throughout Jefferson County and probably more common that the number of collections (48) would indicate.Published in Torrey & A. Gray's (1838) Flora of North America from an manuscript written by Thomas Nuttall. Recent phylogenetic work suggests that this is one of several Potentilla that should be treated as a Drymocallis.
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Locations: Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space Park. Vaca Lake. Area List: Golden. |
Potentilla rivalis Nutt. “Brook Cinquefoil”One collection by the author at Vaca Lake on top of North Table Mountain. There are seven collections in Jefferson County, most at Rocky Flats, but also one by the author at Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space.Described in Torrey & A. Gray (1838) Flora of North America from a Thomas Nuttall manuscript. Nuttall gives the location as along the Lewis River. Both the present-day Snake River and the Salmon River have been called the Lewis River. Ertter and Reveal (FNANM, 1993+) write in their discussion of Potentilla section Rivales that Potentilla rivalis is one of several similar-appearing Potentilla the others being P. norvegica, and P. supina. So similar that they have at times been placed in a single group, such as Tridophyllum (E. L. Greene, 1906). As it happens, I have collected all three species in northern Jefferson County, P. norvegica and P. rivalis on North Table Mountain, and P. rivalis and P. supina (ssp. paradoxa) at Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space Park. However, the physical similarity is not supported by molecular data, which instead scatters Potentilla norvegica, P. rivalis, and P. supina among the core Potentilla. Ertter and Reveal further state that existing herbarium annotations of P. biennis, P. rivales, and P. norvegica are not reliable, although the three species can be readily be readily distinduighed by the vestiture of proximal petioles and stems.
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Prunus americana Marshall “American Plum”
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Astragalus agrestis Douglas ex G. Don. “Purple Milkvetch”Fairly common around Golden s.l., Astragalus agrestis Douglas ex G. Don. “Purple Milkvetch” has been collected on North and South Table Mountains, the Colorado School of Mines Survey Field, and in smaller open spaces such as the North Washington Open Space. It generally forms small colonies in short grasses, and is easily recognized by its upright capitate inflorescence.Jefferson County collections are on the plains at the base of the Front Range. At the Colorado state level, this milkvetch is found along the Front Range, a few out on the plains, and in the interior valleys of the mountains. The plant was first described by George Don (1832) from a manuscript written by David Douglas. Historical herbarium records suggest the plant was first collected in Colorado by Hall & Harbour (their no. 139) and by Charles C. Parry in their expedition of 1862. We really don't know where in Colorado these collections were made.
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Locations: North Washington Open Space. Area List: Golden. |
Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt. “Groundplum Milkvetch”This interesting milkvetch has an inflated fruit that look like large grapes or small plums. It is widespread around Golden, but not often seen. The best time to see this milkvetch in the field is mid- to late-May. When dry the fruits are still recognizable, just brown and hard.First collected by Thomas Nuttall “ … above the River Platte … ” probably in 1811, it was published in a list of plants for sale from the garden of John Fraser in London (Nuttall, 1813).
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Astragalus drummondii Dougl. ex Hook. “Drummond's Milkvetch”Astragalus drummondii Dougl. ex Hook. — “Drummond's Milkvetch” — is common in Golden s.l. Being a tall milkvetch with white flowers, it is easy to recognize in the field.Jefferson County collections are mostly on the plains adjacent to the Rocky Mountains front range. Colorado collections are on the prairies and slopes of central Colorado. Described by Hooker (1831) from a David Douglas collection and manuscript.
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Astragalus flexuosus G. Don “Flexible Milkvetch”A common milkvetch, Astragalus flexuosus G. Don “Flexible Milkvetch,” has been collected in most Golden s.l. open spaces, though not all. It is usually found climbing on other forbs or subshrubs.First described by George Don (1832), a Scottish botanist and plant collector, probably from plants grown from seed sent by David Douglas, collected near the Columbia River. Jefferson County collections are from the northern part of the county, into the foothills as far as Centennial Cone. Colorado collections are generally from the foothills west and south, at lower elevations. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Astragalus laxmannii Jacq. var. robustior (Hook.) Barneby & S. L. Welsh “Prairie Milkvetch”Astragalus laxmannii Jacq. var. robustior (Hook.) Barneby & S. L. Welsh “Prairie Milkvetch” is found occasionally in the intensely collected open spaces of North and South Table Mountains, and Heritage Square.Jefferson County collections are along the Front Range and up into the foothills as far south as the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. The Colorado distribution includes the Front Range, shortgrass prairie, and mountain valleys. The species was first described by Jacquin (1776) and named for a patron of the Vienna Botanic Garden, Eric Laxmann. While Jacuin knew it from plants grown from seed from Imperial Russia, Pallas (1800) described it as A. adsurgens from Trans-Baikal to Mongolia. Hooker (1831) recognized the two species were the same, but left it as A. adsurgens while naming a variety robustior from the mountain valleys on the west slope of the Rocky Mountains using a manuscript by David Douglas. Barneby & Welsh (1996) published A. laxmannii var. robustior pertmiing us to use the A. laxmannii name of priority. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Astragalus parryi A. Gray “Parry's Milkvetch”There is one report of Astragalus parryi A. Gray “Parry's Milkvetch” on North Table Mountain, and a collection by Ira W. Clokey on Lookout Mountain determined A. parryi, whereas possible duplicates are determined A. agrestis. Presence of A. parryi should be considered doubtful unless confirmed. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Astragalus shortianus Torr. & A. Gray “Short's Milkvetch”Astragalus shortianus Torr. & A. Gray “Short's Milkvetch” is found occasionally, with collections on North and South Table Mountains, plus I have found it on Tin Cup Ridge and in Kinney Run.The plant was described by Torrey & Gray (1840) from a manuscript by Thomas Nuttall. Nuttall saw it in the “Rocky Mountains, towards the plains of the Oregon.” | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dalea candida Willd. “White Prairie Clover”Dalea candida Willd. “White Prairie Clover” is less common than the next, Dalea purpurea, but still found on North and South Table Mountains.Described by Wildenow (1800, t. 3, pt. 2, p. 1337) in his 4th edition of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dalea purpurea Vent. “Purple Prairie Clover”“Purple Prairie Clover” — Dalea purpurea Vent. — is not particularly common in Golden s.l. either, having been collected on North Table Mountain, Heritage Square, and the Survey Field, but not on South Table Mountain.Jefferson County collections are generally along the base of the Front Range foothills. Colorado collections are also along the Front Range foothills and out on the plains, with a scattering of collections in the mountain valleys. The plant was found in Illinois by Michaux, who sent seeds (or plants?) to Jacques Cels who cultivated foreign plants in Paris. Etienne P. Ventenat (1800) described the plants in Cels' garden, illusteated by Pierre-Joseph Redoute.
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Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh “American Licorice”Collected or observed on North and South Table Mountains and at Tin Cup Ridge. Likely in all Golden s.l. open spaces. Collections of the plant have been made throughout Colorado though most commonly along the Front Range foothills from Colorado Springs north, where it is usually found along natural or artificial watercourses and on floodplains.Nuttall (1818) credits John Bradbury as first detecting this plant around Saint Louis. Though a name for the plant was first published by Nuttall (1813) this name is treated as invalid, and we use Pursh's (1814) name.
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Ladeania lanceolata (Pursh) A. N. Egan & Reveal “Dune Scurfpea”Known from two historic collections, Ladeania lanceolata (Pursh) A. N. Egan & Reveal “Dune Scurfpea” is possibly extirpated from Golden s.l. One of the historic collections was made by E. L. Greene in 1872. The location is simply “Golden City,” as Golden was known then. The other historic collection was made by J. R. Churchill in 1918, with location of “Golden, railroad track.”There is one other collection of this plant from Jefferson County, that of Lincoln Constance and Reed Rollins, made June 24, 1937, near Mount Morrison. Colorado collections are scattered around the plains and interior valleys, including northwest Colorado. The author has collected this plant at Alameda Well, Mono County, California, suggesting that it might be a Cordilleran plant, except that it is found out on the plains as far east as central Nebraska and Kansas. The plant was first described by Pursh (1814) as Psoralea lanceolata. Then Rydberg (1919) moved it to Psoralidium lanceolatum. For a long time, the sheet described by Pursh (1814) was thought to be a Lewis & Clark collection. However, Reveal et al. (1999) showed that this sheet could only have been gathered by Thomas Nuttall in 1811. Egan & Reveal (2009) proposed Ladeania lanceolata to accommodate taxa left behind when Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydberg was transferred to Pediomelum Rydberg because of previously published evidence on phylogenetic relationships. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lathyrus eucosmus Butters & H. St. John “Bush Vetchling”Lathyrus eucosmus Butters & H. St. John “Bush Vetchling” has been collected on North and South Table Mountains.Mostly out on the plains away from the foothills. Colorado collections are mostly from Denver south and along the southern border of the state. The plant is mostly know from Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, with a few collections in Utah. It was described by Butters & St. John (1917) in a paper that was (im my mind) intended to clarify relations between the various Lathyrus of the New World. While the type was designated as a collection by A. A. & E. Gertrude Heller, no. 3658, Santa Fe, New Mexico, the plant was also collected by Edwin James (1820) and A. Fendler (1847) both in New Mexico. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg “Lanszwert's Pea”Two collections and an observation from North and South Table Mountains, and Apex Gulch.About half of the specimens from Jefferson County are determined variety leucanthus, whereas the remainder are undetermined to infraspecific names. The author collected one at Lippincott Ranch and put the variety name laetivirens (Greene ex Rydberg) S. L. Welsh on it. It is a question of the shape and length of the tendril. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lupinus argenteus Pursh “Loosely Flowered Silver Lupine”The “Loosely Flowered Silver Lupine” — Lupinus argenteus Pursh — has been found in every open space in Golden s.l. except South Table Mountain.Jefferson County collections are found from the base of the Rocky Mountain foothills up into the Front Range. There was just one collection as far south as the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. That collection is determined var. rubricaulis. In 2021, the author collected a small lupine along Morrison Creek that he thinks is variety fulvomaculatus. The Lupine is found throughout Colorado, except on the eastern plains. It is also found across the American Cordillera. A Lewis & Clark collection on the Kooskoosky (Clearwater) River was described by Pursh (1814). Plants Of The World (Kew, 2022) accepts 8 varieties, five of which occur in Colorado, and a somewhat different five varieties occur in California. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Lupinus caudatus Kellogg “Kellogg's Spurred Lupine”It is not clear whether Lupinus caudatus Kellogg “Kellogg's Spurred Lupine” occurs in Golden s.l. or not. There is one collection on Lookout Mountain that may be in Golden s.l. In the meantime, the author has collected the lupine twice in northern Jefferson County, at Ranson/Edwards and at Lippincott Ranch.Of those collections of Lupinus caudatus in Jefferson County determined to an infraspecific name, nearly all are determined var. argophyllus. The name was first applied by A. Gray (1848) to a collection by Agustus Fendler in Santa Fe, New Mexico, in 1847. It is looking like our variety argophyllus will be moving to L. argenteus Pursh from L. caudatus Kellogg (Allred, 2020). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Oxytropis lambertii Pursh “Purple Locoweed”Quite common, collected in most open spaces around Golden. The first plant collected in Golden s.l. (Edward L. Geeene, May 1, 1870). Toxic to cattle, sheep, horses, and elk. All plant parts contain Swainsonine, an indolizide alkaloid that inhibits an enzyme essential for normal sugar metabolism in cells.Described by Pursh (1814) from specimens (seeds) collected by Bradbury on the Missouri that Pursh saw growing in Lambert's garden.
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Oxytropis sericea Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray “White Locoweed”There is only one collection of Oxytropis sericea Torr. & A. Gray “White Locoweed” in Golden s.l., made by Stan Smookler near Castle Rock. There are a few other collections of this taxon in Lakewood and Morrison that give confidence that it is O. sericea rather than the much more common O. lambertii. The two species are known to hybridize.The plant was described in Torrey & A. Gray (1838) Flora of North America from a manuscript written by Thomas Nuttall. Jefferson County collections are mostly from the base of the Front Range, with one at Flying J Ranch. Colorado collections are scattered around the state from the far eastern plains, to mountain valleys, and northwest Colorado. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Pediomelum tenuiflorum (Pursh) A. N. Egan “Slimflower Scurfpea”Another common forb found in nearly all Golden s.l. open spaces, Pediomelum tenuiflorum (Pursh) A. N. Egan “Slimflower Scurfpea” is found right along the base of the foothills. First collected by Lewis & Clark on the Big Bend of the Missouri and named Psoralea tenuiflora by Pursh (1814), it was for a time known as Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydberg, until molecular genetic data showed that it really belonged in Pediomelum tenuiflorum (Pursh) A. N. Egan & Reveal (2009). Colorado collections are found mostly from the base of the Front Range east across the plains.
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| Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa (A. Nelson) Isely “Spreadfruit Goldenbanner”Found mostly meadows or somewhat mesic sites among the ridges and mesas around Golden s.l., such as North and South Table Mountains, and Tin Cup Ridge. Widely distributed throughout Jefferson County, sometimes in small colonies.There are three different forms of this plant in Colorado, distinguished by the shape of the fruit. Sometimes the three forms are treated as varieties of a single species, sometimes as species in their own right. In Golden s.l., the fruit sticks straight out from the stem, or is maybe curved upwards slightly. This would be the form divaricarpa, originally proposed by Aven Nelson (1898). Our current Flora of Colorado (Ackerfield, 2015) treats divaricarpa as a variety of Thermopsis rhombifolia.
