Golden, Colorado sits in a valley formed by erosion along the Golden fault, the geotectonic boundary between the North American Cordillera and the Great Plains. Somewhat like Mono Lake, for which I have also prepared a checklist flora, it sits at a boundary, or perhaps ecotone. Things are always more interesting at the boundaries. I started this project when I realized no such list had been prepared for my newly adopted city. I hope you find this checklist flora helpful. Please write to me if you have questions or comments.
Lichen stand types.
Areas of bare rock from steep lava cliffs to the conical peaks on the mesa surface.
Grasslands
Short-grass grassland. Bouteloua gracilis, Bromus tectorum,
with Alyssum parviflorum, and Opuntia sp., Echinocereus viridiflorus,
Escobaria missouriensis,
Escobaria vivipara var. vivipara.
Also Hesperostipa comata (Syn: Stipa c.), and Yucca glauca.
Some short shrubs of Chrysothamnus nauseosus ssp. graveolens,
Prunus virginiana (Syn: Padus v.),
Rhus aromatica ssp. trilobata.
Celtis reticulata at edge of mesa.
Traditionally dominated by Bouteloua gracilis and Buchloe dactyloides,
but now dominated by Bromus tectorum.
Grassland type. Bromus tectorum and Alyssum simplex (Syn: A. minus.
Occasional Achnatherum scribneri (Syn: Stipa s.) and
Andropogon gerardii.
Mixed-grass stand types.
Dominated by Bromus tectorum and Agropyron sp. (Elymus sp. ?),
with Buchloe dactyloides, and Alyssum alyssoides, Eriogonum umbellatum Torr.,
Heterotheca villosa, Opuntia compressa, Yucca glauca,
and Ericameria nauseosa (Syn: Chrysothamnus nauseosus).
West, south, and east exposures.
Mixed-grass grassland.
Stipa comata, Pascopyrum smithii, Bouteloua gracilis,
Bromus tectorum, with Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua curtipendula,
Aristida purpurea,
and Nassella viridula, with a large number of forbs.
Mesa slopes and toe areas of STM.
RM Aspen Forest and Woodland
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RM Cliff, Canyon and Massive Bedrock
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RM Dry-Mesic and Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest and Woodland
Series determination requires more data collection.
Upland shrubland. Cercoparpus montanus, with sparse cover of Bromus tectorum
intermixed with Hesperostipa comata (Syn: Stipa c.),
Yucca glauca, and many cacti.
Ravine shrubland. Skunkbush, chokecherry and Prunus americana, in dense thickets.
Few plains cottonwoods and Salix
amygdaloides
Mixed shrub stand types.
Rhus [aromatica] ssp. trilobata, Ribes cereum Dougl.,
Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Cercocarpus montanus,
Prunus virginiana L., Prunus americana Marsh. Acer glabrum in dense patches.
Mostly north exposures.
Shrubland type.
Mountain mahogany community.
Cercocarpus montanus with an understory of
Alyssum alysoides, Bromus tectorum,
Agropyron cristatum (Syn: A. desertorum),
Eriogonum umbellatum, etc.
Pure shrub stand types. Cercocarpus montanus, with Bromus tectorum,
Alyssum alyssoides, and Eriogonum
umbellatum.
Grassland-shrub type.
Common foothills species: Symphoricarpos occidentalis, Prunus americana,
Rhus trilobata, and Ribes cereum.
Grasses are Poa pratensis, Bromus tectorum,
and Elymus trachycaulus (Syn: Agropyron trachycaulum).
Also Cercoparpus montanus,
Symphoricarpos rotundifolius (Syn: S. oreophilus),
Prunus virginiana melanocarpa, Rosa arkansana, Physocarpus monogynus,
and Ribes aureum.
Shrub cover within grassland matrix is significant, but less than 50%.
Shrub-grass stand types.
Shrubs of Crataegus succulenta (Syn: C. erythropoda),
Rosa sp., Rhus trilobata,
Prunus virginiana, Prunus americana, Celtus reticulata,
and Ribes cereum, with Agropyron sp. (Syn: Elymus sp. ?),
Bromus tectorum,
Achnatherum hymenoides (Syn: Oryzopsis h.,
and Alyssum alyssoides.
Patches of shrubs in mixed grass-forb areas.
NA Arid West Emergent Marsh
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Wetlands. Cottonwoods and willows, with Carex spp., and Juncus spp.,
and a variety of grasses and forbs. Patches of Typha spp..
Hydrology alteration.
Riparian (streamside) stand types. Salix exigua, Populus sargentii,
Eleocharis macrostachya, Scirpus lacustris L., and
Mentha spicata L.
Woodland type.
Mountain maple community.
Dense community of small Acer glabrum just below cliffs or in ravines
with a dense understory of mixed shrub. North and east slopes.
Cottonwood woodland community.
Scattered cottonwoods
(Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Syn: P. sargentii), and P. angustifolia)
along permanent and intermittent streams.
In Big Ravine, Acer negundo, Salix exigua, and S. amygdaloides also occur.
Other shrubs also form a dense understory.
Juniper Savannah community.
Juniperus scopulorum with an understory of typical grassland.
Woodland stand types. Juniperus scopulorum, with Bromus tectorum.
WGP (Western Great Plains) Cliff, Outcrop, and Shale Barrens
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WGP (Western Great Plains) Closed Depression Wetland
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WGP (Western Great Plains) Foothill and Piedmont Grassland
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WGP (Western Great Plains) Riparian Woodland, Shrubland and Herbaceous
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WGP (Western Great Plains) Shortgrass Prairie
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Disturbed/reclaimed
Developed
Notes:
[R3C3]Stipa comata grassland of 30-60 acres near western rim of mountain, may be partly due to effects of the 1988 fire.
Recognized Ecological Systems
Ecological Systems Recognized by the Colorado Natural Heritage System
Ecological systems are dynamic assemblages or complexes of plant and/or animal communities that 1) occur together on the landscape; 2) are tied together by similar ecological processes, underlying abiotic environmental factors or gradients; and 3) form a readily identifiable unit on the ground. These systems provide a coarser level unit than plant associations and alliances as defined under the International Vegetation Classification standard, and are more easily identified on the ground.
The descriptions and summarized viability guidelines presented here are intended to serve as a tool for conservation and management planning by providing a context for conservation and management (i.e., what systems do we have in Colorado), and by providing easy access to ranking and evaluation criteria for key ecological attributes of each system (i.e., what is the condition of our systems).
System descriptions and viability guidelines are based on materials compiled by NatureServe or developed by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program. Funding for the development of these documents was provided in part by the Bureau of Land Management, The Nature Conservancy, and the USDA Forest Service
(CNHP, 2005).
The Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project (SWReGAP) was a mapping and assessment of biodiversity for the five-state region encompassing Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. The area comprises approximately 150 million hectares (560,000 square miles) representing 1/5 the coterminous United States. The primary objective of the project was to use a coordinated approach to create detailed, seamless maps of the land cover, habitat for native terrestrial vertebrate species, land stewardship, and management status for the Southwest region. This information was analyzed to identify animal species habitats and natural land cover types that are underrepresented on land managed for their long term conservation. SWReGAP was a multi-institutional effort with scientists based in all five southwest states.
USNVC -- United States National Vegetation Classification
The U.S. National Vegetation Classification is supported by a formal partnership between the federal agencies, the Ecological Society of America (ESA), and NatureServe, working through the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) Vegetation Subcommittee. Primary signators include the U.S. Forest Service (which chairs the subcommittee), ESA, NatureServe, and the U.S. Geological Survey Core Science Systems (USGS/CSS). Together we are committed to supporting the implementation and maintenance of the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) Standard (FGDC 2008).
The overall objective of the Vegetation and Information Standards is to support the use of a consistent national vegetation classification system (NVCS) to produce uniform statistics in vegetation resources from vegetation cover data at the national level. It is important that, as agencies map or inventory vegetated Earth cover, they collect enough data accurately and precisely to translate it for national reporting, aggregation, and comparisons. Adoption of the Vegetation Classification and Information Standards in subsequent development and application of vegetation mapping schemes will facilitate the compilation of regional and national summaries. In turn, the consistent collection of such information will eventually support the detailed, quantitative, geo-referenced basis for vegetation cover modeling, mapping, and analysis at the field level.
Mentzelia (s.l.)
represented by collections in Jefferson County, Colorado
Section Bartonia
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray (Syn: M.
speciosa Osterhout., Nuttallia multiflora (Nutt.) Greene, N.
speciosa (Osterh.) Greene, N. sinuata Rydb.)
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) A. Gray var.
multiflora
Nuttallia multiflora (Nuttall) Greene (Incl: N.
sinuata, N. speciosa)
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray
Mentzelia multiflora (Nutt.) Gray
M. multiflora (Nutt.) Gray
Mentzelia sinuata (Rydb.) R. J. Hill
Mentzelia speciosa Osterh.
Mentzelia speciosa Osterh.
Mentzelia sinuata (Rydb.) R. J. Hill
Mentzelia speciosa Osterh.
Mentzelia speciosa Osterhout
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) T. & G. (Syn: Nuttallia nuda
(Pursh) Greene)
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray
Nuttallia nuda (Pursh) Greene
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray
Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray
M. nuda (Pursh) Torr. & Gray
Section Trachyphytum
Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl ex Hook.
Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex Torr. & A.
Gray
Acrolasia albicaulis (Douglas) Rydberg
Mentzelia albicaulis (Douglas ex Hook.) Douglas ex
Torr. & A. Gray (Syn: M. montana (Davidson) Davidson)
M. albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray
M. albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray
Not recognized
Mentzelia montana (Davids.) Davids.
Not recognized
M. montana (Davidson) Davidson
M. montana (Davidson) Davidsona
Mentzelia dispersa Wats.