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| Vicia americana Willd. “American Vetch”Commonly encountered around Golden s.l., Vicia americana Willd. “American Vetch” has been found on North and South Table Mountains, the Survey Field, and Tin Cup Ridge. Described by Willdenow (1800) in his 4th edition of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum as living in Pennsylvania, it is considered native to nearly all of North America. It is typically found on the plains of Jefferson County at the base of the foothills. American vetch is very common in Colorado, being found in every county.
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| Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. “Louisiana Vetch”Only one collection under Castle Rock on South Table Mountain, and another in Jefferson County at Chatfield. In Colorado uncommon in meadows and dry hillsides.The plant was first described by Torrey & A. Gray (1838) from a manuscript by Thomas Nuttall. Nuttall collected the plant on the Red River, but also refers to Mr. Tainturier, a resident of New Orleans who corresponded with Hooker (Ewan, 2005). A Dr. Leavenworth also sent some material from Texas to Torrey & A. Gray
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| Geranium caespitosum James “Pineywoods Geranium”Broadly distributed in Golden s.l. from North and South Table Mountains to Apex Park, Geranium caespitosum James “Pineywoods Geranium” is also widely distributed in Jefferson County, and has been found in every Colorado county except the extreme northwest and the easternmost plains.First recognized by Edwin James, M.D., botanist on the Stephen H. Long expedition of 1820, and named G. caespitosum in James (1823), it has eleven synonyms at the specific rank, and another ten infraspecific names (POWO, Kew, 2022). In Colorado we do not accept infraspecific names for this species. This Geranium is broadly distributed in North America, from Wyoming to Mexico, and Nevada to Texas.
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| Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. “Richardson's Geranium”There is only one collection of Geranium richardsonii Fisch. & Trautv. “Richardson's Geranium” in Golden s.l. and that one on Lookout Mountain over 100 years ago.It is typically found in the lower foothills in the Front Range of Jefferson County, including the Lost Creek area of the southern county. Colorado collections are in the mountain areas of the state, and thus exclude to plains and the extreme northwestern and southwestern area. This geranium is found across the American Cordillera, and the author has collected it in the mouth of Lundy Canyon, Mono County, California. First named G. albiflorum, by Hooker (1830) that name was unavailable because it was previously used by Ledebour (1829) for a Geranium in the Altai. Fischer & Trautvetter (1838) applied a name in honor of Sir John Richardson to it in 1838.
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| Linum lewisii Pursh “Prairie Blue Flax”There are quite a few collections determined Linum lewisii Pursh “Prairie Blue Flax” from Golden s.l. Unfortunately, there is some confusion between this species and the non-native Linum perenne L., as well as possible hybridization between the two. L. lewisii is homostylous, i.e., the stamens and styles are approximately equal, whereas L. perenne is heterostylous, i.e., some plants have styles longer than stamens and others with styles shorter than stamens. The author confesses to being confused while in the field about determination of these two species. This is further confounded by the question of whether the two species hybridize. There is conflicting literature on this question, and development of cultivars; one in particular, “Appgar” was initially thought to be a cultivar of L. lewisii be later discovered to be a cultivar of L. perenne.Nevertheless, Jefferson County collections of Linum that are determined L. lewisii are mostly along the base of the Front Range, with a few in the interior valleys. Colorado collections are in the mountain valleys and along the Front Range, with a very few collections on the plains. L. lewisii was described by Pursh (1814) from a collection by Lewis & Clark, although Pursh noted that he described the plant from a live specimen, perhaps one growing in Lambert's garden.
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| Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & A.Gray) Small “Fendler's Sandmat”Known only from South Table Mountain, Chamaesyce fendleri (Torr. & A.Gray) Small “Fendler's Sandmat,” may be more common than the number of collections would indicate.The type was collected by Dr. J. M. Bigelow at “Big Springs of the Colorado,” collecting for the Pacific Railroad Survey in 1853, and described by Torrey & Gray (1857). This location is now known as Big Spring, Howard County, Texas, between Midland and Abilene. Dr. A. Gray had seen this plant in Fendler's New Mexico collections (his no. 800) but he did not describe any Euphorbia from Fendler's collections. Small (1903) moved this and several otherChamaesyce from Euphorbia.
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| Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small “Ribseed Sand Mat”More common than the preceding, there are three current collections of Chamaesyce glyptosperma (Engelm.) Small “Ribseed Sand Mat” in Golden s.l., one each from North and South Table Mountains, and one from Heritage Square.Described by George Engelmann, M.D. as Euphorbia glyptosperma in Torrey (1859). Moved to Chamaesyce without comment by Small (1903).
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| Euphorbia brachycera Engelm. “Horned Spurge”Similar to the preceding, there are just a few collections of “Horned Spurge” — Euphorbia brachycera — in Golden s.l., on North and South Table Mountains, and another in some dry rocky soil above Deadman Gulch.The plant was described by George Engelmann in the Mexican Boundary Survey report by Torrey (1859). Engelmann cited a collection by Charles Wright in western New Mexico. Jefferson County collections are mostly concentrated in the northern part of the county, just up into the foothills as far as Evergreen. Colorado collections are mostly from the Front Range westward, plus a few in the Pawnee National Grassland.
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| Euphorbia dentata Michx. “Toothed Spurge”Euphorbia dentata Michx. “Toothed Spurge” has been collected on North and South Table Mountains and at Heritage Square. It is also adventive in Golden gardens.This spurge was first described by Michaux (1803) from plants found near Nashville, Tennessee. Placed by Weber & Wittmann (2012) in Poinsettia with the notation of alien, ruderal weed, whereas Ackerfield (2015) treats it as a possibly native Euphorbia. Jefferson County collections are all right along the Front Range. Colorado collections are mainly from the Front Range east across the plains.
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| Euphorbia marginata Pursh “Snow on the Mountain”There are a few collections of Euphorbia marginata Pursh “Snow on the Mountain” in the usual places of North and South Table Mountains, and Heritage Square (E. H. Brunquist). It has also been found on Eagle Ridge. The oldest collection in Golden was by N. L. Britton made 8 October 1882.Colorado collections are mostly on the plains, with just a few collections up in the mountains. This was a Lewis & Clark collection (28 July 1806), described by Pursh (1814, v. 2., p. 607).
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| Euphorbia spathulata Lam. “Warty Spurge” or “Spoonleaf Spurge”“Warty Spurge” or “Spoonleaf Spurge” — Euphorbia spathulata Lam. — has been found on North and South Table Mountains, and nowhere else in Golden. It's pretty small, so it may be overlooked by collectors.Collection of this little spurge were made along the base of the Front Range and just slightly into the foothills of northern Jefferson County. Colorado collections are few in number, mostly along the northern Front Range and then scattered in south-central and southwest Colorado. Warty Spurge's native distribution is North and South America. It was described by Lamarck from a collection in “Monte-Video,” by which I assume is meant Montevideo, Uruguay.
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| Tragia ramosa Torr. “Branched Noseburn”Tragia ramosa Torr. “Branched Noseburn” gives the appearance of being a small unassuming plant, but its stinging hairs pack a punch. Collections and observations are scattered around Golden s.l., on North and South Table Mountains, and from Dakota Ridge in the north to Apex Park in the south.The plant was first described by John Torrey (1828) from collections by Edwin James, MD., botanist on the Stephen H. Long expedition of 1820. Also noted by Torrey (1859) in his report on the botany of the Mexican Boundary Survey.
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| Rhus trilobata Nutt. “Skunkbush”Rhus trilobata Nutt. Ex Torr. & Gray “Skunkbush” is a common shrub from West Texas to southern California, and throughout the Rocky Mountain to the upper Missouri River. In the Rocky Mountain foothills near Golden, it is found everywhere, but rarely dominates the landscape. Common names are Skunkbush, Skunk Bush, Skunkbush Sumac, and Lemonade-bush. It has also been called Squawbush in the past, but that is now recognized as a perjorative name. “Lemonade”-names are probably better reserved for R. integrifolia.First collected in the Rocky Mountains by Thomas Nuttall in 1834, it was described by Nuttall, then published by Torrey and Gray (1838) in their Flora of North America. R. trilobata is sometimes reduced to the rank of variety or, once, subspecies under R. aromatica Aiton. See for example Watson (1871), Weber (1989), and Baldwin et al. (2012). Other authors retain R. trilobata at the rank of species, such as Barkley (1937) and our current Flora of Colorado (Ackerfield, 2015). Recent papers (Yi, et al., 2007 and Andres-Hernandez, et al., 2014) about the phylogeny of Rhus determined from molecular and structural data analyze both R. aromatica and R. trilobata as distinct species. While the studies show the two species to be closely related, the studies also show they are no more closely related than others, such as R. integrifolia and R. ovata.
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| Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene “Western Poison Ivy”Found in many places in Golden s.l., there are no collections of “Western Poison Ivy” — Toxicodendron rydbergii (Small ex Rydb.) Greene. I have never collected it, but I suppose it's time to screw up my courage, glove up, and collect. The very few collections around Jefferson County show that it is widely distributed. Similarly, the plant is widely distributed in Colorado, except the northwest corner.First described as Rhus Rydbergii Small and published by Per Axel Rydberg (1900) in his Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Greene (1905) resurrected Miller's (1754) genus of Toxicodendron and moved many Rhus American plants there.
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| Acer glabrum Torr. “Rocky Mountain Maple”Quntessential Jefferson County plant because the type was collected in Jefferson County by Edwin James MD in 1820. In Golden s.l. it has been found on North and South Table Mountains, and Apex Gulch.
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| Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb. “Scarlet Globemallow”Often called “Cowboy’s Delight,” found throughout Golden s.l. open spaces, sometimes as a single small delicate plant, sometimes as a larger plant with an extensive root system.Collected first by Lewis & Clark in 1806 along the Marias River, Montana on their return from the Pacific Coast (Moulton, 1999). Collected again by Nuttall in 1811 along the Missouri River north to Fort Mandan. It was Nuttall's collection published first in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue as Malva coccinea.
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| Hybanthus verticillatus (Ortega) Baill. “Baby Slippers”There are three collections of “Baby Slippers” — Hybanthus verticillatus (Ortega) Baill. — made in Golden s. l., two from South Table Mountain, and one from North Table Mountain. Moderately distributed along the base of the Front Range of Jefferson County, with collections from Roxborough State Park in the south to Rocky Flats in the north. More broadly in Colorado, the plant is found along the base of Front Range and out on the southeast plains.The plant was first described as Viola verticillata (Ortega, 1797) from specimens grown at the Royal Gardens of Madrid using seeds sent from Mexico by D. Sesse. Baillon (1873) reorganized the Violaceae and placed our plant in Hybanthus, a genus that is highly polyphyletic. Phylogenetic work begun by Wahlert, et al. (2014) show that reorganization is necessary and that additional phylogenetic work is needed. Paula-Souza and Ballard (2014) began that work by re-establishing Pombalia and transferring our Hybanthus verticillata to it.
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| Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray “White-Stem Blazing Star”With two collections, one each on North and South Table Mountains, Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A. Gray “White-Stem Blazing Star” Found in more or less random places in northern Jefferson County, along the hogbacks or in the lower foothills. Scattered around Colorado, often on the edges of the valleys. The author has also collected our plant at Mono Lake, Mono County, California. Distribution in Utah and Nevada show that it could be termed a Cordilleran species.First described by Hooker (1834) from a manuscript by David Douglas as Bartonia albicaulis, then by Torrey & A. Gray (1840) again from a manuscript by David Douglas, perhaps the same, or a copy of the same, manuscript.
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| Mentzelia dispersa S. Watson “Bushy Blazing Star”There are two collections of Mentzelia dispersa S. Watson “Bushy Blazing Star”, both on the west side of the mesa, and collected within a week of each other in 1992. The other Jefferson County collections were made by George E. Osterhout and Ira W. Clokey in Morrison, a little more than 100 years ago. There are relatively very few Colorado collections, and they are scattered over the mountainous area of the state, at elevations of 4500 ft. to 9000 ft., with none on the plains.The first recognition of M. dispersa as an entity was Watson (1871) who proposed M. albicaulis var. integrifolia S. Watson, from collections in Nevada and Utah, and a Hall & Harbour collection from Colorado. Five years later, Watson (1876) published M. dispersa as a new species, citing collections from Washington Territory to Colorado and southward, including Yosemite Valley and Isla Guadalupe, Mexico.
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| Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray “Adonis Blazing Star”One of five different Mentzelia collected in Golden s.l. Three collections in foothill sites, such as Clear Creek Canyon, Apex Gulch, and on Lookout Mountain.Farther afield in Jefferson County it has been found in Genesee Park and Centennial Cone Open Space. First published by Nuttall (1848b) from plants collected by William Gambel along the Rio Grande near Santa Fé, New Mexico. Nuttall (1848) placed this taxon in Bartonia, which is probably the Bartonia of Muhl. ex Willd. (1801) and not the Bartonia of Pursh (1812). Bartonia is still used as one of five section names of Mentzelia (Hufford, et al., 2017). Gray (1849) in Plantć Fendleriana, a partial catalogue of plants collected by Augustus Fendler in 1847, placed this taxon in Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray. Most authors retain all the Mentzelia s.l. in a single name (Ackerfield, 2015, and Hufford, et al., 2017). An exception is Weber & Wittmann (2012) who segregate most of the Colorado “Mentzelia” into the genus Nuttallia Raf., some into Acrolasia and only one into Mentzelia
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| Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray “Bractless Blazing Star”There are only two collections of Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray “Bractless Blazing Star” in Golden s.l., both by the author, and their determination might be highly suspicious except for the historical observation on North Table Mountain. There is another collection on South Table Mountain (Yeatts, #652) with vouchers that determined variously M. nuda and M. speciosa. The other collections in Jefferson County are around Chatfield Farms, an intensely collected location. Colorado collections are mostly out on the plains, with a few up in the mountains.
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| Mentzelia speciosa Osterh. “Plains Blazing Star”For Mentzelia speciosa Osterh. “Plains Blazing Star,” we have an observation on North Table Mountain and a collection on South Table Mountain, from which various vouchers have been determined M. nuda or M. speciosa. Other Jefferson County collections are from Morrison, and then up in the foothills near Pine. Colorado state collections are along the Front Range and along the edges of the southern mountain valleys.The plant was first named M. aurea by George Osterhout (1901a) from a collection he made in Estes Park. However this name was previously used by Nuttall and was thus illegitimate, so a month later, Osterhout (1901b) proposed M. speciosa.
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| Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose “Missouri Foxtail Cactus”A very low-growing cactus that is also easily overlooked or stepped upon. Unique in that the red fruits develop in the spring a year after flowering.The “Missouri” name refers to the Missouri River that was a thoroughfare of transportation during the early 19th century, long before the State of Missouri was admitted to the Union in 1821.
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| Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose “Beehive Cactus”Seen in multiple places around Golden s.l., usually on ridges or rocky places, but generally not in low or grassy places. In Jefferson County, also collected at Chatfield. Probably more common than the number of collections would indicate. However, many collectors including the author are reluctant to collect cactus because of their rariety.First collected by Nuttall near the Mandan villages and published in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue. Subject to some confusion about recognition of species because it's form varies widely over a broad distribution, from southern Canada to northern Mexico, it was placed in Coryphantha vivipara by Britton & Rose (1913). Since then, it has bounced back and forth between Coryphantha and Escobaria several times, but for now Colorado authors (Ackerfield, 2015; Weber & Wittmann, 2012) accept Coryphantha vivipara.
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Locations: Wolf Creek. Area List: Golden.
| Echinocereus viridiflorus Engelm. “Nylon Hedgehog Cactus”A very small beehive-shaped cactus, sometimes growing in very dense clusters. Seen on North and South Table Mountains, and North Washington Open Space.Found in the intensely-collected places of Jefferson County, such as Rocky Flats and Chatfield Farms. Common on the plains and mountain valleys of eastern Colorado. Recognized as a new genus and species and published by George Engelmann (1848) from collections made at Santa Fe and on the Santa Fe Trail at Wolf Creek by Agustus Fendler in 1847.
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Locations: Guadalupe River. Area List: Golden.
| Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. “Western Pricklypear”There are two Opuntias or Pricklypears that are common in Golden s.l. Both are scattered in all the open spaces, and sometimes are found growing together.“Western Pricklypear” — Opuntia macrorhiza Engelm. — has been found on North and South Table Mountains, Dakota Ridge, North Washington Open Space, and the Survey Field. The pricklypear has been found in all the intensely-collected localities in Jefferson County. It is probably more common that the number of collections (n=17) would indicate; collecting these cacti is a difficult and prickly activity. Most of the collections are along the Front Range and foothills with a few collections in the Colorado mountain valleys. This cactus was first described by George Engelmann (1850) from a collection by F. Lindheimer on the Guadalupe River of west Texas. Some manuals apply a common name of “Twistspine Pricklypear.” I do not perceive the spines to be twisted, at least not in the sense that the awns of some grasses are twisted, and think that Ackerfield's (2015) use of “Western Pricklypear” would be preferred. Observations of O. compressa are assumed to be O. macrorhiza.
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| Opuntia polyacantha Haw. “Plains Pricklypear”Like the preceeding, the “Plains Pricklypear” — Opuntia polyacantha Haw. — is found in most localities in Golden s.l. with collections specifically from North and South Table Mountain, Dakota Ridge, North Washington Open Space, and Deadman Gulch (Kinney Run). The distribution of Plains Pricklypear in Jefferson County is roughly the same as Western Pricklypear. In Colorado there are many collections from the plains, foothills, and mountain valleys.First recognized as a species by Thomas Nuttall (1818) in his Genera of North American Plants as Cactus ferox, although that name was not available because it had been previously used by Willdenow (1814). Haworth (1819) provided a valid name, citing both Nuttall's name and a specimen grown in the Physic Garden of Chelsea along the Thames River in London.
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Locations: Mount Vernon. Area List: Golden.
| Pediocactus simpsonii (Engelm.) Britton & Rose “Mountain Ball Cactus”Known from North and South Table Mountains, and Dakota Ridge. An iconic, easily recognized cactus found in open, dry places throughout much of Colorado.The cactus was named for Captain J. H. Simpson who led an expedition to Utah Territory in 1859. Collections were made in Butte Valley and Kobeh Valley of today's Nevada by Henry Engelmann, and named by his brother, George Engelmann (1863). A variety was collected at Mount Vernon, Jefferson County, by Parry, Hall and Harbour, though the variety is not currently accepted because the cactus is highly variable throughout its range.
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| Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub. “Fireweed”There is perhaps one collection of Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub. “Fireweed” from Golden s.l., i.e., on Lookout Mountain. Otherwise, the Jefferson County localities are in the interior of the county from Squaw Mountain to Buffalo Peak, although the author collected our plant at Lippincott Ranch (highest Great Plains) in 2021. Most Colorado collections are in the Rocky Mountains on both the east and west slope.This is a circumpolar species, first published by Linnaeus (1753) as Epilobium angustifolium, placed in Chamerion by Holub (1972), but some of the more recent literature are treating the plant as an Epilobium.
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| Circaea alpina L. “Small Enchanter's Nightshade”There are two collections of Circaea alpina L. “Small Enchanter's Nightshade” that may be in Golden s.l., one high in Apex Gulch, and the other only identified as Golden. Most of the collections in Jefferson County are well up into the foothills, though the author has collected it at Lippincott Ranch. Colorado state collections are also in the foothills, mostly on the east slope, with just a few collections on the west slope.
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| Epilobium L. “Willow-Herb”Epilobium (from the Greek) Willow-Herb It is the largest in the family and contains the great majority of species of Onagraceae found in the Old World. Most of the species are somewhat mesophytic in habitat preference. In this genus, the mode of vegetative propagation is variable, some species having above-ground stolons. Those of Iraq have below ground level, either turions (fleshy overwintering buds), soboles (pale elongate shoots) or leafy rosettes which are ± erect. The genus name derives from the Greek words "epi" meaning "upon" and "lobos" meaning "lobe", with reference to position of the petals above the ovary.
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| Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl “Autumn Willow Herb”Two collections of Epilobium brachycarpum C. Presl “Autumn Willow Herb” in Golden s.l., both in the vicinity of Heritage Square and Apex Gulch. Jefferson County collections are along the Front Range, including collections by the author at Ranson/Edwards and Lippincott Ranch. Colorado collections are scattered around the state from the Front Range to the west.Reliquiae Haenkeanae, published by Presl (1830-1835) was based on botanical specimens collected in the Americas by Thaddaeus Haenke.
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| Epilobium ciliatum Raf. “Fringed Willowherb”Common in damp areas throughout Golden s.l., sometimes with E. hirsutum, unfortunately. Common in the northern part of Jefferson County, though there are no collections from the southern part. Found throughout the state of Colorado, but sparingly out on the plains.The name was published by Rafinesque (1808) in a publication — Medical Repository — that I have not been able to find online.
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| Oenothera LThere are ten species of Oenothera L. known from Golden s.l., nine of which are native. These nine species are represented by 31 collections. Six of the nine native species are represented by one or two collections. This seems a little suspicious to me, that perhaps some of those collections are mis-identified.The four caespitose or acaulis Oenothera are:
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| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh “Whitest Evening Primrose”Three collections, one on Lookout Mountain, and two on South Table Mountain. All the collections are below the foothills of Jefferson County. At the state level, collections are widely scattered around the state.The name was first proposed by Nuttall (1813) for a plant he collected on the Missouri, though we now treat this name as invalid because there was no description, or means to distinguish this Oenothera from any other. Pursh (1813) published the name again citing Nuttall's name, and also acknowledgeing a collection by Bradbury.
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| Oenothera brachycarpa A. Gray “Short-Fruit Evening Primrose”Oenothera brachycarpa A. Gray “Short-Fruit Evening Primrose” is known from three collections; two historic collections that have very similar handwritten labels, from and a more recent collection on South Table Mountain. Other Jefferson County collections are just along the base of the foothills. Similarly, Colorado state collections are along the base of the foothills in near Boulder and Denver.Not accepted in Colorado by Weber & Wittmann (2012) or Ackerfield (2015), accepted by Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.). First described by Gray (1852) from collections by Wright in west Texas.
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| Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. “Tufted Evening Primrose”“Tufted Evening Primrose.” — Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. — and two of its varieties have been collected on North and South Table Mountains, and on Lookout Mountain. There are only a few (25) collections of O. cespitosa in Jefferson County, and none at the intensely-collected sites of Rocky Flats or Chatfield.The caespitose Oenothera at Rocky Flats have been O. howardii and O. flava. At Chatfield O. albicaulis, O. brachycarpa, and O. howardii have been collected. The species seems to be found primarily in the American Cordillera and western Great Plains. First collected and described by Nuttall in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue who does not identify the location of his collections, though it was likely on the upper Missouri River. This is one of Nuttall's names that have stood the test of time.
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| Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray “Crownleaf Evening Primrose”There is one collection of Oenothera coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray “Crownleaf Evening Primrose” in Golden s.l., made more than 100 years ago at the base of Lookout Mountain. This would be in the present-day Survey Field. The handwriting on this collection is very similar to the two historic collections of O. brachycarpa, above. Other collections in Jefferson County are in the foothills, as far south as the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. Colorado state collections are from around the state except for the higher ranges in the north-central section of the state. The author has collected our plant at Salt Creek, Park County, Colorado.Collected by Edwin James, MD, probably near the forks of the Platte River, and described by Torrey & Gray (1840) in their Flora of North America.
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| Oenothera curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch “Velvet Butterfly-Weed”Collected on North and South Table Mountains, and Heritage Square, Oenothera curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch “Velvet Butterfly-Weed” is found in grasslands, fields, and disturbed areas. In Jefferson County, it is found at the base of the foothills and out on the plains. Colorado collections are mostly on the plains and in the valleys of the west slope. It is native to the central part of North America.There is an error in Ackerfield (2015) Flora of Colorado in that our plant is named O. curtifolia whereas the correct name is O. curtiflora. Notwithstanding some controversy, the first name applied to this plant was Gaura mollis James. Goodman & Lawson (1995) explain that James published his name a few months before Gaura mollis HBK. I assume that Oenothera mollis was not available because of Oenothera mollissima L.
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| Oenothera howardii (A. Nels.) W. L. Wagner “Howard's Evening Primrose”Seven collections in Golden s.l., mostly between the Survey Field and South Table Mountain. Jefferson County collections are out on the plains and up against the foothills as far south as Chatfield. Colorado state collections are along the Front Range, and then out on the southeast plains.The name was first used by Jones (1893) though in an invalid way. This was fixed by Nelson (1902) as Lavauxia howardii. Placed back in Oenothera by Wagner (1983).
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| Oenothera nuttallii Sweet “Nuttall's Evening Primrose”There is a single collection of Oenothera nuttallii Sweet “Nuttall's Evening Primrose” that may be in Golden s.l. It was made in 1960 “Just east of Golden along the Coors Brewery Road.” There is one other collection in Jefferson County, that of well-known California botanist Philip A. Munz, made 8 miles west of Morrison. Colorado collections are concentrated along the Front Range, North Park, with a few out on the plains.First intended to be O. albicaulis Nuttall (1813), though this is considered nom. inval.. Then, Pursh (1814) published O. albicaulis for a different plant, and listed Nuttall's name in error as a synonym. Sweet (1830) corrected this and published the plant as O. nuttallii.
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| Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch “Linda Tarde”Oenothera suffrutescens (Ser.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch “Linda Tarde” is one of those plants that does not form large colonies, but is found most everywhere; from Dakota Ridge in the north to Tin Cup Ridge in the south,
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| Oenothera villosa Thunb. “Hairy Evening Primrose”Collected in Apex Gulch and on South Table Mountain, Oenothera villosa Thunb. “Hairy Evening Primrose” is not common in Golden s.l. The author has not seen it in Golden, though I have collected it at three widely separated places at Ranson/Edwards. Jefferson County collections are widely distributed, on the plains, at the base of the Front Range, and the interior of the county, such as the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. It is found in nearly every county of Colorado.The plant was described by Thunberg (1794) from Cape of Good Hope, Africa, where it was introduced, though its native range is Subarctic America to U.S.A.
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| Aralia nudicaulis L. “Wild Sarsaparilla”Two collections in Golden s.l., one in Vidler's Gulch, the other in a generic Lookout Mountain location. Found in lower elevations of the Front Range of Jefferson County, and the most of Colorado, and not out on the plains.
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| Aletes acaulis (Torr.) J.M. Coult. & Rose “Stemless Indian Parsley”Found along the cliffs of North and South Table Mountains, and steep rocky slopes above Welch Ditch. In Jefferson County, from Bear Creek North, as are most collections in Colorado, except a scattered few on cliffs south and west of Denver.Finding a appropriate name for this plant was quite a challenge and, at one time, it was known simultaneously by names in three different genera, all published by A. Gray. For this reason Coulter & Rose (1888) published a new genus just for this species. Unfortunately, recent phylogenetic work (Sun & Downie, 2010) suggests that Aletes and associated taxa of Lomatium, Cymopteris, and Musineon are in quite a muddle, and we may soon see a reorganization.