Mentzelia dispersa S. Watsonb
Acrolasia dispersa (S. Watson) Davidson
Mentzelia dispersa S. Watson
M. dispersa S. Wats.
M. dispersa S. Wats.
Harrington, H. D. 1954. Manual of the plants of Colorado. Denver, CO.:
Sage Books., 1954.
Snow, Neil. 2009. Checklist of Vascular Plants of the Southern Rocky
Mountain Region (Version 3). 316 p.
Weber, William A., and Ronald C. Wittmann. 2012. Colorado Flora:
Eastern Slope. 4th Edition. Boulder, Colorado: University Press of
Colorado, 2012.
Ackerfield, Jennifer. 2015. The Flora of Colorado.
Fort Worth, TX. Botanical Research Institute of Texas.
Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+.
Flora of North America North of Mexico. 16+. New York and Oxford.
Published on the Internet; http://www.efloras.org/ (accessed 2013 through 2019)
Source: Southwest Environmental Information Network, SEINet. 2014.
http//:swbiodiversity.org/seinet/index.php. Accessed on September 04,
2014.
Notes:
bMentzelia dispersa S. Watson. Snow (2009) follows
Dorn (2001) in not recognizing varieties in our region.
aMentzelia montana (Davidson) Davidson is
represented by two collections made by
George E. Osterhout with Ira W. Clokey, Osterhout's #3095 (RM95508) and
#5741 (RM162001).
The collections were made 22 June 1918 and the locality is Morrison,
Jefferson County, Colorado.
Authors for Symphoricarpos in FNANM are: Applequist, Wendy L./wendy.applequist at mobot.org and Bell, Charles D./valerianaceae1969 at gmail.com. Caprifoliaceae will be contained in Volume 18, which, as of this date, 3 August 2014, is under production.
Hortus Elthamensis, seu Plantarum rariorum,
quas in horto suo Elthami in Cantio coluit ... Jacobus Sherard ... Guilielmi ... frater delineationes et descriptiones
Dillenius was born at Darmstadt and was educated at the University of Giessen, earlier the family name had been changed from Dillen to Dillenius. In 1721, at the instance of the botanist William Sherard, he moved to England. In 1734 Dillenius was appointed Sherardian professor of botany at Oxford, in accordance with the will of Sherard, who at his death in 1728 left the university £3000 for the endowment of the chair, as well as his library and herbarium, all on the condition that Dillenius should be appointed the first professor.
In 1732 he published Hortus Elthamensis, a catalogue of the rare plants growing at Eltham, London, in the collection of Sherard's younger brother, James (1666—1738), who, after making a fortune as an apothecary, devoted himself to gardening and music. For this work Dillenius himself executed 324 plates; it was described by Linnaeus, who spent a month with him at Oxford in 1736, and afterwards dedicated his Critica Botanica to him, as opus botanicum quo absolutius mundus non vidit, "a botanical work of which the world has not seen one more authoritative". Further, Linnaeus would later name a genus of tropical tree Dillenia in his honor.
In the section on Symphyotrichum ericoides refers to the work of Paul Herman, Prodromus of Dutch Flowers,
perhaps published posthumously, as follows:
Ab Aftere Novae Angliaw Linariae folio, Chamaemeli floribus, Hermannus Par. Bat. p. 95. …
This appears to refer to:
D. Pauli Hermanni Florae Batavae flores, Ejusdem Paradisi Batavi Prodromus; & tendem post idsius obitum Paradisus ipsa :
That I found in: Joannis Raii (John Ray) … 1704 … Historiae plantarum: tomus tertius … : accessit Historia Stirpium ins. Luzonis & reliquarum Philippinarum a R. P. Gee. Jos. Camello … S. J. conscripta : item D. Jos. Pitton Tournefort … Grollarium institutionum rei herbariae
Jan Frederik Gronovius (also seen as Johann Frederik and Johannes Fredericus) (10 February 1690 in Leiden – 10 July 1762 in Leiden) was a Dutch botanist notable as a patron of Linnaeus.
John Clayton, a plant collector in Virginia sent him many specimens, as well as manuscript descriptions, in the 1730s. Without Clayton's knowledge, Gronovius used the material in his Flora Virginica (1739–43, 2nd ed. 1762).
He was the son of Jakob Gronovius and grandson of Johann Friedrich Gronovius, both classical scholars. In 1719, he married Margaretha Christina Trigland, who died in 1726, and Johanna Susanna Alensoon in 1729. His son Laurens Theodoor Gronovius (1730–1777) was also a botanist.
Adriaan van Royen (11 November 1704 in Leiden – 28 February 1779 in Leiden) was a Dutch botanist. He was a professor at Leiden University and is associated with Carl Linnaeus.
He is best known for his work on flora of Southeast Asia. Adriaan van Royen formed a close relationship with Linnaeus, who had visited the Leiden Botanic Garden during a stay in Leiden between 1737 and 1738.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1728.
Thomas Walter (1740-1789) was a British-born American botanist.
He is best known for his book Flora Caroliniana (1788), an early yet fairly complete catalog of the flowering plants of South Carolina.
Abbreviation
Full Title
Availability Online
Fl. Carol.
Flora caroliniana : secundum systema vegetabilium perillustris Linnaei digesta; characteres essentiales naturalesve et differentias veras exhibens; cum emendationibus numerosis: descriptionum antea evulgatarum: adumbrationes stirpium plus mille continens: necnon, generibus novis non paucis, speciebus plurimis novisq. ornata
Joseph Gaertner (1732 – 1791) was a German botanist, best known for his work on seeds, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (1788-1792).
He was born in Calw, and studied in Göttingen under Albrecht von Haller.
He was primarily a naturalist, but also worked at physics and zoology.
He travelled extensively to visit other naturalists.
He was professor of anatomy in Tübingen in 1760,
and was appointed professor of botany at St Petersburg in 1768,
but returned to Calw in 1770.
Much of his productive work involved hybridization of plants and
expression of traits in progeny.
Abbreviation
Full Title
Availability Online
Fruct. Sem.
De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum: accedunt seminum centuriae quinque priores cum tabulis Aeneis LXXIX.
Gaertner (1791) appears here because of his publication of Troximon.
Today we treat Troximon as a synonym of Krigia Schreb.
and the published names in Troximon have been dispersed primarily to Agoseris
with one to Krigia and two to Nothocalais.
Krigia biflora (Walter) S. F. Blake “Two-Flower Dwarf Dandelion” is found in Colorado,
including one collection near Deckers in southwest Jefferson County.
Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene “Prairie False Dandelion” is common around Golden s.l.
Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana
Fraser's Cat.
Fraser catal.
Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected in Upper Louisiana and Principally on the River Missouri,
North America, for Sale at Messrs. Fraser's Nursery for Curious American Plants, Sloane, Square, King's Road, Chelsea, [London 1813]
A reprint is available at URL: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/52475#page/119/
Remarks the International Plant Names Index (accessed 16 August 2020):
Originally distributed by Messrs. Fraser’s Nursery for Curious American Plants and was referred to as Frasers’ catalogues.
Reprinted in: Pittonia. 2: 114-119. 1890.
Although Nuttall is not cited as the author, he has been generally accepted as the author (see St. Louis Code Art. 46 Ex. 26).
Regarding the precise date of publ.: a reference to this Cat. Is made in Bot. Mag. Ad t. 1574. 1 Aug 1813.
For several names in the supplement and addenda et corrigenda portions,
Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 727-751. Dec 1813) referred to Fraser's Catalogue, e.g, pp. 728, 729, 750.
For the validly and invalidly published names in this Catalogue, see: J. L. Reveal, Rhodora 70: 25-54. 1968.
Multiple authors have considered the names published in Fraser's 1813 Catalogue,
the author of the names, and the legitimacy of the names.
One recent such paper was Reveal (1968) “On the Names in Fraser's 1813 Calalogue.”
Original copies of Fraser's Catalogue are quite rare,
leading Greene (1890) to republish.
Reveal acknowledges that Greene essentially accurately reprinted the catalogue.
One change that Greene acknowledges was the addition “[ By T. Nuttall. ]” to the title page,
which he says Nuttall wrote in ink on the original.
Possibly among other taxa, the legitimacy of the names in Fraser's Catalogue is important for our
Priairie Coneflower Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.
Reveal (1968) thought the author must have been Nuttall, referring to several other papers on the question.
…
The interested reader on this subject is invited to refer to the series of arguments presented by
Shinners (1949, 1955, 1956) for Nuttall not being the author and the Catalogue as an invalid source of publication;
Graustein's (1956) contentions that Nuttall was the author but that he considered the species not validly
published because of an agreement with his sponsor,
Benjamin Smith Barton of Philadelphia, not to publish any new species without Barton's consent;
and Cronquist, Keck, and Maguire (1956) who believe that Nuttall was the author and that the Catalogue is a valid place of publication.
It has been common knowledge that Nuttall was at least
associated with the names found in the Catalogue. Pennell
(1936) and Graustein (1967) point out that he was in
England and associated with the Fraser Brothers' Nursery
at the time of publication. From Nuttall's two subsequent
publications (1817, 1818) which followed shortly after the
Catalogue, we know that he considered at least some of the
names as his own.
Several of the early authors attributed the names in the Catalogue to Nuttall,
and they certainly could have asked Nuttall if they had any doubt as who the author was.
Pennell (1936) gives the impression that Nuttall was a rather shy and inhibited person.
It would seem out of character for a man of such temperament to assume
responsibility for the names in Fraser's Catalogue if he
was not in any way responsible for them. It is inconceivable
to me that someone else could have assigned names to Nuttall's
own collection without Nuttall stating this fact later.
If Nuttall was not associated with the entities, why should
he later accept some of them as his unless he actually had
given the names to the Fraser Brothers, helped someone
who was employed by them to prepare the Catalogue, or
perhaps have written the text himself. It should be noted
here, however, that I do not say that Nuttall was the author
of the paper, although Greene (1890) suggests this after
seeing the copy of the Catalogue in Philadephia. What I do
contend is that Nuttall is the author of the names in the
paper, and thus, as provided by the International Code
(1966), the species should be cited as "Nutt. In Fras."