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| Harbouria trachypleura (A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & Rose “Whiskbroom Parsley”Common in Golden s.l. having been collected on North Table Mountain, through Kinney Run, to Apex Park and Tin Cup Ridge. Curiously, it has not been collected in South Table Mountain. There are currently collections from most areas of Jefferson County. The plant is found along the Front Range from Colorado Springs north with a few scattered collections to the south.
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| Ligusticum porteri J.M. Coult. & Rose “Porter's Licorice-Root”There are records of two collections of “Porter's Licorice-Root” — Ligusticum porteri J.M. Coult. & Rose — in the Golden area. Presumably these were from Lookout Mountain, although all location information about this species is redacted. While reasonably widely distributed, the species is threatened by wild-collecting. It is the roots, known as “osha,” that are used for medicinal purposes and so commercial harvests are very likely to be harmful to local populations. Only Ligusticum porteri is deemed “true” osha. The root is considered an immune booster and aid for coughs, pneumonia, colds, bronchitis, and the flu. It’s also used to relieve indigestion, lung diseases, body aches, and sore throats.Not rated for rariety by CNHP. Rated as S2 – Imperiled, by NatureServe. Global status G3 – Vulnerable.
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| Lomatium orientale J.M. Coult. & Rose “Salt-and-Pepper”The common name I started with for Lomatium orientale J.M. Coult. & Rose was “Northern Idaho Biscuitroot.” Turns out, though, that the plant doesn’t grow in Northern Idaho, and by its scientific name might be called “Western Biscuitroot” However, out current manual of Colorado flora (Ackerfield, 2015) gives a common name of “Salt-and-Pepper,” an allusion to the dappled appearance of the inflorescence.This is a very common early perennial in Golden s.l. that has been collected pretty much everywhere from Dakota Ridge in the north to Tin Cup Ridge in the south.
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| Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Raf. “Leafy Wildparsley”Much less common than some of the preceeding Carrot family representatives, “Leafy Wildparsley” — Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Raf. — has been collected at only two sites in Golden s.l.: Deadman Gulch and South Table Mountain. In Jefferson County it is found only at the base of the Front Range and out on what used to be the plains. The state distribution is similar, though the distribution on the plains is spotty.First recognized by Pursh (1814) from a collection by Bradbury “… in upper Louisiana.”
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| Cornus sericea L. “Creek Dogwood”There are two collections of Creek Dogwood in Golden s.l., one on Lookout Mountain, and the other on the north side of South Table Mountain. It probably is also on the north side of North Table Mountain, and in the mouth of Clear Creek Canyon.Described by Linnaeus (1771) as being native to North America, it has an amazing 71 synonyms (Kew, 2022). C. sericea itself is sometimes treated as a synonym of C. alba. Some cultivars are planted for their bright red stems in winter and have a common name of “red-osier dogwood.”
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| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel “Bearberry”A circum-polar plant, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel “Bearberry” has been collected on Lookout Mountain and Tin Cup Ridge. The main part of Golden s.l. is a little lower than its usual range. The author grows it in town, though in high shade beneath a crabapple tree.Bearberry is more common in the interior of Jefferson County. For example the author has collected it on the slopes of Little Scraggy Peak (Buffalo Creek Recreation Area) and at Goose Creek. In Colorado, it is a common forest groundcover and is found throughout the mountain ranges of Colorado.
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| Orthilia secunda (L.) House “Sidebells Wintergreen”A common plant of moist coniferous forests, there is one or maybe two collections of Orthilia secunda (L.) House “Sidebells Wintergreen” in the portion of Golden s.l. on Lookout Mountain.The plant was first described as Pyrola secundus by Linnaeus (1753) then separated into Orthilia by House (1921) as a nomenclatural change without explanation. The Colorado distribution is mountainous areas of Colorado.
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| Pyrola asarifolia Michx. “Liverleaf Wintergreen”Common along streambanks and in moist, shaded forests, there are three collections of Pyrola asarifolia Michx. “Liverleaf Wintergreen” on Lookout Mountain and may therefore be counted in the flora of Golden s.l. The most recent of the three collections was made 100 years ago.The plant was firest described by Michaux (1803).
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| Androsace occidentalis Pursh “Western Rockjasmine”Found on North and South Table Mountains, and the Survey Field. Jefferson County collections are along the base of the Front Range, with one collection in the foothills. From a state perspective, mostly in the interior valleys and along the Front Range.Described by Pursh (1814) from a collection by Nuttall on the banks of the Missouri River.
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| Androsace septentrionalis L. “Pygmyflower Rockjasmine”One collection on Lookout Mountain that may be in Golden s.l.. Found mostly in the foothills of Jefferson County, including collections by the author in Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. There are numerous Colorado collections, nearly all in the mountains from the Front Range to the west.According to Linnaeus (1753), “She lives in the sunny pebbly Alps of Lapland, Russia.” Plants of the World (Kew, 2022) states that its native range is temperate northern hemisphere.
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| Dodecatheon pulchellum (Raf.) Merr. “Beautiful Shootingstar”Several collections around Golden s.l. usually in steep wet gulches or marshy areas. Jefferson County collections are in the foothills of the county or in gulches or along streams at the base of the Front Range. In addition to Apex Park, the author has collected out plant in the mouth of Clear Creek Canyon, and at Morrison Creek in the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area. Similarly, state of Colorado collections are found in meadows, moist places, and spruce or aspen forests.
The naming of our plant went through several gyrations, with characters such as Drummond, Michaux, Hooker, Rafinesque, Greene, and Rydberg
involved, ending with Merrill's (1948) Nomenclatural Notes on Rafinesque's Published Papers, 1804-1840.
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Described by Linnaeus (1753) from locations in Virginia and Canada.
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Some sources, e.g., POWO (Kew, 2022) treat E. grandiflorum as a synonym of E. russellianum (Hook.) G. Don,
the question appearing to one of priority of Hooker's name over Rafinesque's name.
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The plant was first recognized by Greene (1893) from specimens in the southern Sierra Nevada of Kern County, California.
It has been described as a variety of A. cannabinum by Jepson (1939).
and as a variety of A. medium by Munz (1965).
The Jepson Manual of California (Baldwin, 2012) treats it as a synonym of A. androsaemifolium.
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First described as a depauperate or dwarf form of A. verticillata L. by Gray (1876).
This makes a lot of sense because the leaves are whorled, a fairly uncommon character of milkweeds.
Britton & Brown (1898) elevated variety pumila to the rank of species without comment.
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First described by John Torrey (1828) from a collection by Edwin James, MD.
The type was collected on June 14, 1820, as the Stephen H. Long expedition traveled south from the Loup River
to the Platte through Merrick County, Nebraska (Goodman and Lawson, 1995, p. 130-131).
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There are two similarly named milkweeds, e.g., A. viridis and A. viridula, but those two species are not known from Colorado.
A. viridiflora has been seen in flower in Apex about the 10th of June, and in fruit on North Table Mountain near the end of July.
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It may come as a surprise, then, that there is also a small native perennial
morning-glory that is common in sandy places on the plains and found
occasionally in the lower foothills.
It is the “Shaggy Dwarf Morning Glory” (Evolvulus nuttallianus).
Found first by Thomas Nuttall in 1811 on the banks of the Missouri River,
it was first named E. argenteus by Frederick Pursh (1814) in his
North American Flora.
However, the name was previously published by Robert Brown (1810) in his
natural history of Australia and Tasmania, then called
New Holland and Van Dieman's Land, respectively.
Therefore, Pursh's name was illegitimate.
Roemer & Schultes (1820) rectified this when they published volume 6 of the 16th edition
of Linneaus' Systema Vegetabilium,
by applying a new name of E. nuttalianus
after, of course, the name of the original collector, Thomas Nuttall.
The first collection in Colorado was made by George Vasey of
Powells Colorado Exploring Expedition of 1868.
There are vouchers at PRBU, NY, and SJNM (SEINet, 2020).
It is not known where in Colorado the collection was made.
In Jefferson County, there are seven collections, one of which is mine from
the North Washington Open Space.
Loraine Yeatts collected the plant on South Table Mountain in 1983.
Four collections were made at Rocky Flats,
probably the best studied piece of ground in Jefferson County,
and there is one collection from Chatfield.
Other articles:
Area List: Golden.
First described as Gilia pinnatifida by Asa Gray (1870) in his Revision of the Polemoniaceae (Phlox family)
from a Nuttall collection in Gray's herbarium.
There must have been some description written by Nuttall for Gray to give credit to Nuttall.
The oldest known extant collection was by Frémont 1842 from the Torrey Herbarium (NY3261962).
The oldest collection in the Gray Herbarium is by Fendler 16 June 1847 (GH1154924).
This collection was designated as a lectotype by Porter 15 January 2002.
Moved to a recircumscribed Aliciella by Porter (1998) because molecular data showed the group was more
closely allied to Loeselia and Ipomopsis than to Gilia.
Aliciella, by the way, is named for Colorado's Alice Eastwood.
Other articles:
Area List: Golden.
Nuttall (1818) proposed both the genus and specific name, and they have withstood the test of time.
Literature Cited:
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Area List: Golden.
Three collections are possibly G. ophthalmoides, one each by Marcus E. Jones (1878), Ira W. Clokey (1921), and
Ellsworth Bethel (1921).
All three simply give the location as “Golden.”
Other Jefferson County collections were made at Rocky Flats and around Morrison.
So the locations could all be characterized as along the base of the Front Range.
At the state level, there are other collections along the Front Range,
but our plant is more common on the west slope.
G. ophthalmoides was described by A. Brand in Engler's (1907) Das Pflanzenreich
from a collection by Carl A. Purpus made in washes at Gold Mountain, 1898.
An image of this voucher is available online.
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Area List: Golden.
Published by Bentham in DeCandolle (1845) from a manuscript by Douglas.
The type locality is the Okanagon Valley, where our plant is thought to now be extinct.
Other articles:
Area List: Golden.
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Locations:
Veta Pass.
Area List: Golden.
The species was first described by Pursh (1814) from a Lewis & Clark collection in Idaho.
Rydberg (1901) described the subspecies at the rank of species from a collection made near La Veta, Animas County, Colorado.
Grant (1956) reduced our plant to rank of subspecies under Ipomopsis aggregata without comment.
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Locations:
Scotts Bluff.
Area List: Golden.
A little more broadly, there are collections in Jefferson County from the extensively-collected
localities of Rocky Flats and Chatfield.
First described as Gilia spicata by Nuttall (1848b) from a collection on the Platte River at Scott's Bluff, Nebraska.
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Area List: Golden.
Originally described by David Douglas from specimens seen along the Spokane River,
published variously by Hooker as Colomia gracilis, Gilia gracilis, and Phlox gracilis.
Greene (1898b) made sense of them and proposed Microsteris gracilis.
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It is always a little suspicious when two uncommon, similar-appearing species are found in close proximity,
and nowhere else.
It is possible that one or more of the collections are misidentified and that only one species is found at this location.
In this case, I think the single voucher determined P. longifolia is actually P. multiflora
and I have changed my records.
However, the voucher needs to be reviewed in the herbarium and a determination made whether to retain the determination
P. longifolia or annotate it as P. multiflora.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
Treated as a variety of P. caeruleum by Gray (1870), this plant was well-known to a variety of collectors,
such as Geyer, Fendler, Parry, Vasey, Watson, &c.
Then elevated to the rank of species by Gray (1878).
The oldest extant collection (SEINet 2022) is from the Mexican Boundary Survey, Bigelow s.n., October 1851 (7?), Banks of the Mimbres, New Mexico, .
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Area List: Golden.
The basionym is Eritrichium virgatum Porter, first published in F. V.Hayden, Geol. Rep. (1870),
citing a collection by B. H. Smith, near Denver, Colorado Territory, in 1869.
It has been placed variously in Krynitzkia (A. Gray, 1885) and Oreocarya (Greene, 1887)
before being placed in Cryptantha (Payson, 1927).
Our Colorado authors, Weber & Wittmann (2012) and Ackerfield (2015), treat Oreocarya at the rank of genus,
whereas others (Kelley, Simpson, and Hasenstab-Lehman in Baldwin, et al., 2012) treat it as a section of Cryptantha.
Phylogenetic evidence from some of those same authors is accumulating
that it makes better sense to treating it as Oreocarya, c.f., Mabry & Simpson (2018).
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Area List: Golden.
The specific epithet nyctelea is credited to Linnaeus,
from collections made in Virginia,
though it took Linnaeus and other botanists of his time a couple tries to get it placed in the correct family and genus.
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Area List: Golden.
It was commonly grown in the pre-Linnaean gardens of Europe and described by Linnaeus (1753) as living in the warm maritime regions of America.
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Area List: Golden.
First published as Hydrophyllum occidentale var. Fendleri by A. Gray (1875),
Heller (1905) revised fendleri to the rank of species.
Other articles:
Area List: Golden.
The few Jefferson County collections of Lappula occidentalis that have been determined to an infraspecific name
have been determined a mix of variety occidentalis and variety cupulata (A. Gray) Higgins.
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Area List: Golden.
The first recorded collection was by Thomas Nuttall at Prairie du Chien, on the Mississippi River at Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin.
This was most likely in 1810.
Nuttall also recorded the plant along the upper Missouri River, which would have been in 1811.
Pursh (1814) was the first to put the plant in print, as Batschia longiflora,
noting that he had seen the plant in in Nuttall's herbarium.
Nuttall (1818) published the same name as a new species.
Lehman (1818) moved the plant to Lithospermum,
but the specific name longiflora was not available,
so Lehman used L. incisum.
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Area List: Golden.
Searching for historic collections can be tricky with this taxon.
Two reasons.
First, it is often included as a subspecific taxon under both Onosmodium bejariense and O. molle
without a cross-reference between the two,
so a search for the species must be entered under both of those specific epithets.
(It is also sometimes treated as a variety and sometimes as a subspecies, without cross-reference in the taxon trees,
but searching only for the specific epithet in Colorado will circumvent that problem.)
Second, it has recently been moved into Lithospermum from Onosmodium (Weakley, et al., 2011)
and some of the taxon trees, most notably that of SEINet, have not been updated to cross reference between it multiple names in
Onosmodium and Lithospermum.
Consequently, when constructing a list of collections of this taxon (regardless of what name we put on it),
it is necessary to enter all the names above into the search string to retrieve all the known collections.
Searching for the taxon under multiple names yields 24 collections in Jefferson County,
mostly from locations that have been intensely collected, such as Rocky Flats and Chatfield Farms,
but also Ranson/Edwards and one collection from the Majestic View Nature Center.
Around Colorado, most of the collections have been made along the Front Range
with a few collections out on the plains and in the interior valleys.
As implied above, quite a few names have been applied to our taxon, most of them in Onosmodium.
The first name that recognized it as a separate taxon was Onosmodium occidentale Mack. (Mackenzie, 1905).
It was since placed in a succession of subspecies and varieties under Onosmodium bejariense and O. molle.
Weigend, et al. (2009) with their aptly named paper, “Marbleseeds are Gromwells,”
showed that separating Onosmodium and other taxa from Lithospermum renders the latter paraphyletic.
Weakley, et al. (2011) published the names requred to place our plant back at the species rank,
this time within Lithospermum in place of Onosmodium.
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Area List: Golden.
The first name applied to “Prairie Bluebells” was Pulmonaria lanceolata Pursh (1814),
described from a collection he had seen in Bradbury's herbarium.
Nuttall (1818) did not agree with the specific epithet lanceolata saying that it was inapplicable,
so he attempted to replace it with marginata.
Of course, this failed because lanceolata had priority, regardless of how inapplicable it might be.
Nuttall (1818) did note, however, that the plant belonged in Pulmonaria section Mertensia,
a name that DeCandolle (1846) elevated to the rank of genus.
Other articles:
Area List: Golden.
The name was published by Pursh (1814) from a collection by Lewis & Clark on the Kooskooskee (Clearwater) River.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
The name was first applied by Muhlenberg (1813), though this is treated as nom. inval because there was no description,
and no means given to distinquish L. americanus from L. virginicus.
Barton (1815) published the name again, citing Muhlenberg, but also noting the plant was
“Very closely related to Mentha, but no odor” and “leaves sinuate-serrate, apendiculate.”
I have been unable to determine what parts of the plant are appendiculate.
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Area List: Golden.
Described by Linnaeus (1753) as “She lives in the European countryside frequently after harvest.”
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Area List: Golden.
The plant was first described by Linnaeus (1753) who noted that it lived in Canada.
It was well-known in Europe as Linnaeus noted its presense in the Uppsala garden, the Clifford garden,
and the Royal Garden of Leiden.
Jefferson County collections are found throughout the county.
Colorado collections are mostly along the Front Range and in the interior valleys.
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Area List: Golden.
Described by Nuttall (1848b) from plants collected by William Gambel.
Gambel made this collection near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
This skullcap is broadly distributed in Jefferson County.
The author has also collected it at the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area.
State-wide, collections are mostly from the base of the Front Range up to the mid-elevations.
The name, in honor of Nathaniel L. Britton, was applied to our Rocky Mountain plant by Porter (1894) in a curious way,
by describing what it is not; something that I would think would cause the name to be declared invalid.
Nevertheless, as it happens, Nathaniel L. Britton was in Golden, 8 Oct 1882, primarily as part of a geological expedition,
and made eleven plant collections that are housed by NY.
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Area List: Golden.
Nuttall (1834) described P. longifolia from a collection made on the banks of the Arkansas, near Belle Point.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
The name was applied by A. Gray in Torrey (1859).
Curiously, Gray cited several collections in his description of the taxon, resulting in several syntypes instead of a holotype.
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Area List: Golden.
Other collections in Jefferson County include Rocky Flats and Chatfield Farms, two of the best-collected places in Colorado,
and a few other collections up into the foothills.
Collected pretty much throughout Colorado, except for the southeastern plains.
Named by Nuttall (1818) for plants he collected around Fort Mandan on the Missouri River.
Nuttall (1818) also proposed O. ludoviciana that he collected at Fort Mandan.
This species is not known from Jefferson County, though there are collections from Boulder and Denver Counties.
Orobanche is a Linnean (1753) genus name applied originally to three species in Europe,
and two from Virginia when it was an English colony.
Recent phylogenetic work (Schneider, 2016) suggests that the North American Orobanche form a monophyletic clade.
Aphyllon Mitch. has been proposed as the generic name for the clade.
Among Colorado authors,
Weber & Wittmann (2012) split the Colorado Orobanche s.l. between Aphyllon and Orobanche.
This would be roughly similar to Gray's (1856, 2nd ed.) treatment of Aphyllon while treating section Gymnocaulis
as a member of Orobanche.
Meanwhile, Ackerfield (2015) retains all the Orobanche together in that genus.
Other articles:
Area List: Golden.
The name was applied by Linnaeus (1753) describing a plant that lived in Virginia.
Other articles:
Area List: Golden.
There are a few other collections scattered around Jefferson County, in places such as Genessee, Flying J Ranch Park, and Meyer Ranch Park.
The author has also collected it at Buffalo Creek Recreation Area.
Yellow Owls Clover is found occasionally throughout central and western Colorado,
and more broadly the western states.
The genus Orthocarpus and O. luteus was published by Nuttall (1818) who carefully distinguished it from Melampyrum
a genus that Nuttall had experience with, but does not occur in Colorado.
The common name of Melampyrum is “cow wheat.”
One other Orthocarpus, O. purpureoalbus, is found in the southernmost counties of Colorado.
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Area List: Golden.
First described as Mimulus floribundus by Lindley (1827) from plants grown from seeds sent by David Douglas.
Placed in Erythranthe by Barker, et al. (2012) in a major reorganization of Mimulus.
The next two, E. glabrata and E. guttata, are known from single collections or observations.
Their presence in Golden s.l. seems unlikely.
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Area List: Golden.
Described by Kunth (1818) from collections by Moran in Mexico.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
The name was applied by John Torrey (1819) in his catalog of plants within 30 miles of New York.
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Locations:
Dakota Ridge.
Area List: Golden.
Described by Scheele (1848, p. 761-2) from a collection by Romer made between Houston and Austin, Texas.
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Area List: Golden.
Name applied by Bentham (1846) to a specimen seen in Torrey's herbarium, possibly a Fremont collection.
Our plant is similar to P. virgatus var. asa-grayi and may be distinguished by leaves that are thick and glaucous,
and a staminode that is widened at the tip and bearded.
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Locations:
Sweetwater River.
Area List: Golden.
The name was applied by Bentham in DeCandolle (1846) citing collections by Fremont on the Sweetwater River, Wyoming.
Our plant is similar to P. virgatus var. asa-grayi and may be distinguished by leaves that are thick and glaucous,
and a staminode that is widened at the tip and bearded.
Literature Cited:
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Area List: Golden.
The name P. virens was applied by Rydberg (1917) apparently at the suggestion of Pennell who collected the
type. The type locality is the general area of Red Rocks Amphitheater though the amphitheater did not exist at the time.
As an entity it was known well before then, as early as Nuttall's 1834 trip to Oregon Territory,
and by Parry's collection, and Hall & Harbour collections.
However, it was treated as a form of P. pubescens until treated as P. humilis Gray (1862),
of which part was segregated into P. virens Rydberg (1917) based upon Pennel's type.
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Area List: Golden.
The type selected by Crosswhite (1965) is Patterson #258 made 13 July 1892
in “mountains about the head waters of Clear Creek near Empire.
A search for this taxon in SEINet will be redirected to P. unilateralis.
I believe this is an error.
Crosswhite (1965) specifically published P. virgatus ssp. asa-grayi because P. unilateralis is a
synonym of P. secundiflorus.
This is apparently still true as the FNANM entry for var. asa-grayi states,
“The name Penstemon unilateralis Rydberg, a synonym of P. secundiflorus,
was widely misapplied to this taxon in much of the 1900s.”
Our taxon is similar to P. secundiflorus above, and may be distinguished by leaves that are green, and not blue-green and glaucous, and the staminode is not widened at the tip which is glabrous.
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Area List: Golden.
Described and illustrated in Jacquin (1793, v. 2, p. 9) from a collection made on the Champion River of Patagonia. Native to North and South America.
Of these, seven have been collected or observed in Golden s.l..
V. persica has not been found here.
V. catenata has, though it should be pointed out that Ackerfield (2015) treats it as a synonym of V. anagallis-aquatica.
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Area List: Golden.
The name was published by Bentham, who wrote the chapter on Scrophulariaceae in DeCandolle's (1846) Prodromo.
Bentham worked from a manuscript by Schweinitz, abbreviated Schwein.,
who described the native range as North America from Canada to Carolina, and Oregon including Sitka.
Lewis David de Schweinitz (13 February 1780 – 8 February 1834) was a German-American botanist and mycologist. He is considered by some the "Father of North American Mycology," but also made significant contributions to botany.
V. americana can be distinguished from the following (V. anagallis-aquatica and/or V. catenata) by the short-petiolate leaves.
The author has not seen this plant in Colorado,
but has collected it near Mono Lake, Mono County, Colorado.
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Area List: Golden.
There is a certain amount of uncertainty about V. catenata and the related V. anagallis-aquatica.
Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept V. catenata for Colorado, and then note the possible presence of V. anagallis-aquatica saying that distinguishing the two “… is a difficult matter to decide; furthermore the two species hybridize, forming a very robust, sterile hybrid.”
Ackerfield (2015) treats V. catenata Pennell as a synonym of V. anagallis-aquatica, and therefore the latter becomes native or not-introduced to Colorado.
POWO (2022) accepts V. catenata and V. anagallis-aquatica as distinct species.
FNANM is not published for Veronica, so that's no help.
The author has put V. anagallis-aquatica on his collections, following Ackerfield (2015).
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Area List: Golden.
First named by Kunth (1818) for a plant collected near Xalapa, Mexico,
and treated as a subspecies of Veronica peregrina by Pennell (1919) as part of his work on the Scrophulariaceae.
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Area List: Golden.
The plant was described by Hooker (1840) from a collection by Richardson on the Franklin expedition (1819-22)
and also citing collections by Drummond and Douglas.
The name “occidentalis” perhaps reflects a lack of understanding of North American geography,
certainly the plant was found west of centers of population at the time,
but there are other taxa in Symphoricarpos that are concentrated further west.
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Area List: Golden.
The plant was first described by A. Gray (1853) in Plantae Wrightianae, Texano - Neo-Mexicanae,
a scientific account of the botanical collections of Mr. Charles Wright in 1851 and 1852.
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Area List: Golden.
Originally described by Linnaeus (1753) with a habitat of European pastures.
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Area List: Golden.
Common Yarrow is found throughout Jefferson County, e.g., the author has collected it in the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area.
Similarly, it is common throughout Colorado, except the eastern Plains, and the higher, drier valleys, such as the San Luis Valley.
Globally, the plant is native to the northern hemisphere.
The name was published by Linnaeus (1753) who noted the plant was present in European meadows and pastures.
Early explorers of North American, e.g., Pursh (1814) and Nuttall (1818) thought it was introduced from Europe.
Torrey and Gray (1843) recognized that Common Yarrow was widely distributed in North America,
though thought it may have been introduced into pastures.
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Area List: Golden.
There is only one collection and one literature reference to A. glauca in Golden s.l.
The one collection is in a Texas herbarium (UTEP) and not available for examination.
There is a possibility that it is mis-identified.
Compared to A. parviflora, below, the evidence for presence of A. glauca is a little thin.
Pale Goat-Chicory was first described as Troximon glaucum by Pursh (1816) in his North American Flora.
Pursh states that he saw the plant as a dried specimen and live in a garden.
However, Pursh does not tell us whose dried collection he saw or the source of the live garden specimen.
Since Pursh does tell us the plant grows on the banks of the Missouri River, it could have been a Lewis & Clark
or Bradley collection.
However, Moulton (1999) does not list Agoseris glauca in the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
Thus we are left with probalility that our plant was originally a Bradley collection.
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Locations:
Colorado School of Mines Survey Field.
Area List: Golden.
The Agoseris are often confused with Prairie False Dandelion – Nothocalais cuspidata –
to which they are very closely related
and with the true dandelions – Taraxacum species.
Steppe Goat-Chicory was first described as Troximon parviflora by Thomas Nuttall (1841)
from a collection he made “… on the plains of the Platte to the Rocky Mountains …”
It was Dietrich (1847) who placed this plant and the predecessor into Rafinesque's Agoseris.
Not everyone agrees that A. parviflora is a species distinct from A. glauca.
As recently as 2012, some Colorado authors were placing A. parviflora as a variety of A. glauca, e.g.,
A. glauca var. laciniata (D. C. Eaton) Smiley in Weber & Wittman (2012).
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Area List: Golden.
First described by Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 988) who described the habitat as Virginia and Pennsylvania.
Weber & Wittmann (2012) state that it is an alien,
whereas other sources such as Ackerfield (2015), Flora of North America, etc., accept it as native to Colorado.
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Area List: Golden.
Described by DeCandolle (1836) from collections made in Mexico.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
The name was applied by Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 987) to specimens from Virginia and Canada.
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Locations:
Apex Park - Northern Parcel.
North Table Mountain.
Area List: Golden.
There is a certain dissonance in the literature regarding the nativity of A. margaritacea.