Shinners (1956) goes to great length to show that several
of the names in Fraser's Catalogue were not claimed by
Nuttall in his later publications, and while this is true, I
suspect that it was for reasons other than those given by
Shinners. Some species were found to have been adequately
described between 1813 and 1818 with names acceptable to
Nuttall, but for those that were not, he used his own names
that he had published in the Fraser's Catalogue. Nuttall
occasionally cited only "Frasers Catalogue" and did not
give himself credit for the name. Shinners uses this argument
to show that Nuttall was not the author. The species
with which I am most familiar that was published in the
Catalogue is Eriogonum flavum.
The name is credited to “Fras. Catal. 1813” and not starred as a new species in Nuttall's 1818 book,
The Genera of North American Plants, and for this reason,
Shinners suggested that Nuttall did not consider this ispecies as his.
Nothing is further from
the truth. In a detailed paper on this species in particular,
and the genus Eriogonum in general, which Nuttall published in 1817,
he makes a point of stating that he published the name E. flavum in Eraser's Catalogue.
The reason why Nuttall simply stated “Fras. Catal. 1813.” instead of “T. N. in Fras. Catal. 1813.,”
as he sometimes did, was probably to save space.
To say that Nuttall was not the author of Fraser's Catalogue I believe is on more tenuous bases than
to say that he was indeed the sole author.
As no one else has come along to claim authorship of the species published
in the list, this, I believe, proves the point that only Nuttall could have given the names to his own collection.
The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature
(1966) states in Article 34 that "A name is not validly
published … when it is not accepted by the author who published it …"
As Nuttall did not specifically reject the
names in the Catalogue, they must be considered as published.
The arguments put forth by Graustein (1956) are
immaterial. She states that under the terms of a contract,
Nuttall's journals and observations became the exclusive
property of Barton, and Nuttall was not supposed to do
anything else but what was specifically stated in the con-
tract. Thus, Graustein believes that Nuttall could not legally
publish any new species in Fraser's Catalogue, for if he
did, he would be breaking the terms of the contract. How-
ever, as McKelvey (1955) has pointed out, Nuttall's mere
presence with the Overland Astorians as they ascended the
Missouri River was breaking his contract with Barton, as
was the shipping of his plants to England instead of Philadelphia.
Certainly one more step in the breaking of the
contract by publishing his findings would not be totally surprising.
Reveal (1968) then goes on to review each name published in Fraser's 1813 Catalogue,
rendering an opinion about their validity.
Pursh (1814-16) is an often cited reference for taxa found in Golden s.l.
Abbreviation
Full Title
Availability Online
Fl. Sept. Americ. Pursh Fl. Sept. Americ.
Pursh, Frederick. 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis; or, A Systematic Arrangement and Description of the Plants of North America. 2 vols. London: White, Cochrane, and Co., 1814.
URL: https://biodiversitylibrary.org/item/1987
There are forty-four taxa named by Pursh that are known to occur in Golden s.l..
Juniperus communis var. depressa Pursh. Common juniper
Rafinesque (1818) had the following to say in his review of Pursh (1814) Flora Americae Septentrionalis.
Original Text
…
We have abundant proofs that [Pursh] has introduced many new species,
not discovered by, nor belonging to himself,
and without the leave of the owners.
Mr. Bradbury, for instance,
has loudly complained to us, against him,
for having so many of his new plants collected in the Missouri,
without his permission,
which he meant to publish them himself ;
but the blame, if any,
appears to lay with those friends who put the plants into the hands of Mr. Pursh,
since the author of a general Flora is perfectly at liberty
to avail himself of all the materials which come to his knowledge,
and ought rather to be blamed for omitting them than otherwise.
It is advisable therefor for the discoverers of new plants to publish them speedily themselves,
or keep them out of sight, and buried, as misers do their gold.
Many new plants are stated by Mr. P. to grow on the Mississippi and Missouri,
without reference to their discoverers,
and as he never was there himself,
it is to be presumed they were collected by Mess. Lewis or Nuttall,
and probably the latter ;
the circumstance from which they were derived is illiberal and disingenuous.
…
After all, let no one suppose that we despise the labours of Mr. P :
far from it.
Few can value them more than we do ;
we shal at all times be happy to give credit to any botanist for his real personal exertions :
for such, and for the compilation of his Flora,
Mr. Pursh does really deserve our thanks,
notwithstanding so many errors and omissions.
We therefore with him complete success in his future labours,
and particularly in the completion of a Flora Canadensis,
which we understand he has lately undertaken on the spot.
Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Tumblegrass, as Lepturus paniculatus.
Nuttall types published elsewhere.
Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb., published in Fraser (1813) as Malva coccinea.
Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. Tufted Evening Primrose, published in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue.
Monarda pectinata Nutt. “Plains Beebalm”, published in 1848, Plants Collected by Gambel.
Physalis longifolia Nutt. “Longleaf Groundcherry,” published in 1834, Flora of Arkansas
Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) D. Dietr. “Steppe Goat-Chicory,” published in 1841 as Troximon parviflorum
Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. “Small-Leaf Pussytoes.” published in 1841.
Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Golden Tickseed, published in Arkansa report, 1821.
Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Largeflower Hawksbeard, published in report of plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth, 1834a
Helianthus pumilus Nutt. Little Sunflower. Published in 1841.
Heliomeris multiflora Nutt. Showy Golden Eye. Published in 1841.
Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. (Syn: Rudbeckia columnifera Nutt.) “Upright Prairie Coneflower.”
Published in Fraser (1813) Catalogue, with the name attributed to Nuttall.
Senecio plattensis Nutt. =Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve, published in Nuttall (1841).
Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod, published in report of plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth, 1834a.
Solidago nana Nutt. Baby Goldenrod, published in Nuttall (1841).
Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. Ex A. Gray. Star Lily, published by Gray (1848).
Aristida purpurea Nutt. Purple Threeawn, published in Nuttall (1834) account of his trip to the Arkansa Territory.
Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. Mountain Muhly, published as Calycodon montanus
by Nuttall in his 1848 account of the collections by Gambel.
Nuttall (1821) describes his nearly disastrous exploration of the Arkansas River in 1818-1820.
Abbreviation
Full Title
Availability Online
J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2: (1821).
A Description of some new species of Plants, recently introduced into the gardens of Philadelphia, from the Arkansa territory.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 2:
Although purporting to be 16th edition Linnaeus' Systema vegetabilium, this work must be attributed to Sprengel.
In fact this should count as the 17th edition, as the real 16th edition that of Roemer & Schultes.
Torrey, 1828, Rocky Mountain Plants of Dr. Edwin P. James.
Torrey's final account of plants collected by Edwin James in 1820.
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Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York ii. (1828)
Some account of a Collection of Plants made during a journey to and from the Rocky Mountains in the summer of 1820,
by Edwin P. James, M. D. Assistant Surgeon U. S. Army.
Nuttall (1834a) described plants brought back by Nathaniel Wyeth from his expedition to the Oregon Territory.
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J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7: pp (1834).
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. VII.
A Catalogue of a Collection of Plants made chiefly in the Valleys of the Rocky Mountain or Northern Andes, towards the sources of the Columbia River, by Mr. Nathaniel B. Wyeth, and described by T. Nuttall
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, PA
Johann Baptist Georg (George) Wolfgang Fresenius (1808-1866) was a German physician and botanist, known for his work in the field of phycology. He was a native of Frankfurt am Main.
He studied medicine at the Universities of Heidelberg, Würzburg and Giessen, earning his doctorate at the latter institution in 1829. Afterwards he settled in Frankfurt am Main, where he worked as a general practitioner of medicine while maintaining an active interest in botany.
As a student in Heidelberg and afterwards, he studied botany with his friend George Engelmann (1809-1884), who later became a renowned German-American botanist. From 1831 Fresenius was curator of the Senckenberg herbarium and a teacher at the Senckenberg Research Institute (Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg). With his student Anton de Bary (1831–1888), he conducted microscopic investigations of algae and fungi. He died in Frankfurt on 1 December 1866 at the age of 58.
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Index Sem. (Frankfort/M)
Index Seminum. Frankfort am Main.
Universita¨t Frankfurt am Main. Botanischer Garten.
Published in Edinburgh; see Linzer Biol. Beitr. 28: 1048. 1996
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Agric. Man.
The Agriculturalist's manual : being a familiar description of the agricultural plants cultivated in Europe, including practical observations respecting those suited to the climate of Great Britain, and forming a report of Lawson's Agricultural Museum in Edinburgh
Torrey & A. Gray, 1838-1843, Flora of North America
Torrey & A. Gray (1838-1943) in two volumes …
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Fl. N. Amer.
A flora of North America :containing abridged descriptions of all the known indigenous and naturalized plants growing north of Mexico, arranged according to the natural system
Nuttall, 1841, Tour across the Continent to the Pacific, a Residence in Oregon, and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands
In 1834, Nuttall resigned his post and set off west again on an expedition led by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth, this time accompanied by the naturalist John Kirk Townsend. They travelled through Kansas, Wyoming, and Utah, and then down the Snake River to the Columbia. Nuttall then sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands in December. He returned in the spring of 1835 and spent the next year botanizing in the Pacific Northwest, an area already covered by David Douglas. On the Pacific coast, Nuttall heard of the ship Alert leaving San Diego in May 1836, bound for Boston.
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Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 7 (1841).
Descriptions of new Species and Genera of Plants in the natural Order of the Compositae, collected in a Tour across the Continent to the Pacific,
a Residence in Oregon, and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands and Upper California, during the Years 1834 and 1835.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Held at Philadelphia for Promoting useful Knowledge. Series 2, Volume 7. Philadelphia.
Nuttall extended Michaux's three-volume North American Sylva,
with three additional volumes, containing all the forest trees discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the territory of Oregon,
down to the shores of the Pacific and into the confines of California, as well as in various parts of the United States.
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N. Amer. Sylv. [Nuttall]
The North American Sylva; or, A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia, considered particularly with respect to their use in the arts, and their introduction into commerce; to which is added a description of the most useful of the European trees … Tr. from the French of F. Andrew Michaux …, The. Philadelphia
The Catalogue of Plants for Frémont's 1842 expedition starts on page 75. The Polygonaceae is listed on page 96, those listed being
Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt., E. caespitosum Nutt., E. umbellatum Torr., E. fremontii n. sp. (=E. brevicaule Nutt.), and E. annuum Nutt.
The descriptions of plants for Frémont's 1843-'44 expedition begins on page 311. The Eriogonum described include E. inflatum Torr. and Frém., E. reniforme Torr. and Frém., and E. cordalum Torr. and Frém. (=E. cordatum Torr & Frém., and is impossible to place unequivocally, per FNANM.)
No mention is made of E. alatum though Frémont and Torrey were aware of it.
David Nathaniel Friedrich Dietrich (1800 – 1888) was German botanist and gardener.
In 1828 Dietrich worked as a botanical gardener in Jena. In 1836 he received his doctorate at the University of Jena, and later served as a curator at the botanical garden in Jena.
Dietrich wrote pamphlets on poisonous plants, mosses, and forest flora and fauna of Germany as well as several botanical encyclopedias.
His five-volume, 1839-1852 Synopsis Plantarum, cited here, included about 80,000 species and 524 genera. The five-volume Flora of Germany published from 1833 to 1864 contains 1150 colored panels. The two-volume Forst Flora and the 476 booklets of the comprehensive Flora Universalis are his most famous work (Wikipedia, 2020).
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Syn. Pl.
Synopsis Plantarum seu enumeratio systematica plantarum…. 4. Issued in five volumes: Vol. 1, Jul 1839, Vol. 2, 1-20 Dec 1840, Vol. 3, late Dec 1842, Vol. 4, early Jan 1847, Vol. 5, Apr 1852
Max Joseph Roemer (1791–1849) was a German botanist who worked in Weimar.
He served as a Landrichter (country judge) in the Bavarian town of Aub, afterwards working as a private scientist in Würzburg.
He is the taxonomic authority of the genera Heteromeles, Pyracantha and Erythrocarpus as well as of numerous plant species.
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Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr.
Familiarum naturalium regni vegetabilis synopses monographicae; seu,
Enumeratio omnium plantarum hucusque detectarum secundum ordines naturales,
genera et species digestarum, additis diagnosibus, synonymis, novarumque vel minus cognitarum descriptionibus.
Monographic synopsis of the families of plants; or,
An enumeration of all the natural orders of plants according to those that hitherto have been detected,
the genera and species in four parts, with the addition of diagnoses, synonyms, and descriptions of new or less known species.
Emory, William H. 1848.
Notes of a military reconnaissance, from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California,
including parts of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila rivers.
Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, printers, 1848.
This paper describes collected by William Gambel in the vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico, between June and September, 1841,
and in February-July, 1842, in California.
Nuttall also used the paper to describe additional plants he collected on his 1834 trip to Oregon Territory.
The publication appears in two forms.
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Nutt. Pl. Gamb. in Proceedings, Acad, Philad. vol. 4.
Descriptions of Plants collected by William Gambel, M. D., in the Rocky Mountains and Upper California.
This publication describes some of the plants collected by Augustus Fendler in the vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico, October 1846 to August 1847.
It ends with the phrase “To be continued,” though it was not.
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Gray, Pl. Fendl.
Mem. Am. Acad. 4
Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae;
An Account of a Collection of Plants made chiefly in the Vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico, by Augustus Fendler;
with Descriptions of the New Species, Critical Remarks, and Characters of other undescribed or little known Plants from surrounding Regions.
Memoirs of the American Academy. IV(I):1-116.
Gray (1852-1853) account of plants collected by Charles Wright.
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Plantæ Wrightianæ
Wright
Plantae Wrightianae: Texano — Neo – Mexicanae: an account of a collection of plants made by Charles Wright
in an Expedition from Texas to New Mexico, in the Summer and Autumn of 1849,
with Critical Notices and Characters of Other New or Interesting Plants from Adjacent Regions, &c.
by Asa Gray, M. D., Fisher Professor of Natural History in Harvard University.
A COLLECTION OF PLANTS MADE BY CHARLES WRIGHT, A. M.,
IN AN EXPEDITION FROM TEXAS TO EL PASO, NEW MEXICO, IN THE
SUMMER AND AUTUMN OF 1849.
Mr. Charles Wright, who has for several years past devoted much attention to
the botany of Texas, returned to Galveston from the North in the spring of 1849,
and proceeded to San Antonio, purposing to avail himself of the opportunity
afforded by the movement of a body of United States troops from this place across
the country to El Paso, in Southern New Mexico, to investigate the natural history,
and especially the botany, of this hitherto untrodden region. A recommendation
from the War Department, that all proper facilities should be furnished to Mr.
Wright, in furtherance of his arduous and entirely scientific undertaking, procured
for him only the free transportation of his paper for preserving specimens, and
of the collections he was enabled to make. This favor he owes to the kindness
of Captain French, the quartermaster of the expedition, to whom and to Major
Henry and Major Van Horn, Mr. Wright desires to express his thanks. The train
left the frontier settlement of Castroville about the first of June, and reached El
Paso early in September. The remainder of that month was devoted to making
collections in the vicinity of that interesting station. Finding that much time
would necessarily be lost in passing the long winter in New Mexico, Mr. Wright
retraced his steps, and accompanied his rich collections back to Texas by the return
train, leaving El Paso in October, and reaching San Antonio late in November.
In returning he was enabled to add to his collection some species which had
escaped notice during the outward journey, or which were not then in season, as
well as largely to increase his collection of seeds, and of living Cactaceous plants.
Specimens of the latter have been placed in the hands of Dr. Engelmann, of St.
Louis, for examination. The seeds have been divided between the Botanic Garden
of Harvard University, under my charge, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew,
under the direction of Sir Wm. Hooker.
A full set of the plants here enumerated or described is retained in my own
herbarium ; another becomes the property of the Smithsonian Institution, which has
efficiently patronized this exploration. It will there form, with similar sets of the
collections of Fendler and Lindheimer, made in New Mexico and Texas, the
nucleus of an important and authentic North American herbarium, destined to be
enriched, I trust, by continued accessions, especially from our newly-acquired territories,
until it shall comprise representatives of our whole flora, and specimens
of all the vegetable products of our wide country.
Another set of these plants will be found in the herbarium of John A. Lowell,
Esq., of Boston, who has liberally patronized Mr. Wright's scientific explorations.
The others, eight or nine in number, are about to be issued to the subscribers who
have applied for them.
The numbers prefixed to the names are those under which the specimens are
distributed. Those marked with a †, in place of a number, were collected in single
specimens, or at least not in sufficient quantity for distribution.
The whole will give a good idea of the vegetation, and consequently of the
climate, general character, and capabilities, of the region traversed. I append,
from time to time, notices or characters of plants gathered by other collectors in
adjacent regions, especially by Dr. Wislizenus in the valley of the Rio Grande and
in Chihuahua, and by the indefatigable Dr. Gregg* in the same district and in the
northern provinces of Mexico, — chiefly from materials obligingly furnished by Dr.
Engelmann.
Orders or genera elaborated by Dr. Engelmann, Dr. Torrey, Mr. Bentham, or
others, have the name of the author prefixed.
A proper account of the topography and physical character of the region
traversed by the United States troops in their march from Texas to New Mexico
will doubtless be officially published, before the printing of this memoir is completed.
It is therefore unnecessary for me to attempt to compile any such account
from Mr. Wright's disjoined and necessarily imperfect memoranda.
A. GRAY.
Harvard University, Cambridge, May, 1850.
* Tidings of the lamented death of this most assiduous collector, in California, have
just been received.
The object of this memoir is to give a scientific account of the botanical collections
made by Mr. Charles Wright, in New Mexico, or on the route thither from
Eastern Texas, during the summer and autumn of 1851, and the spring and early
part of the summer of the present year, 185 '2. In the former memoir, the publication
of Mr. Wright's large collection made in 1849 was carried as far as to the end
of the Order Compositae. On the present occasion I propose to give a similar account
of these more recent collections, up to the same point, and hereafter, as soon
as other engagements will permit, to combine the account of the remaining portions
of these several collections, along with those of Mr. Fendler and Mr. Lindheimer
(the publication of which has likewise been arrested at the same point), into one
general memoir.
Mr. Wright's collection in the year 1851 was made under the auspices of Colonel
Graham, of the Topographical Engineers, while attached to the scientific corps of
the U. S. Boundary Commission, then under Colonel Graham's charge. It is intended
more particularly to illustrate the new genera and species it comprises in an appendix
to Colonel Graham's Report, called for by the United States Senate : and a phytographical
account of the regions traversed, and of the stations which particular
plants occupy or affect, drawn up by Mr. Wright, at my request, will give the general
features of the vegetation of the whole region. For the present I need only
state, generally, where the collections were made. The first portion was gathered
during the journey from San Antonio, Texas, to El Paso, in May and June, 1851,
and therefore on groumd that Mr. Wright had more leisurely traversed, two years
previously, at a later season. This was forwarded to me in time for the incorporation
of a part of its novelties in my former memoir (q. v. p. 17). The later portion was
made from July to November, during a journey from El Paso to the copper mines
of Santa Rita del Cobre, in the southwestern part of New Mexico, and thence into
the northern part of the Mexican state of Sonora, as far as to Santa Cruz, returning
to the copper mines by way of Guadalupe Pass, and thence back to El Paso.