Neither of our current Colorado floras (Ackerfield, 2015, and Weber & Wittmann, 2012) make a statement,
which implies the taxon is native to Colorado.
Flora of North America and USDA Plants accept nativity to North America, including Colorado.
Plants of the World (Kew), on the other hand, states that the native range is Indian Subcontinent to Russian Far East and Japan,
and that taxon is introduced to North America and northern Europe.
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Area List: Golden.
Antennaria parvifolia is widespread throughout the western United States and Canad.
It is polyploid complex with both sexual (dioecious) and asexual (gynoecious) populations.
It is probably descended from hybridization of multiple Antennaria.
The epithet parvifolia has been rendered as "parviflora" in some floras.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
Unfortunately, the Leopardbane name is better reserved for things in the genus Doronicum which was at one time thought to be closely
related to Arnica but recent work shows the two are distantly related.
A. fulgens was first described by Pursh (1814) from an unattributed collection on the banks of the Missouri River.
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Locations:
Apex Gulch.
Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space Park.
Area List: Golden.
There are two collections and one report of “Field Sagewort” — Artemisia campestris L. —
in Golden s.l., the collections from Apex Gulch and a generic location of Golden,
while the report is from North Table Mountain.
Jefferson County collections are scattered along the Front Range, including the intensely collected locations of Rocky Flats and Chatfield Farms.
The author has also collected it at Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space Park.
For Colorado, the taxon is distributed along the Front Range and interior mountains, with a few collections on the eastern plains.
At the simplest level, A. campestris L. was published describing plants found in sunny, dry fields of Europe.
When we get to infraspecific taxa, and plants native to Colorado, things get complicated in a hurry.
While there is a lot variation within the species,
and multiple ways the species has been divided,
the infraspecific taxa that may be found in Golden s.l. are variety caudata and
variety pacifica.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
Artemisia frigida was described by Carl Willdenow (1803) in the 4th edition of Linnaeus Species Plantarum.
The location given was a region in southeast Siberia.
Perhaps the first collection in North America was that of Lewis & Clark, made along the Missouri River in September and October, 1804
(Pursh, 1814, v. 2, p. 521; Moulton, 1999)
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Area List: Golden.
Six varieties are treated in FNANM (Shulz, 2006), four of which are recognized to occur in Colorado by Ackerfield (2015), whereas Weber & Wittmann (2012) recognize just two subspecies while noting, “ … the microraces are legion and impossible to place into pigeonholes …”
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Area List: Golden.
Known variously as Bahia dissecta (A. Gray) Britton and Amauriopsis dissecta (A. Gray) Rydberg
in current floras and data bases,
recent phylogenetic work by Baldwin & Wood (2016) suggest that Hymenothrix dissecta (A. Gray) B. G. Baldwin
would be a better name in the future.
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Area List: Golden.
The plant was first collected by the Lewis & Clark expedition on the Columbia River, April 14, 1806,
and near Lewis & Clark Pass, Montana, on July 7, 1806.
Only the April 14, 1806 collection remains.
Pursh (1814) described it as Buphthalmum sagittatum from the Lewis & Clark collection.
Nuttall (1834a) saw it in the collections returned by Nathaniel Wyeth,
and again when he crossed the country with the next Wyeth expedition (Nuttall, 1840).
From this last expedition, Nuttall applied Hooker's Balsamorhiza to the plant,
giving us our modern name.
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Area List: Golden.
The species was described from a collection made by Agustus Fendler in August 1847 and described by Gray (1849) in his Plantae Fendleriana. The location of the collection was “… Rocky hill-side on the Mora River, and eight miles eastward, in bottom land … ” The location was likely on the Santa Fe trail, where it crosses the Mora River, and near present-day Watrous on US Interstate 25.
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Area List: Golden.
This taxon was formerly Kuhnia eupatorioides L., named by Linneaus (1763) from a collection made in Pensylvania by Adam Kuhn.
Placement of this plant in Brickellia is attributed to Shinners (Anonymous, 1971).
Although the actual text is in unsigned “Notes” in the issue of SIDA containing a tribute to Shinners on his death.
More recently, phylogenetic work supports the existence of Kuhnia as an infrageneric group within Brickellia (Schilling, et al., 2015).
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Area List: Golden.
The taxon was first described Eupatorium? grandiflorum by Hooker (1840) from a collection by Douglas between branches of Lewis and Clarke's River.
It is not clear the river referred to by Hooker. I doubt that it is the current Lewis & Clark River in Oregon.
Nuttall (1841), however, recognized that the plant should be placed in the Brickellia in his report about his trip across the continent on the Oregon Trail.
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They can be distinguished by examining how the middle and upper leaves attach to the stem.
Those of C. ochrocentrum are decurrent on the stem for more than 1 cm.,
whereas those of C. undulatum are sessile and clasping, or decurrent for less than 1 cm.
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C. undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. the “Wavy Leaved Thistle”
is the native thistle most-often seen around Golden.
It is short, 1-2 feet, as thistles go,
and usually has only one or two flower heads at the top of a single stem.
The plant was first seen by Thomas Nuttall on Lake Huron in 1810.
He would find it again later in the Upper Louisiana Territory,
presumably somewhere along the Missouri River.
Nuttall published his findings in his Genera of North America Plants in 1818
as Carduus undulatus Nutt.
placing it in section Cnicus.
Sprengel (1826) would revise the genus to Cirsium in Systema vegetabilium,
the 16th edition of Linneaus' Species Plantarum.
In Golden, C. undulatum has been collected by me
in the Colorado School of Mines Survey Field.
Loraine Yeatts collected it on South Table Mountain,
and Ernest H. Brunquist at Heritage Square.
Additionally, it has been observed on Dakota Ridge, North Table Mountain,
and at the North Washington Open Space.
The other native true thistle that may be found in Golden is
C. ochrocentrum A. Gray “Yellowspine Thistle.”
There is one collection determined C. ochrocentrum,
that of Edmund Cross made 20 Jul 1913 (RM313305) along the railroad tracks.
However, an apparent duplicate of that collection (RM313306) is determined C. undulatum.
At the opposite end of the native/non-native spectrum,
is the noxious weed Cirsium arvense, “Canada thistle”
that is discussed at length below.
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The plant was collected by Thomas Nuttall in 1819 who found it in the “… Arkansa territory to the banks of the Red River …”
in a list of new species of plants recently introduced into the gardens of Philadelphia.
Nuttall (1821) notes,
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In Jefferson County, the taxon has been found mostly at the intensely studied areas, such as Rocky Flats and Chatfield.
More broadly, it is found from the Front Range west through Colorado, a distribution that is continued throughout the western states.
Crepis occidentalis was described by Nuttall (1834a) from plants brought to him by Nathaniel Wyeth in 1833.
This whetted Nuttall's appetite for exploring Oregon Territory
and Nuttall accompanied Wyeth back to the territory in 1834.
Some authors (Ackerfield, 2015) recognize three varieties of C. occidentalis while noting that the varieties intergrade,
whereas others (Weber & Wittmann, 2012) do not recognize infraspecific varieties.
My collection from the Survey Field would likely be determined variety costata if an infraspecific name were to be applied.
Weber & Wittman (2012) separate the indigenous North American Crepis s.l. into Psilochenia (Psilochaenia orth. Var.),
a position for which there is some phylogenetic support (Enke, 2009).
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Collected and described by Thomas Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 185) from plants he found at Fort Mandan, South Dakota.
There are no specimens of this plant in the Lewis & Clark herbarium (Moulton, 1999).
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Locations:
Sandia Mountains.
Area List: Golden.
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Published by Pursh (1814) as Aster canescens having seen a dried specimen of unknown provenance.
The genus name Dieteria was published by Nuttall (1840).
Nuttall refers to a Missouri River location which would imply that he saw it in 1811.
It is also possible that Pursh saw a Bradbury specimen.
Some Colorado authors (Weber & Wittmann, 2012) place this in Machaeranthera.
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Grown in the private botanical garden of Jacques Cels in France from seeds collected in Illinois by A. Michaux,
and described by Etienne Ventenat (1801) as Tagetes papposa in an illustrated book of new plants grown in the garden.
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Locations:
North Washington Open Space.
Area List: Golden.
Its name, in itself, is a history lesson.
Typically, we apply the common name “Rubber Rabbitbrush” or “Pungent Rabbitbrush” to this shrub.
However, a better common name might be “Goldy Locks” because the first name applied to it was Chrysocoma which literally translates to Goldy Locks, or more precisely Golden Tuft-of-Hair.
I have a very long page about “How did rubber rabbitbrush get that long scientific name?”
The plant was first collected by Lewis & Clark in 1804 at the Big Bend of the Missouri.
However, Pursh (1814) applied a name to it that was illegitimate,
i.e., it had been applied earlier to a different plant.
Thomas Nuttall also collected the plant in 1811 on the banks of the Missouri River in Montana.
His (1818) application of Chrysocoma graveolens was valid,
and became the basionyn for the plant.
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In Jefferson County, this variety has also been collected at two other intensely-collected locations: Rocky Flats and Chatfield Farms,
and at the Butterfly Pavilion.
The online herbaria (SEINet) records are a bit of a mess because the reorganization of Chrysothamnus and Ericameria has not been universally accepted.
It is necessary to look for the plants under both names to complete a search.
I think the case of Nesom & Baird (1993) to move the nauseosi to Ericameria is strong,
and has been known for a long time; see DeCandolle (1836).
Because of the data problem, an accurate map of Colorado locations is near impossible.
Regardless, the variety appears to be scattered throughout Colorado and adjacent states.
The plant was first collected by Lewis & Clark in 1804 on the Missouri River,
though no more specific place was recorded.
The name was applied by Pursh (1814) from a manuscript by Peter Simon Pallas.
However, we don’t know how or where Pallas might have seen a specimen.
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The species was described by Pursh (1814) from Lewis & Clark collections on the Kooskoosky (Clearwater) River.
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E. flagellaris is the easiest to separate by noting the appressed hairs on the upper parts of the peduncles,
and the presence of long, leafy stoloniferous branches.
E. divergens has hairs spreading downward, lacks the stoloniferous branches, and often has numerous flower heads on the peduncles.
E. tracyi is intermediate between the two others, with hairs spreading in all directions, stoloniferous branches that may be somewhat reduced, and flowers in single heads.
Indeed, there is some thought that E. tracyi is a hybrid between the other two.
“Spreading Fleabane” (Erigeron divergens Torr. & A. Gray) is commonly collected in Golden s.l., on North and South Table Mountains, North Washington Open Space, Heritage Square, &c.
Around Jefferson County, it is distributed mostly along the westen edge of the plains with a few collection in the foothills.
Common around Colorado up to about 10,000 feet elevation.
Thomas Nuttall (1840) first recognized the species as a unique entity but unfortunately applied a name (E. divaricatum) that was previously
used (Michaux, 1803) and therefore not available.
Torrey & Gray (1841) published E. divergens crediting Nuttall with a collection locality and with recognizing the distinct taxon.
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Locations:
Santa Fe River.
Area List: Golden.
Trailing fleabane was first described by Asa Gray (1849) from a collection by Agustus Fendler made in 1847 along Santa Fe River.
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Area List: Golden.
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Gray (1849) in working through the collections of Fendler first recognized it as a distinct taxonomic entity,
though he applied an unavailable name.
Greene (1902) published two names for the same taxon: E. commixtus and E. tracyi,
both collected by S, M. Tracy and F. S. Earle, two days apart in April, 1902.
Since the date of publication was the same, it would seem that the former would have priority by date of collection,
though perhaps we use the latter because it memorializes the collector.
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Locations:
North La Veta Pass.
Area List: Golden.
The name was published by Rydberg (1905) from a collection near La Veta Pass.
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Locations:
Lewis and Clark Pass.
Area List: Golden.
Originally published as Galardia aristata by Pursh (1814) from a Lewis & Clark collection made near Lewis & Clark Pass on 7 July 1806.
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Area List: Golden.
The first recorded collection was by Lewis & Clark in 1804 in Dakota County, Nebraska.
Pursh (1814) described it as Donia squarrosa and Dunal (1819) placed it in Grindelia.
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Grindelia subalpina is very similar to the former (G. squarrosa) and the two may be confused for each other.
The differences are quite subtle and mostly relate to the shape of the leaf margin teeth.
It might be productive to examine vouchers of both species in the herbarium.
The species was separated from G. squarrosa by Greene (1898) for its petiolate and sharply serrate leaves,
and other differences no longer recognized.
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Mostly collected just along the high plains in Jefferson County, it is found in almost every county of Colorado.
It is pretty much ubiquitous across the North American Cordillera from central Kansas west to the eastern Sierra Nevada of California and
south into Baja California.
The plant was first described as Solidago sarothrae by Frederich Pursh (1814) from collections made by the Lewis & Clark expedition (1804)
along the Big Bend of the Missouri River.
Lagasca (1816) proposed the genus name Gutierrezia for a Mexican plant
that will ultimately become the genus name for our plant.
Meanwhile, Nuttall (1818) proposed an entirely different specific epithet for the plant, Brachyris Euthamiae.
Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) recognized that the plant belonged in Gutierrezia though they applied Nuttall's specific name Euthamiae to it.
It was quite some time later that Britton & Rusby (1887) put it all together correctly and published the current name, Gutierrezia sarothrae.
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Area List: Golden.
Various sources disagree on the nativity of H. annuus.
USDA Plants shows it native to the entire United States.
Plants of the World shows it native to westernmost North and Central America, particularly Arizona, California, and Nevada.
Linnaeus (1753), who first described the plant, noted that it was from Peru and Mexico.
The oldest known collection from Colorado was made in 1871 along the Platte River near Denver (COLO93773).