This collection is one of exceeding interest ; and, I think, comprises a larger
proportion of new species than any other that has fallen into my hands.
In the spring of 1852, while performing his official duties in the Boundary Commission,
under the orders of Major Emory, the successor of Colonel Graham, Mr.
Wright made an interesting vernal collection, in the vicinity of El Paso and the
rancho of Frontera, and down the Rio Grande for sixty or seventy miles ; also up
the valley as far as Camp Fillmore, and thence into the Organ Mountains which
bound the valley on the east. A hasty excursion was also made to Lake Santa Maria
and Lake Gusman in Chihuahua, the latter seventy or eighty miles southwest of
El Paso. These vernal collections afford many novelties, no botanist having previously
explored this region at that season of the year. The remainder of the collection
for this year was gathered during a rapid journey, in June and July, from
New Mexico back to Eastern Texas, by the route which Mr. Wright had already
twice traversed. Still, it comprises a few plants not seen before, as well as specimens
in a different state or better condition.
The numbers annexed, after the habitat, are those affixed to the distributed
specimens ; and, to avoid confusion, they follow from the end of Mr Wright's distributed
collection of 1849. Specimens not thus numbered are ticketed with their
names.
Harvard University, Cambridge, October, 1852.
Pericome caudata A. Gray “Mountain Tail-Leaf” along the Peaks to Plains Trail.
Report on the Natural History of the country passed over by the exploring expedition under the command of Brevet Captain L. Sitgreaves,
U. S. Topographical Engineers, during the year 1851.
By S. W. Woodhouse, M.D., Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition. … pae 31
Mr. Wright, an enterprising botanist, has passed over this route several times,
and the plants have been described by Doctors Torrey and Gray,
many of which have been already published by them in the Smithsonian Contributions,
under the title, “Plantae Wrightianae.”
Zoology. Mammals and Birds, by S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. Reptiles, by Edward Hallowell, M. D. Fishes, by Prof. S. F. Baird and Charles Girard. … page 41
Botany. by Professor John Torrey. … page 153
For Eriogonum alatum, the citation is “(Torr., l. c.;)”
Two entries up, i.e., that for Eriogonum orthocladon, the citation is “(Torr. mss., in D. C. Prodr. ined.:)”
which I think means “I, Torrey, described this in a manuscript I gave to DeCandolle for his use in his Prodromo.”
Marcy, Randolph B., 1854.
Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana. Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana.
Washington: A. O. P. Nicholson, Public Printer, 1854.
Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean
Volume II, first article gives a narrative of the Gunnison expedition, and describes the death of the Captain.
October 25.—Captain Gunnison, with Mr. R. H. Kern, Mr. F. Creutzfeldt, and Mr. Wm. Potter, (guide,)
with John Bellows, and a corporal and six men from the escort, left camp at a late
hour this morning to explore the vicinity of Sevier lake, supposed to be distant some fifteen or
eighteen miles. From Captain Gunnison’s journal I extract the description of the country and
operations of the party during the day, written after they had encamped for the night: “I came
down the river southwest for nine miles, and then, bearing more west for two miles, concluded to
encamp, as the water below might prove too salt. The route was through heavy artemisia for
five miles, when we came upon more open plains to the nine-mile point, where we met with
sloughs alive with geese, ducks, brant, pelicans, and gulls. A few hawks were careering in the
high wind, and the black-eared and black-tailed rabbits were very numerous in the large artemisia.
“The mountains wore all day their white night mantle of snow, and we had squalls from the
north, with snow falling on the high mountains on all sides of us. Towards sunset it brightened
up a little, and our hunters brought in four ducks of as many different varieties.”
The remainder of the surveying party left under my charge, with the escort under Captain
Morris, crossed the river at an excellent ford at the point of our encampment, immediately after
the departure of Captain Gunnison, and, agreeably to his request, proceeded up the river in a
northeast direction, encamping at a late hour on the river bottom where it is unusually wide. The
river at this point makes a long bend in the plain to the south, passing through drifting sand-hills
partially covered with artemisia. We had passed southward to avoid these hills in crossing from
Cedar spring to the river, and to-day we passed to the west of the largest of them, yet our route
was very heavy and the labor severe on our animals. The day, too, was cold and blustering,
with occasional slight squalls of snow in the plains, while in the mountains it fell during the greater
part of the day. Those of us who were mounted halted frequently—the wagons coming on very
slowly—and built fires of sage, which being resinous burnt very freely, with a large flame for the
moment, giving out abundant heat. With the setting sun the wind went down, and the night
was clear and cold; and at a late hour the pure mountain snows reflected beautifully the clear
light of the waning moon, while all around was quietness and repose. The gap by which the
Sevier river passes the Un-kuk-oo-ap mountains is called a canon; but at this distance—six miles
directly in front of us to the northeast—it appears like anything but a canon passage, although
the river may wind from side to side, striking against the foot of the mountains, preventing an
easy passage for wagons in its natural state. A large Indian trail, however, passes directly up
the river into it. This range of mountains, as seen from our present and last camps, seems to
terminate a few miles to the north, leaving a broad, open passage of several miles between it and
the succeeding range to the west, in which the waters of the Sevier and Great Salt lakes are
divided only by gentle slopes. Distance, 14.27 miles.
October 26.—The morning was clear and cold, and Mount Nebo, seen through the Sevier river
gap, with its pure mantle of snow, half enveloped in floating misty clouds, mildly reflecting the
rays of the rising sun, presented one of the most beautiful mountain scenes I have ever witnessed.
Our animals were kept out to graze until a late hour. At 11 o’clock, however, a party was
despatched to ascertain the practicability of the passage around the mountain and thence north to
the Great Salt lake ; and, without moving camp again , until the return of Captain Gunnison, it
was intended to examine the passage of the Sevier river the following day. But the first party
had scarcely proceeded a hundred yards from camp, when it was met by a man, weak and
exhausted, reeling breathless into camp, barely able to communicate, by a few broken sentences,
as he sank into a seat, the painful intelligence that Captain Gunnison’s party had been
surprised in their camp by a large party of Indians, and, he thought, all but himself massacred.
Orders were instantly given by Captain Morris, and promptly obeyed by all the men remaining
with him of his escort, to replenish their ammunition ; and having brought up and saddled
their horses, in thirty minutes they were moving rapidly towards the scene of that fatal disaster,
hoping to rescue all who might yet survive and perform the last mournful duties of humanity to
those who were known to have fallen.
The man who first reached camp was the corporal of the escort, who had made his escape
on his horse, and had ridden him until he could go no further, leaving him at our camp of
the previous day, whence he ran on foot fourteen miles—twenty-five in all—arriving, without
arms, in the condition I have described. Another of the escort reached camp on horseback,
before Capiain Morris’ departure; and two others were met by him in the course of the afternoon,
making their way towards camp. The horses of Dr. Schiel, who had accompanied Captain Morris,
and of his sergeant and several of his men, gave out during their rapid march, and
their riders were left straggling behind; but eventually all arrived safely in camp—-the sergeant
and some of the men, from their own folly, in a poor plight.
Before Captain Morris’ departure the train animals were driven in, with the intention at first
of removing the train to a more secure place, with the two young gentlemen, Homans and Snyder,
and the teamster force, some of whom were unarmed, to guard it. But it was subsequently
determined to break up the camp altogether, and move towards a convenient point, where
Captain Morris and myself could meet on the following or succeeding day, and take such measures
for future operations as circumstances might require, with better means within our reach than we
could command at any other point.
Crossing the river at the camp, we took the shortest line to escape from the sand, which
proved far heavier than that of the previous day, but it was 7.44 miles in a southeast course,
beyond a border of small cedars a mile wide, among which the sand was so drifted that it was
only by innumerable windings and contortions of teams and wagons, that we at last escaped from
it and reached the plain of grass a mile or two wide, which here lies on the gradual slope of the
mountain. Here we encamped. In crossing the sand-hills numerous fresh Indian tracks were seen,
notwithstanding the prevalence of a high wind; but the night passed quietly, and at sunrise we
travelled southward along the base of the mountain, hoping to escape a continuation of the sand
of the previous day, in which we were only partially successful, however, as it continued heavy
for ten miles. We then passed a spur of the mountain and changed our course from south to
southeast, and struck the trail we had made in going from Cedar spring to the Sevier river, six
miles from the spring, at which we found a large camp of Mormons, on their way to settle at
Parawan, near Little Salt lake. Here we encamped and turned our animals out to graze on
the hills; the 20.93 miles of to-day being the severest day’s labor performed by them, although
the day was cool, during the whole course of our long summer journeyings. The last of our
animals were not out of harness when Captain Morris arrived, confirming our worst fears for
the fate of our late comrades.
Captain Gunnison had encamped early in the afternoon, while the wind and storm were yet
fresh, and doubtless feeling the security which men come to indulge after passing long periods of
time surrounded by savages without actually encountering them. The abundant grass and fuel
of a little nook in the river bottom, sheltered by the high second bank of the river on one side,
and thick willows, distant scarcely thirty yards, on two of the others, with the river in front,
offered a tempting place of comfort and utility, which was perhaps accepted without even a
thought of danger. It was known to the party that a band of Indians was near them, for we
had seen their fires daily since entering the valley; but an unusual feeling of security against
them was felt, as Captain Gunnison had learned that a recent quarrel, resulting in several
deaths, which they had had with emigrants, had terminated, and that notwithstanding this
difficulty they had remained at peace with the neighboring settlers, which had been confirmed
and guarantied for the future in a “talk” held with some of the Indians of this band, by an
agent of the governor of the Territory, during our stay near Fillmore. This information,
Captain Gunnison told me before leaving, relieved him from any apprehension he might otherwise
have felt regarding this band, and was the reason for his haying asked for so small an escort to
accompany him, which he as well as his guide, an experienced citizen of the Territory, deemed
sufficient.
The usual precaution of a camp guard had been taken, each of the party (including the
commander) in turn having performed that duty during the night. At the break of day all arose
and at once engaged in the usual duties of a camp preparatory to an early start, to reach that
day the most distant point of exploration fur the present season. The sun had not yet risen,
most of the party being at breakfast, when the surrounding quietness and silence of this vast
plain was broken by the discharge of a volley of rifles and a shower of arrows through that
devoted camp, mingled with the savage yells of a large band of Pah-Utah Indians almost in the
midst of the camp; for, under cover of the thick bushes, they had approached undiscovered to
within twenty-five yards of the camp-fires. The surprise was complete. At the first discharge,
the call to “ seize your arms” had little effect. All was confusion. Captain Gunnison, stepping
from his tent, called to his savage murderers that he was their friend; but this had no effect.
They rushed into camp, and only those escaped who succeeded in mounting on horseback, and
even then they were pursued for many miles. The horse of one fell near camp, tumbling his rider
under a bush, where he lay for six or seven hours, while the Indians were passing him on every
side, until finally he could no longer hear them near him or in the camp, when he left, and
was met soon afterwards by Capt. Morris’ party, which reached the fatal spot just before night.
Two Indians were seen a mile or two from camp by Lieutenant Baker and Mr. Potter, brother
of the guide, but they were not able to come up with them before night enabled them to
escape. The bodies of the slain were not all found at dark, and hope still lingered as a bright
fire was built to assure any survivor of safety. But the long weary night, rendered hideous by
the howling of wolves, wore away, as this little band of armed men, barely larger than that
which had already been sacrificed, lay near the fatal spot, and day dawned only to discover the
mutilated remains of their recent comrades, none of them being scalped—a barbarity which some
of the tribes on this part of the continent seldom indulge. Borne of their arms were, however,
cut off at the elbows, and their entrails cut open; and, the wolves having had access to them
during the day and to those exposed during the night, their bodies were in such a condition that
it was not deemed possible to bring them away—not even that of Captain Gunnison, who had
fallen pierced with fifteen arrows.
The statement which has from time to time appeared (or been copied) in various newspapers
of the country since the occurrence of these sad events, charging the Mormons or Mormon authorities
with instigating the Indians to, if not actually aiding them in, the murder of Captain Gunnison
and his associates, is, I believe, not only entirely false, but there is no accidental circumstance
connected with it affording the slightest foundation for such a charge.
Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean
Volume II, about in the middle, in the Report on the Botany of the Expedition. Part II of that report covers the Botany of the expedition led by Gunnison.
PART II.
Plants collected by Mr. F. Creutzfeldt, under the direction of Captain J. W. Gunnison, U. S.
Army, in charge of explorations for a railroad from Fort Leavenworth, by the way of the
Kansas and Arkansas rivers, to Bent's Fort; thence by the Huerfano river and Sangre de
Crista Pass to the valley of San Luis; thence west from that valley to Grand and Green rivers;
thence into the Great Basin, Utah, to the vicinity of the Sevier or Nicollet lake. The collection
was commenced at Westport, in Missouri, in June, 1853, and fnished late in October.
George Engelmann and John M. Bigelow described to Cactaceae from the Whipple expedition.
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Descr. Cact. [G. Engelmann & J. Bigelow] iv. 42 (1856)
No. 3, Description of the Cactaceae.
Report of the Botany of the Expedition, Volume 5.
Route Near the Thirty-fifth Parallel, Exploted by Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, Topographical Engineers, in 1853 and 1854.
Reports of explorations and surveys, to ascertain the most practicable
and economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean
Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, sive, Enumeratio contracta ordinum generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarium, juxta methodi naturalis, normas digesta
Parry, 1862, Physiographical Sketch of [a] Portion of the Rocky Mountain Range
Abbreviation
Full Title
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…abbreviation…
Physiographical sketch of that portion of the Rocky Mountain Range :at the head waters of South Clear Creek and east of Middle Park: with an enumeration of the plants collected in this district in the summer months of 1861
Preliminary report of the United States Geological Survey of Wyoming : and portions of contiguous territories, (being a second annual report of progress)
This catalogue embraces the plants collected in Wyoming Territory, by Dr. F. V. Hayden, during the geological survey of 1870 — at Camp Carlin, from July 25 to 30, on the route from Fort D. A. Russell, via Fort Fetterman, Sweetwater, South Pass, Wind Eiver Mountains, and Green River, to Fort Bridger, from August 1 to September 13 ; in the Uinta Mountains, south of Henry's Fork of Green River, in the latter half of September, and on Henry's Fork, in the month of October. To these are added his collection in the North Park, Colorado Territory, August, 1868, and another, made by Mr. B. H. Smith, in the region around the city of Denver, during the summer of 1869.
The work is based chiefly on collections made, in 1861 and succeeding
years, by Dr. C. C. Parry, whose indefatigable labors have added so
much to our knowledge of the flora of the region; in 1862 by Messrs.
Hall and Harbour; in 1867, by Dr. W. A. Bell, of Manitou Springs; in
1868, by Dr. F. V. Hayden; in 1869, by B. H. Smith, Esq., of Denver;
in 1871, by Dr. George Smith and W. M. Canby, Esq.; in 1871 and 1873,
by Messrs. Meehan and Hooper; in 1872, by J. H. Redfield, Esq.; in
1872 and 1873, by T. S. Brandegee, Esq., of Canon City, Rev. E. L.
Greene, of Pueblo, and T. C. Porter; and in 1873, by J. M. Coulter.
Wheeler, 1878, Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian
The Wheeler Survey was a survey of a portion of the United States lying west of the 100th meridian. It comprised multiple expeditions, and was supervised by First Lieutenant (later Captain) George Montague Wheeler.
Abbreviation
Full Title
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Wheeler's Rep.
Wheeler report
Wheeler survey
Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian
Title Variants:
Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian
Explorations and surveys.
Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian
Geographical Surveys West of 100th Meridian
Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian
Report upon explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth meridian.
Report upon geographical and geological explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth meridian.
Report upon United States Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian
United States Geographical and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian
United States Geographical Surveys West of 100th Meridian
United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian
URL: ttps://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/49058
URL of Vol. 6: https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/115739
Heller, 1898, Catalogue of North American Plants North of Mexico
Amos Arthur Heller (March 21, 1867 – May 19, 1944) was an American botanist.
Heller was born in Danville, Pennsylvania.
In 1892, Heller received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Franklin & Marshall College. In 1897, he received a Master's degree in Botany from Franklin & Marshall College.
From 1896 to 1898, Heller was a professor of Botany at the University of Minnesota.
From 1898 to 1899, Heller worked on the Vanderbilt Expedition to Puerto Rico under the auspices of the New York Botanical Garden.
Starting in 1905, Heller was a professor of Botany at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, California.
After moving to California, Heller and his wife, Emily Gertrude Heller, founded the botanical journal Muhlenbergia and Heller continued to edit that journal until 1915.
Abbreviation
Full Title
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Cat. N. Amer. Pl.
Catalogue of North American Plants North of Mexico, Exclusive of the Lower Cryptograms
Some systematic collection was done by Professor James Cassidy,
Professor of Botany (1881-1889), in the intervals of his many
duties, up to the time of his death in 1889. His successor, Professor
C. S. Crandall, gave much time to the work, especially after the
establishment of the experimental grass station in cooperation with
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. This afforded occasion and
opportunity for trips in search of promising species of native grasses.
Subsequent collections, especially of forest products and grasses
for the World's Fair in 1893, gave rise to further collecting trips
to various parts of the State. Enthusiastic aid was given by
Mr. J. H. Cowan, an energetic and promising student, who became
Professor of Horticulture and Botany upon the resignation of
Professor Crandall, but whose promising career was terminated by
death before he had entered upon the active duties of the position.
The author has also consulted the various publications on
the flora of Colorado. The most important of these are :
T. C. Porter and J. M. Coulter, Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado;
J.M. Coulter, Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mountain Region;
T. S. Brandegee, Flora of South-western Colorado;
Alice Eastwood, Flora of Denver and Vicinity;
John Torrey's report on E. James' collection in Long's Expedition;
Asa Gray's reports on the collections of C. C. Parry, E. Hall and Harbour ; Professor E. L. Greene's
various publications in Pittonia, Plantae Bakerianae and Leaflets
and the publications of Professors T. S. Brandegee, Aven Nelson
and M. E. Jones, Mr. G. E. Osterhout and Miss Alice Eastwood in
the Botanical Gazette, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Zoe,
Erythea and the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Rydberg, 1917;
Rydberg, 1917. Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains
Rydberg (1917) ...
Abbreviation
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…abbreviation…
Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains : Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, and British Columbia
Accepts both Erigeron superbus Greene and E. eximius Greene, places them in different sections, and distinguishes between Sections IX. Macranthi and X. Glabelli on the basis of reduced upper stem leaves and leaves 3-nerved or not.
Title
Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, and British Columbia
Title Variants
Abbreviated: Fl. Rocky Mts https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/147
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Rydberg, 1922;
Rydberg (1922) ...
Abbreviation
Full Title
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…abbreviation…
Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and the neighboring parts of Nebraska, South Dakota, and British Columbia
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017.
Abbreviation
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…abbreviation…
… full name of publication …
URL: … if available …
Cite this Code as: Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books. DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018
Previous versions of the Code.