Since neither James (1820), nor Fremont (1840s), nor Parry (1861-1862), collected the plant in Colorado,
it seems unlikely that it is native.
One thing we can be fairly certain of, the plant in its current form with very large flower heads is the result of plant breeding,
and not the native condition.
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Thomas Nuttall collected the type on the “plains of the Lewis River” – the Columbia River – and
intended to give it the name of Helianthus californicus.
However, the name was unavailable having been previously used by DeCandolle (1836) for a collection in California by David Douglas.
Torrey & Gray (1842) applied the name H. nuttallii giving credit to Nuttall for the collection.
An image of the type may be available at JSTOR (https://plants.jstor.org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ph00014119).
However, it is securely locked away behind a paywall.
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Area List: Golden.
Described by Nuttall (1840) from plant he collected on his trip across the continent by the Oregon Trail.
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Collected at Rocky Flats and Chatfield.
Scattered throughout central and western Colorado.
Primarily a Rocky Mountain species, and across southern Nevada to eastern California,
e.g., the author has collected it at Magruder Mountain, Esmeralda County, Nevada.
Described by Nuttall (1848) from a collection by William Gambel in the mountains of Upper California.
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Area List: Golden.
Described by Nuttall (1841) from plants seen on the Rocky Mountain plains, near the banks of the Platte.
Often treated as a variety of H. villosa.
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Area List: Golden.
The plant is not found in the Lewis & Clark herbarium (Moulton, 1999).
Nuttall (1813) published the plant as Sideranthus integrifolius.
However, this name is considered nomen nudum because there was no description.
The first validly published name was by Pursh (1814) as Amellus villosus who stated the plant was found on the Missouri,
but did not cite a collector.
It probably was Nuttall's collection that Pursh described, but since we do not know for sure it could have been a Bradbury collection.
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Locations:
Dale Creek.
Livermore.
Area List: Golden.
Hymenopappus polycephalus was originally described by George Osterhout from specimens he collected from Livermore, Larimer County,
and northward to Dale Creek, and on into Wyoming.
Turner (1956) reduced polycephalus to a variety of Hymenopappus filifolius Hook.
Turner also noted that polycephalus is a tetraploid with n = 34, whereas the most closely linked taxa var. cinereus and
H. tenuifolius are diploids whose natural range may once have overlapped.
Thus, var. polycephalus may be a hybrid between the two.
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The plant was described by Sir William Jackson Hooker (1833) in his Botany of the Northern Parts of British America.
The description is drawn from collections by Drummond in Saskatchawan and Douglas (location not identified).
Hooker also refers to L. resinosa of Nuttall (1818), which is now treated as Liatris spicata var. resinosa
and is primarily an eastern North American species.
It seems odd to me that neither Lewis & Clark, nor Nuttall, nor Bradbury collected Liatris punctata along the Missouri River
in North or South Dakota even though there are collections from those areas.
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Area List: Golden.
The plant was first described as Prenanthes juncea Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 498) from an unattributed dried collection.
It was placed in Lygodesmia D. Don by Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 295).
Superficially Lygodesmia juncea is very similar to Stephanomeria pauciflora.
However, it turns out they are quite distinct, being separated by consistent differences in cotyledon, achene, and pollen morphology
and base chromosome numbers (x = 9 in Lygodesmia; x = 8 in Stephanomeria).
Most keys distinguish between the two with the morphology of the pappus
with Lygodesmia having a pappus of capillary bristles and Stephanomeria a pappus of plumose bristles.
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The plant was first described by Pursh (1814) as Sonchus pulchellus from an unattributed dried specimen.
It has often been treated as a subspecies or variety of Lactuca tatarica, including by our current Colorado authors.
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Area List: Golden.
First described by Pursh (1814) as Troximon marginatum from a collection by John Bradbury in upper Louisiana.
Described again by Nuttall (1818) as Troximon marginatum from his collections on the grassy plains of upper Louisiana.
Since Nuttall and Bradbury traveled together for a lengthy time, they may have collected the plant together.
Placed by Gray (1884) in Microseris § Nothocalais, with a Greek name meaning
notho-, false, and Calaďs, a synonym of Microseris.
Greene (1886) elevated Nothocalais to the rank of genus.
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Area List: Golden.
P. fendleri was described by A. Gray (1849) in his Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae, an account of some of the
plants collected in Santa Fe and surrounding New Mexico by Augustus Fendler, October 1846 to August 1847.
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Area List: Golden.
Packera plattensis was first described by Nuttall (1841) from plants he saw in the Rocky Mountains and in the Arkansa,
though none of his specimens have survived.
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First published by Rydberg (1900) as Senecio tridenticulatus,
it was moved to Packera by Weber & Love (1981).
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Area List: Golden.
First described by Nuttall (1818) as Trichophyllum oppositifolium, which he found
“… on denudated sterile hills, near Fort Mandan; abundant …”
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Area List: Golden.
The plant was first described by Michaux (1803) from plants in northern Canada.
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Our plant was first published as Gnaphalium canescens DC (1837) from dried specimens DeCandolle had seen,
collected by Mendez in Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Area List: Golden.
There are two other collections of P. macounii from Jefferson County, one by the author made at Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space Park,
and the other by E. H. Brunquist in the Filius Park picnic area, near Bergen Park.
Colorado collections are generally scattered on the highest plains and Front Range foothills from Colorado Springs north.
The plant was described by E. L. Greene (1902) from plants collected in British Columbia.
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Around Golden, it is found in very open field, and in many private gardens.
It is easy to grow from seed, yet not particularly invasive.
First collected and described by Thomas Nuttall, the name itself has been controversial because it was published in an unusual way (Fraser, 1813, Catalogue) without clearly identifying the author.
This was discussed by many later botanists, as summarized by Reveal (1968).
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Area List: Golden.
These collections were originally determined S. vulgaris and S. ambrosioides, respectively.
S. ambrosioides Rydb. is a currently treated as a synonym of S. eremophilus var. kingii.
S. vulgaris is a widely scattered weed of Eurasian origin.
In Colorado, it has been mainly collected in the Denver area and the I-25 corridor north.
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Senecio spartioides was described by Torrey and A. Gray (1843) from a
Lt. John Fremont collection.
There is a voucher at New York Botanic Garden (NY233440) that is labeled as the holotype and gives the location as
“Sand bank, Cache Broad Camp, Sweet Water R., Aug. 21”
Fremont's (1845) Report makes no mention of Cache Broad nor does it contain an entry for August 21, 1842.
Welsh (1998, p. 161) lists the location as “vicinity of Jeffrey City”
where the Senecio was collected along with Populus angustifolia and Cleome integrifolia.
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Area List: Golden.
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Described by Linnaeus, habitat described as Virginia and Canada.
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Locations:
Apex Gulch.
Deadman Gulch.
Area List: Golden.
The species was described by William Aiton (1789) in his Hortus Kewensis, a list of plants grown at Kew Gardens,
though this particular plant was grown at the Physick Garden at Chelsea by Philip Miller.
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Area List: Golden.
First described by Thomas Nuttall (1834) from collections made on the upper Missouri River,
the name has stood the test of time.
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Area List: Golden.
This is another Nuttall-described taxon, from his tour across the continent 1834-1836.
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Regardless, in Golden s.l., there are several collections determined S. nemoralis ssp. decemflora from Lookout Mountain,
although the records are a bit of a mess in terms of taxa determinations and georeferencing.
My collections, which may or may not be this species, were made in Apex Park, essentially at the base of Lookout Mountain.
Other collections in Jefferson County were made at Rocky Flats, Golden Gate Canyon State Park, &c.
Colorado specimens are scattered along the Front Range and interior valleys of the southwest quadrant of the state.
The taxon S. decemflora was first recognized by DeCandole (1836) from dried specimens collected
by Berlander in the Mexican province of Texas.
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Area List: Golden.
The taxon was described by Kunth (1818) from an Bonpland and Humboldt collection
made in Santa Rosa, Queretaro (?), Mexico.
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Area List: Golden.
It is certainly possible that the species is present, as there are two other collections from Jefferson County;
one of them by the author at Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space.
A little further afield, there are 88 collections from Colorado concentrated in the foothills north of Colorado Springs.
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Area List: Golden.
Described by Dr. John Torrey (1827) from a collection by Edwin James in 1820.
James' collection was made July 7, 1820 in Jefferson County,
when the party entered South Platte Canyon.
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There is only one collection of “White Heath Aster” — Symphyotrichum ericoides (Linnaeus) G. L. Nesom —
in Golden s.l. and that collection was found beside Cheyenne Street near 4th Street.
The author has also found the plant adventive in planted native gardens.
There are a few other collections around Jefferson County, mostly along the Front Range and in the
intensely-collected locations of Rocky Flats and Chatfield Farms.
Colorado collections are scattered around the state, with the typical concentration
in the urban areas along the Front Range.
The plant was first described by Linnaeus (1753) as Aster ericoides with habitat in North America,
although it is possible to trace references to the plant in the pre-Linnaean literature back to 1702.
Nesom (1994, p. 281) placed the species in Symphyotrichum when he reorganized the Astereae.
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Area List: Golden.
S. falcatum was described by Lindley in Hooker (1840).
Nesom (1994) reorganized the Asters, placing our plant in Symphyotrichum.
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The basionym was published as Aster laevis L. var. Geyeri A. Gray (1884) with little comment.
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Area List: Golden.
Like the preceding, the basionym was published by A. Gray (1884).
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First recognized as a distinct taxon by Porter & Coulter (1874),
whereas the basionym was first published by Gray (1880).
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Pinnately divided leaves with linear to filiform lobes and a unique involucre make this plant easy to identify in the field.
Most floras describe the involucre having two rows of phyllaries, the lowest spreading, and the upper appressed.
However, other sources refer to the lower series as calyculi, and occasionally photos will show them separated from the involucre by a short distance.
First described as Bidens megapotamica by Sprengel (1826) from the Greek megas, "big or great," potamos, "river," in reference to its location on the large rivers of the American west.
Placed in Thelesperma by Kuntze (1898) who only referred to an Argentinian location.
The species has a disjunct distribution between North and South America.
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Area List: Golden.
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Collected by Nuttall (1840) on his expedition to the Oregon Territory.
He gives the location as on the Black Hills near the banks of the [North] Platte.
I think at that time the Black Hills has a more broad definition than at present.
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Area List: Golden.
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This plant was first collected by Lewis & Clark in Lyman County, South Dakota, on the Missouri River,
passing the mouth of the White River (Moulton, 1999).
Nuttall (1813) must have also collected the plant on the Missouri in 1811, but the genus name he applied (Sideranthus) was a nomen nudum.
Thus, the name Pursh (1814) applied, Amellus spinulosus was the first validly published name, and is the basionym.
Gray (1884) recognized Xanthisma but did not place our plant there, instead treating it as Aplopappus spinulosus DC.
DeCandolle (1836) published Haplopappus spinulosus, but not an Aplopappus sp.
Morgan & Hartman (2003) reorganized Macharanthera s.l. and treated our plant as a Xanthisma sp.
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Area List: Golden.
The grass is native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, including Colorado, to the Andes.
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Area List: Golden.
Jefferson County collections cluster around Rocky Flats and Ranson/Edwards in the very north,
and Golden s.l., with one collection at Chatfield Farms.
Found along the Front Range and somewhat out on the eastern plains, with an additional few collections along the southern border of Colorado.
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Area List: Golden.
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Side-oats grama has been collected in several places throughout Golden s. l., from Heritage Square, to North and South Table Mountain, to Windy Saddle Park.
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Locations:
North Table Mountain.
North Washington Open Space.
South Table Mountain.
Area List: Golden.
Buffalo Grass was first collected by Thomas Nuttall on his 1811 trip to the Upper Missouri.
He collected the male or staminate plant, not recognizing that there should have been an female or pistillate plant.
Published in Nuttall's (1818) Genera as Sesleria dactyloides,
it is clear that Nuttall had his doubts, but that was the best fit among the genera of grasses that Nuttall knew.
Rafinesque (1819) jumped on Nuttall's uncertainty, in much the same way he jumped Torrey's uncertainty about our local Cercocapus,
and proposed Bulbilis from Nuttall's note that the root resembled a bulb after flowering.
George Engelmann (1859) recognized that Buffalo Grass has male and female flowers on separate plants,
and thus is termed dioecious, and that a new genus name was needed for it.
Using Greek words for Buffalo (Bubalo) and Grass (chloë), and contracting them together he formed the name Buchloë.
For years I pronounced it Buk-loe, but in using the root words correctly it should probably be pronounced Boo-chloe.
There have been continuing debates whether Buffalo Grass is truly dioecious, or whether it may be monoecious.
I think generally this controversy has faded with the realization that occasionally monoecious plants may be found,
whereas the plant is nearly always dioecious.
More recently phylogenetic studies have repeatedly shown that separating Buchloë from Bouteloua – the grama grasses –
renders Bouteloua paraphyletic.
Since we would really prefer to arrange plant species into monophyletic groups,
we probably should be calling Buffalo Grass Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus.
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Area List: Golden.
First described by Hooker from a collection made by Drummond in Saskatchewan (Hooker, 1840).
Scribner placed it in Calamovilfa as an edit to his 1890 translation of Hackel's Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien.
Calamovilfa was a name used by Gray (1856, p. 548) for a subgenera of Calamagrostis.
Calamo- probably means reed-like, and vilfa is a name used by Adanson (1763) that is now treated as a synonym of Calamagrostis.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
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The name Elymus canadensis L. is one of the few remaining Linnaean names of native grasses.
Linnaeus described the grass from a Petr Kalm collection in Canada.
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Area List: Golden.