Year of publication
Informal name
1867
Laws of botanical nomenclature
1883
Laws of botanical nomenclature, ed. 2
1906
Vienna Rules
1912
Brussels Rules
1935
Cambridge Rules
1950
Amsterdam Code
1952
Stockholm Code
1956
Paris Code
1961
Montreal Code
1966
Edinburgh Code
1972
Seattle Code
1978
Leningrad Code
1983
Sydney Code
1988
Berlin Code
1994
Tokyo Code
2000
St Louis Code
2006
Vienna Code
2012
Melbourne Code
2018
Shenzhen Code (current)
Types from the Golden Area
Namesakes of the Golden Area
General Information, and Mysteries Regarding Other Non-Types or Non-Namesakes
Argyrochosma (J. Smith) Windham, stat. nov.
—
Notholaena sect. Argyrochosma J. Smith, J. Bot. (Hooker) 4:50. 1841.
—
Lectotype (chosen by Christensen, 1906, Ind. Fil., p. XL);
Pteris nivea Poir. [Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham].
... [Diagnosis omitted.] ...
Distribution. — A strictly American genus of approximately 20 species
occupying rupestral or (rarely) terrestrial habitats from near sea level to an elevation
of 4200 m in the Andes. Ranging from Missouri, Wyoming, and California to
Chile (including the Juan Fernandez Islands), Argentina and the highlands of
southeastern Brazil. There is a large geographic gap between the North and South
American elements of the genus (only A. incana is found in Central America
and the West Indies), with the greatest diversity of species occurring in the
highlands of central and northern Mexico.
First collected by A. Fendler 1847 in New Mexico, his No. 1017,
described by Kunze from a specimen
apparently deposited in the General Herbarium of Berlin
(https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c026306023?urlappend=%3Bseq=181).
The quality of the scan presents difficulty for one unfamiliar
with German to transcribe
The fern was first described by Linnaeus (1753) as Polypodium fragile from habitats described as the cooler hills of Europe.
Cystopteris was proposed by Bernhardi in 1805, who placed C. fragilis therein.
This was done in German which, I confess, I have not tried to translate.
Robinson (1908, v. 10, n. 110, p. 30) published ...
Original Text
Woodsia Cathcartiana, n. sp.
W. scopulinae affnis et simillima, sed
minute glanduloso-puberula nee hispidula; frondibus 2-3 dm. altis
obscure viridibus firmiusculis lanceolatis 25-55 mm. latis bipinnatifidis;
pinnis oblongis, inferioribus distantibus, lobis sinubus modice latis
separatis oblongis denticulatis; soris submarginalibus ; indusio obscuro
eo W. scopulinae simile.
—
W. scopulina D. C. Eaton apud Gray,
Man. ed. 6, 691 (1890), non D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. ii. 90 (1865).
—
Nearly related and very similar to W. scopulina, but minutely
glandular-puberulent, not hispidulous; fronds 2-3 dm. high, dull green,
rather firm in texture, lanceolate, 25-55 mm. wide, bipinnatifid;
pinnae oblong, the lower distant; lobes oblong, denticulate, separated
by rather wide sinuses; sori snbmarginal; indusium obscure, similar
to that of W. scopulina.
—
Taylor's Falls of the St. Croix River, Minnesota, 1874, Miss Ellen Cathcart (type, in hb. Gray);
also on rocks, Lower Falls of the Menomine River, Michigan, 31 August, 1892,
C. F. Wheeler. This species was sent to Dr. Gray soon after its original
collection. It was referred by him to Prof. Eaton, who evidently was
somewhat puzzled by it. He reported it as belonging to his W.
scopulina remarking, however, upon its peculiar glandular puberulence.
Much additional material of the real W. scopulina, a species
frequent from the Rocky Mountains westward, is now at hand and
the constancy of the distinctions pointed out above is such as to warrant
the publication of the plant of Minnesota and Michigan as a separate species.
Carl Presl (1845, ser. 5, part 3, p. 580) barely noted the presenence of a new species of Azolla.
Some sources give the page number as 150.
Others note that the publication on p. 580 is as isonym.
I did note see anything on page 150 that looked like publication of a name in Azolla
Original Text
English Translation
—
Nova Azollae species est:
Azolla mexicana;
fronde pinnata,
foliolis imbricatis laevibus subrotundis coloratis,
radicibus capillaribus.
Habitat in Mexico, ubi legit clar. Schiede.
Affinis videtur A. portoricensi,
differt foliolis margine non hyalinis.
A new species of Azolla is:
Azolla mexicana;
fronds pinnate,
subrotund overlapping leaflets smooth colored
capillary roots.
Lives in Mexico, where it is described by Schiede.
It seems related to A. portoricensis;
the edge of the leaves are not hyaline.
Notes on Juniperus L. “Juniper”
We have five species of Juniperus in Colorado, although our authors do not agree on which ones we have,
or the nomenclature to be applied.
We definitely have something in section Juniperus, that is the circumpolar Juniperus communis but whether we apply the circumpolar ssp. alpina (Weber & Wittmann, 2012) or the North American variety depressa (Ackerfield, 2022) is apparently still up for debate.
In section Sabina one clade with smooth leaf margins includes our common Rocky Mountain Juniper, J. scopulorum,
and the occasionally found garden escapee, J. virginiana.
Another clade with sawtooth margins includes both
J. monosperma and J. osteosperma,
the former occurring in Platte Canyon in Jefferson County.
Mao, et al. (2010) placed both J. scopulorum and J. virginiana in Clade III of section Sabina,
though not immediately adjacent to each other.
These are the smooth-leaved American species plus the Eurasian J. sabina and a couple of others.
J. monosperma and J. osteosperma are Clade II,
though at some distance from each other.
This clade is described as the serrate-leaved junipers of North America.
Section Sabina probably originated in Asia.
The presence of an American var. depressa within J. communis represents a recent diversification event.
Adams & Schwarzbach (2013) suggest that migration of J. sabina and others across the Bering Land Bridge (17.6-5.5.mya) gave rise to the current, cold climate, western hemisphere species such as J. scopulorum,
whereas the serrate, semi-arid junipers, such as J. osteosperma migrated from the eastern to the western hemisphere via
the North American Land Bridge ca. 47-30.3 mya.
Pursh (1814, vol. II, p. 646) described our common juniper from plants he had seen in New York and Maine.
710. JUNIPERUS. Gen. pl. 1552.
communis
1. J. foliis ternis patentibus mucronatis bacca longioribus
Willd. sp. pl. 4. p. 853.
erecta.
α. J. ramis erectis.
depressa.
β J. ramis depressis.
α. About rocks, near the falls of rivers,
in Canada and the western part of New York.
β.
in New York, and particularly in the province of Maine,
in rocky or gravelly situations.
♄
May.
v. v.
The Common Juniper may probably have been originally brought from Europe ;
but the variety β., or probably a distinct species, seems to be really an original native ;
it does not grow above a foot or two high,
and one single root will cover sometimes a space of from fifteen to twenty feet in diameter.
The Rocky Mountain Juniper — Juniperus scopulorum Sargent — is found in all the hilly areas around Golden s.l.
It was originally treated as J. virginiana L. or the Red Cedar.
C. S. Sargent (1897) recognized J. scopulorum as a separate species.
The Rocky Mountain Juniper is found as far east of South Dakota and Nebraska,
where it is known to hybridize with its eastern relative J. virginiana in zones of contact in the Missouri River basin.
To the west, J. scopulorum is known to occur in Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona, though not California.
Hybrids of J. scopulorum and J. osteosperma are known from from Walnut Canyon [Arizona?] north into Utah and east to Mesa Verde.
“No. 58 found 2nd October 1804. A species of Cedar on the found on the Blufs, the trees of which are large some of them 6 feet in the girth” &mdash: [Lewis]”
Pursh (1814, p. 647)
“collected above the mouth of the Cheyenne River, Dewey or Sully County, South Dakota, October 2, 1804” — Moulton(?)
Annotated,
“=J. excelsa Pall. not J. occidentalis Hook. No. Probably eccentric or impure material of J. Scopulorum Sgt. differing from
typical Scopulorum By much overlap of lvs. and variable relative length of glands.
Fruit very immature.
P. J. Van Melle Dec. 14, '50.
”
4. J. foliis oppositis obtusiusculis, medio glandulosis,
quadrifariam imbricatis, tenellis acutis ternis patulis,
caule arboreo.
Willd. sp. pl. 4. p. 852.
excelsa.
4. Juniper with opposite, obtuse leaves, glandular in the middle,
overlapping in four directions, with thin, acute, three-lobed leaves,
with a tree-like stem.
excelsa.
J. Sabina varietas. Pall. ross. 2. p. 15.
J. Sabina varietas. Pall. ross. 2. p. 15.
On the banks of the waters of the Rocky-mountains.
M. Lewis. ♄. May. v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
A lofty elegant tree.
Specimens of Pallas in the Herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq.
seem to be the same with those collected by Mr. Lewis.
On the banks of the waters of the Rocky-mountains.
M. Lewis. ♄. May. v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
A lofty elegant tree.
Specimens of Pallas in the Herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq.
seem to be the same with those collected by Mr. Lewis.
Possibly the earliest record of J. scopulorum in Colorado is a collection by James W. Abert on 2 August 1846. swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=2802882
Travelling from Bent's Fort, Abert was in Raton and the Raton Mountains on the 6th and 7th of August.
Wheeler (1881) describes Abert's itinerary,
Starting from a trading post on the Arkansas, known as Bent's Fort, this officer [Lt. Abert]
followed the Santa Fe road southward across Raton Pass and camped on
the waters of Willow Creek, one of the principal forks of the Canadian.
4. J. Virginiana, L. The largest of our Junipers, sometimes becoming a
tree 60 to 90 feet high, commonly of pyramidal form, sometimes with rounded
spreading top, with shreddy bark and red and aromatic heartwood :
branchlets slender, 4-angled, with obtuse or acutish leaves having entire margins :
berries on straight peduncles, 3 to 5 lines in diameter, with 1 or 2 angled mostly
grooved seeds. Our widest spread species, with almost a continental distribution,
the region from Arizona to Utah, California, and Oregon alone being excepted.