Common in Jefferson County, especially noted in intensely collected locations, such as Rocky Flats.
Generally, common throughout Colorado except for the plains in the easternmost part of the state.
First collected on the arid plains of the Missouri River by Thomas Nuttall and described by him in his Genera of North American Plants (1818) as Ćgilops hystrix Nutt.
If that genus sounds familiar, it is because the name of the List B noxious weed “Jointed Goat Grass” is Ćgilops cylindrica Host.
It would be interesting to compare the lemmas (called valves of the corolla) of E. elymoides and Ć. cylindrica side by side.
The other name commonly applied to this grass is Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J. G. Sm. well into the 1960s and 1970s.
Indeed that is the name I learned it by.
Recent phylogenetic work suggests the grass should be placed in Elymus, and the valid name for it there,
Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey,
was published by Swezey (1891).
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
In Jefferson County, there are collections scattered around the county,
including one made by the author at the Buffalo Creek Recreation Area.
Found throughout Colorado, though with fewer collections on the eastern plains.
The first name applied to this grass was Triticum trachycaulus Link,
apparently grown at the Berlin Botanic Garden from seed sent there by a Dr. Richardson.
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Area List: Golden.
The grass is native to the United States and Canada from the eastern seaboard west to Colorado and Arizona.
As the name might imply, Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 84) described the plant habitat as Virginia.
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Originally described as Poa pectinacea by Michaux (1803) from fields in Illinois.
Nees (1841) may have validly published it as Eragrostis pectinacea
but it really looks to me like it took Steudel (1855) to finish the job.
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Area List: Golden.
I first encountered this grass in the Mono Lake basin, Mono County, California.
There it was common on the volcanic sands and former beach strands of Pleistocene Lake Mono,
and in granitic sands on the edges of the basin.
The first valid name for this grass was Stipa hymenoides Roem. & Schult.,
a name that is still in use in California today.
In other floras, the grass was placed in Oryzopsis, and then in Achnatherum.
W may start using Eriocoma Nutt. as the generic name,
because some of the more recent phylogenetic work shows that Achnatherum is best applied to Eurasian grasses,
while the similar New World grasses form a unique clade and should thus have their own name.
The oldest generic name applied to this grass is Eriocoma Nuttall (1818),
a name that Nuttall proposed to this very same grass though he called it E. cuspidata Nutt.
Since the specific epithet hymenoides Roem. & Schult. (1817) has priority over Nuttall's 1818 name,
Eriocoma hymenoides (Roem. & Schult.) Rydb. was proposed by Peterson, et al. (2019).
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Area List: Golden.
Very commonly found along the Front Range in Colorado, with scattered location west of the Continental Divide.
It seems likely that the proposed name of Eriocoma robusta (Vasey) Romasch. will accepted in the future.
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Area List: Golden.
It seems likely that the proposed name of Eriocoma scribneri (Vasey) Romasch. will accepted in the future.
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Area List: Golden.
Generally found from the Front Range foothills west in Colorado, though it it known from all states in the continental United States and
almost all Canadian provinces.
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Area List: Golden.
Credit probably goes to Andre Michaux (1803) for first recognizing H. comata who noted the grass
lives “ … in the rocky mountains from the Hudson to Canada.”
Unfortunately, Michaux applied Stipa juncea to this grass, a name that Linnaeus had already applied to a grass occurring in Switzerland and France.
Pursh (1814) also applied S. juncea to a Lewis & Clark collection made July 8, 1806, made “ … Valleys of the Missouri in the Rocky Mountains.”
Nuttall (1818) also applied S. juncea to his collections on the grassy plains of the Missouri.
It was not until Trinius & Ruprect (1842) that the grass was recognized as its own species.
Barkworth (1993) described Hesperostipa as a North American endemic that is distinct from the Eurasian Stipa s. s.
and more closely allied to the South American genera of Piptochaetium and Nassella.
There is another Hesperostipa, H. spartea (Trin.) Barkworth, that has been found in northernmost Jefferson County,
at Rocky Flats and Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space Park.
Both of those locations are a thousand feet higher than Golden s.l. and the grass has been found in open grasslands,
a vegetation type that is not common locally.
This grass is not as common, and has a slightly more restricted natural range, not found in the far west.
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Area List: Golden.
The name was published in 1936 in Sergei Nevski, a Russian botanist who worked at the Main Botanical Garden in Leningrad.
Most collections before that time were originally determined Hordeum nodosum L.
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Area List: Golden.
Linnaeus (1753) described this grass from a collection made in Canada by Pehr Kalm.
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It is, of course, a well-known, easy-to-recognize, common grass around Golden s.l..
There are eight collections, from North and South Table Mountains, and many of the smaller open spaces.
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Area List: Golden.
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Locations:
Tsegi Canyon.
Area List: Golden.
In Colorado in general, collections in Colorado tend to be at mid-elevations, and concentrated in the San Juan Mountains.
Around the North America, the plant is found in the southwest United States,
south of 45° and west of 104.5°.
The plant was first described as Calamagrostis andina Nutt. from a collection in 1841 by William Gambel.
Nuttall (1848b) describes the location as “… on the Colorado of the West ...”
Gambel's proximity to the Colorado (River) would have been on this travels along the Old Spanish Trail with the Rowland-Workman party.
The most likely locality of that collection, based upon proximity to the Colorado (River), the Old Spanish Trail, and existing georeferenced
collections of Muhlenbergia andina would be Tsegi Canyon, Navajo County, Arizona.
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Area List: Golden.
The author has collected it on the western shores of Mono Lake.
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First collected by William Gambel near Santa Fe, New Mexico in August, 1841,
Nuttall (1848) described Gambel's plants and published the name in a new genus Calycodon.
In selecting a new genus for the grass, Nuttall (1848) noted the similarity to Muhlenbergia,
but the distinct glumes led him to propose a new genus.
Hitchcock (1920) placed C. montanum in Muhlenbergia.
The grass is sparingly distributed around Jefferson County,
primarily at the higher-elevation, well-studied locations such as Rocky Flats and Ranson/Edwards.
It is not reported for Chatfield, another well-studied site, but at a lower elevation.
Muhlenbergia montana grows on rocky slopes and ridge tops and in dry meadows and open grasslands, at elevations of 1400-3500 m.
Its range extends from the western United States to Guatemala,
but seems to be chiefly limited to central portion of the Rocky Mountains and the Colorado Plateau.
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Area List: Golden.
Originally named Agrostis racemosa by Andre Michaux (1803) with the location described as
“… on the gravelly inundated bank along the whole of the Mississipi river.”
Britton et al. (1888) published Muhlenbergia racemosa without discussion or comment.
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Area List: Golden.
Collections of M. wrightii in Jefferson County are in high plains below the Front Range,
including Rocky Flats and Ranson/Edwards, but not Chatfield Farms.
Beyond Jefferson County, there are a few scattered collections throughout Colorado.
The grass is native to Arizona, Colorado, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.
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Area List: Golden.
First described by Nuttall (1818) from a collection of his on
“ ... arid plains near the ‘Grand Detour’ of the Missouri, almost exclusively covering thousands of acres …”
Named Monroa squarrosa Torrey (1859), which is treated an a orthographic variant.
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
The name was applied by Linnaeus (1753) from known locations of Virginia and Jamaica.
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First published as Agropyron smithii Rydb. as a segregate from A. spicatum,
which by Rydberg's comments may have been somewhat muddled.
Love (1980a and 1980b) proposed a new monotypic genus Pascopyrum and placed P. smithii there,
presumably because of the unusually large chromosome number (2n=56) that he also published.
The Jepson Manual of California treats this grass as Elymus smithii (Rydb.) Gould noting that it is likely
a polyploid hybrid of E. lanceolatus and E. triticoides (Smith, 2012).
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Area List: Golden.
George Vasey (1893) described P. arida from type specimen he collected at Socorro, New Mexico, in 1881.
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Area List: Golden.
First recognized by Steudel (1855) who cited a collection by Fendler as Eragrostis fendleri.
Placed in Poa by Vasey (1893a).
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Area List: Golden.
It was named by Linnaeus (1759) with no locality given.
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Area List: Golden.
The name Poa secunda was applied by Jan Presl who cited the mountains of Chile as the locality.
Sandberg Bluegrass is a New World species, native to northwestern North America (including Colorado)
and from southern South America, i.e., Chile and Argentina.
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Locations:
Mount Carbon.
Area List: Golden.
Named by George Vasey (1888) from a collection by Prof. S. M. Tracy near Raton, New Mexico.
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Other collections in Jefferson County are at Chatfield Farms and the lower Beaver Brook watershed.
About 400 collections of this grass in Colorado, from the foothills of the Front Range to the west,
with many collections along the Colorado River from Granby down to Dotsero.
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Area List: Golden.
Reports that the grass is often a conspicuous feature of deserted towns in films of the American West are overblown (pun fully intended!).
That plant is usually the tumbleweed (Salsola tragus L.).
Recent phylogenetic work shows that S. paniculatus is deeply embedded within Muhlenbergia and
we should probably be calling it Muhlenbergia paniculata (Nutt.) R.M. Peterson.
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Area List: Golden.
First described as Andropogon scoparium by Michaux (1803) from plants in dry Carolina forests.
George V. Nash, writing in Small and Rydberg (1913) moved it to Schizachyrium, applying a common name of “Broom Grass.”
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Area List: Golden.
First named Andropogon nutans by Linnaeus (1753) from descriptions of plants with habitat in Virginia and Jamaica,
who applied the specific epithet of nutans because of the drooping habit of the panicle,
it was moved to Sorghastrum nutans by Nash, writing in Small and Rydberg (1913).
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Area List: Golden.
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Area List: Golden.
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First collected by Edwin James, M.D., on the Canadian River, and described by John Torrey (1824) as Agrostis cryptandra Torr.
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Area List: Golden.
The grass has not been collected in Golden s.l., though it has been collected numerous times
at Rocky Flats and Ranson/Edwards in northernmost Jefferson County, Colorado.
It has also been found in clusters around Colorado Springs, and Soapstone Prairie Natural Prairie at the Wyoming Border.
Collections in Wyoming have been on the edges of the Black Hills at the South Dakota border.
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Area List: Golden.
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The name was published by Weigand (1900) as a segregate from J. secundus Poir.
The type is from Richmond, Illinois, though Weigand also cited an 1897 Aven Nelson collection from the Encampment River, Wyoming.
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Area List: Golden.
Leucocrinum montanum is sometimes called “Sand Lily.”
This is a misnomer.
L. montanum really is not a plant of sandy sites.
Instead, it grows in rocks, gravel, and rocky soil.
Additionally, there are other “lilies” that definitely are found only in sand,
and the common name “sand lily” should be reserved for them.
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Area List: Golden.
First collected by Thomas Nuttall (1813) on his 1811 expedition up the Missouri River.
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Death Camas — Zigadenus or Toxicoscordion — in Colorado is a bit of a mess.
First there is the question of applying the correct genus.
Our most recent Colorado author (Ackerfield, 2015) and FNANM (Vol. 26, 2003) apply Zigadenus Michx.
On the other hand, the penultimate Colorado authors (Weber & Wittman, 2012) apply Toxicoscordion
and the most recent molecular investigations supported by morphological characters support separation of the western Toxicoscordion
from the southeastern Zigadenus glaberrimus (Kim, et al., 2016 and Zomlefer, et al., 2006).
In particular Zigadenus glaberrimus has a rhizome, whereas all the Toxicoscordion have a bulb.
Within the western Toxicoscordion, three taxa relevant to Golden s.l.: T. paniculatum, and T. venenosum,
and T. gramineum that is usually treated as a variety of one of the other two.
Ackerfield (2015) accepts paniculatus as Zigadenus paniculatus and places venenosus and gramineus as varieties.
then Z. paniculatus var venenosus is not treated in Flora of Colorado because it only occurs west of Colorado.
Meanwhile Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept Toxiscordion venenosum and treat T. paniculatum and T. gramineum as synonyms thereof.
Therefore any Death Camas under Zigadenus collected in Colorado and identified with Ackerfield (2015) would be treated as
Z. paniculatus, variety paniculatus or gramineus.
On the other hand, Death Camas collected in Colorado and identified with Weber & Wittman (2012) will be Toxiscordion venenosum.
T. gramineum and T paniculatum are treated as synonyms.
This is somewhat similar to Eriogonum arcuatum and E. flavum in which the name applied can be determined by the date of collection.
Like the Wild Buckwheat, I suspect the name confusion in Death Camas names is carried over into herbarium specimens and their data bases,
as seen on SEINet.
So, I think in the short run the best name to apply is Toxicoscordion because of current phylogenetic thought,
and the specific epithet of paniculatum because venenosum only occurs west of Colorado.
As much as I would like to apply the varietal name gramineum, I don't think that is a good idea,
because so many of the Golden s.l. collections were never determined to variety.
The remaining three Zigadenus cited in Ackerfield (2015) would be placed in Anticlea Kunth, i.e.,
Anticlea elegans (Pursh) Rydberg, A. vaginata Rydberg, and A. virescens (Kunth) Rydberg
(Zomlefer and Judd, 2002).
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Area List: Golden.
The plant was first described by Thomas Nuttall (1834a) from a collection made by Nathaniel Wyeth on his return from Oregon Territory.
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Area List: Golden.
The name Allium textile A. Nelson & J. F. Macbr. was published in 1913, because the name in use for this entity, A. reticulatum Fraser, was illegitimate. SEINet contains 169 collections of A. textile that were made before that date. The names applied are mostly A. reticulatum Fraser, nom. illeg., A. aridus (=A. textile), and A. nuttallii (=A. drummondii).
Date and time this article was prepared:
4/29/2022 4:01:01 PM
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