The first collection in Golden was by Tracy & Earle on 22 September 1887.
Juniperus Virginiana has usually been considered to cross the continent to the shores of Puget Sound and Vancouver Island, and to be pretty widely distributed through the interior Rocky Mountain region from the northern border of the United States to northern New Mexico and Arizona.
After having seen, however, a good deal of this western tree during the past two seasons, I am inclined to believe that the so-called western Red Cedar as in grows in Wyoming, Montana and Colorado, at least, and perhaps everywhere, will have to be considered another species, and should this supposition prove correct on further investigation, I should propose the name of Juniperus scopulorum for it.
The habit of the Rocky Mountain tree, as may be seen in our illustration near the Mammoth Hot Springs in the Ywllowstone National Park, where this Juniper is very common, and the only arborescent, and where it grows on gravelly slopes at elevations of six or seven thousand feet with Pinus flexilis.
It has the slender branchlets and opposite leaves in pairs of the eastern tree, but the fruit is larger, and does not ripen until the second year, while that of our Red Cedar ripens during its first autumn.
The branches are stouter and covered with more scaly bark, and the bark of the trunk, which is often forked near the ground is unlike that of the eastern tree, which separates into thin narrow scales fringed on the margins, but, like that of some other western Junipers, divides into irregular, narrow, connected flat ridges, which break up on the surface more or less freely into persistent shreddy scales.
The wood has the same fragance as that of the eastern tree, although it is rather less powerful, and the color is a duller red.
The habit and the character of the bark may be due, perhaps, to differences of soil and climate, which might also affect the color of the wood, and the only really tangible character by which the western tree can be separated from the eastern is the biennial fruit.
The fact, moreover, is significant that unless the eastern and western trees come together in north-western Nebraska, the meeting place of the eastern and western floras, they are separated by a continuous belt of country through the middle of the continent several hundred miles wide; and moreover, with the exception of Juniperus communis, which encircles the northern hemisphere, and the White Spruce, which crosses this continent far northward and reaches the Pacific coast within the Arctic Circle, no coniferous tree grows in both eastern and western North America.
But before the question of the distribution of the Red Cedar can be satisfactorily determined more observations should be made on the time of ripening of the fruit, expecially in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona, in the valley of the Columbia River and on Vancouver Island, for it is, of course, possible, although hardly probable, that the proposed Juniperus scopulorum may be confined to the northern Rocky Mountains and that Juniperus Virginiana really reaches the southern part of that range and even the Pacific coast.
According to Sargent (1897) the only character to distiguish J. scopulorum from J. virginiana is the biennial development of the fruit.
FNANM, key by Robert P. Adams, distinguish the two by the extent of which the scalelike leaves overlap, by not more than 1/5 for J. scopulorum,
and by the shapes of exfoliating bark, in addition to development of the fruit.
J. scopulorum is distinguished from J. osteosperma by the leaf margin entire for the former,
whereas leaf margin denticulate for the latter.
Ackerfield's (2015) Flora of Colorado follows the same scheme,
but does not accept J. virginiana occurring in Colorado, though the author has found it as a garden escapee.
Engelmann, George.
1879.
The American Spruces.
The Gardeners Chronicle
n.s., v. 11.
March 15, 1879.
p. 334
THE AMERICAN SPRUCES.
[The following arrangement is from the pen of
Dr. Engelmann, and has been kindly contributed by
Sir Joseph Hooker. In British gardens the plants
in question are usually ranged under Abies.]
Picea, Link, not Don.
A. Leaves more or less square ; stomata on all sides.
A. North-eastern and Northern species.
1. Picea alba, with slenderer leaves on the glabrous
branchlets ; cylinder cones with smooth-edged flexible
scales, deciduous after maturity.
2. Picea nigra, with stouter leaves on the pubescent
branchlets ; ovate cones with rigid denticulate scales,
more or less persistent.
Var. rubra, with larger, darker leaves ; larger
bright red brown cones, more readily deciduous after
maturity,
B. Rocky Mountain species.
3. Picea Engelmanni (Pinus commutata, Parlat.)
with stouter leaves on the pubescent branchlets ;
sub-cylindric cones with flexible, erose or emarginate scales :
deciduous.
4. Picea pungens (Abies Menziesii of the Rocky
Mountain flora), with glabrous branchlets ; very
rigid, strongly pointed and pungent leaves, in young
trees compressed, in old ones often flattened ; large
cylindrical cones, with very pale, elongated, emarginate,
very flexible, squarrose scales ; seeds larger,
with a broad obovate wing, and 5 — 8 cotyledons.*
B. Leaves flattened ; stomata only on the upper side.
Pacific Coast species.
5. Picea sitchensis (Abies Menziesii of the Pacific
coasts). — Leaves thin, blunt or short-pointed ; cones
much shorter than in last ; scales similar ; seeds
small, with a very narrow wing, and only four cotyledons.
Seems to include several East Asiatic nominal
species. †
* A very blue form of this has lately been cultivated in
English nurseries under the name of Aboes Parryana.
† Abies sitchenis is the oldest specific name, and must
be substituted for a more generally adopted Menziesii. A.
jezoensis (in part), A. microsperma, and perhaps others, seem to
belong here ; and the lately discovered Servian A. Omorika
apparently stands very near it.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Picea pungens;
Lawson & Lawson (1836) described the ponderosa pine from plants they were
growing in pots at their Agricultural Museum near Edinburgh, Scotland.
Material to grow the plants (seeds?) was obtained through David Douglas
from his second and most successful trip to the American Pacific Northwest.
Original Text
XXV. PINUS PONDEROSA — Heavy Wooded Pine.
From not possessing the advantage of deriving information from any previous description of this species,
and having only young trees in the Museum to refer to,
an oppostunity has not been afforded of giving any details regarding its flowers, cones, &c.
It is hoped, however, the following will be sufficient to enable those less acquainted
with the general appearance of this seemingly valuable and highly interesting tree
to distinguish it from others of the three-leaved pines.
In its habit of growth P/. ponderosa seems to surpass all others of the
genus for strength and luxuriance, the branches are few,
regularly verticillated, horisontal, and seem incluned to assume a pendulous
or drooping habit as the three becomes older ;
central or top-shoot often more than an inch in diameter, and or proportional length ;
buds large and free from resin ;
leaves thickly set, nine inches to a foot or fourteen inches in length,
thick rigid, and nearly straight, rounded on the exterior,
and having a longitudinal prominent rib,
together with minute channels on the interior side ;
smooth, with very indistinctly serrated margins ;
sheaths short, of a dull blackish colour, and lacerated or torn at their extremities ;
timber said to be so ponderous as almost to sink in water.
Introduced by Mr Douglas from the west coast of North American in 1828.
Such of the above remarks as cannot be supposed to apply to small plants in pots,
are derived from a specimen, perhaps the finest in Scotland,
growing in the Caledonian Horticultural Society's Gardens, Inverleith Row.
Judging from its rapid growth and hardiness,
this seems to be one of the most valuable species which has yet been introduced,
particularly should the wood,
when grown in this country,
be found to possess the valuable qualities which have been ascribed to it.
Our Rocky Mountain variety scopulorum was proposed by George Engelmann,
writing in his section about Tribe III, the Abietineae in Volume II,
Watson's completion of the Botany report of the California Geological Survey.
Engelmann included variety scopulorum that is not known from California
and other comments about conifers in the western United States in what was perhaps
intended to provide regional treatment to the family.
Original Text
Comments
Order CIII. CONIFERAE
…
Tribe III. ABIETINEAE (By Dr. George Engelmann.)
Engelmann's tribe Abietineae contained Abies, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Picea, and Pinus,
and thus contains taxa in our current family Pinaceae.
…
11. PINUS, Tourn. ; Link. Pine.
…
8. P. ponderosa, Dougl.
One of the largest pines known (200 to 300 feet high and 12 to 15 feet in diameter),
with very think red=brown bark, deeply furrowed and split in large plates :
leaves on stout branchlets in the axils of strongly fringed somewhat presistent bracts,
5 to 9 or even 11 inches long ;
the thin sheaths at first 9 or 10 (later 3) lines long :
male flowers cylindric, flexuous, 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, crowded into a short head ;
involucre of 10 or 12 bracts ;
anthers with a large semicircular scarcely dentate crest :
cones oval, 3 or 4 (rarely 5) inches long, 1 1/2 to 2 inches thick,
of a rich brown color, sessile or subsessile, spreading or slightly recurved, often 3 to 5 together ;
umbo high, with a stout straight or incurved prickle :
seeds dark brown, 4 lines long ; wing 10 to 12 lines long, widest above the middle :
cotyledons 6 to 9.
—
Loud. Arbor. iv. 2243 ;
Newberry, 1. c. 36, t. 4 ;
Parlat. 1. c. 395 ;
Engelm. Wheeler's Rep. vi. 261.
P. Benthamiana, Hartw. Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189.
P. Beardsleyi and Craigana, Murr. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. i. 286.
Var. Jeffreyi.
A tree 100 to 200 feet high, with a more rounded top,
more finely cleft and darker bark, and paler leaves 4 to 9 inches long :
male flowers 1 1/4 inches long :
cones larger, 5 to 12 inches long, lighter brown, on short peduncles,
fewer in a cluster, with thinner apophyses, and slender prickles hooked backward :
seeds 4 to 7 lines long ;
wings 12 or 13 lines long :
cotyledons 7 to 11.
—
P. Jeffreyi, Murr. l. c. xi. 224, t. 8, 9 ; Parlat. l. c. 393.
I have included the Jeffrey pine here because that is the dominant pine on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, for example, at Sagehen Meadow.
Var. scopulorum.
A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) :
leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often in pairs :
male flowers an inch long :
cones smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4) inches long, grayish brown, with stout prickles :
seeds 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 lines long, the wings 9 to 12 lines : cotyledons 6 to 9.
—
P. ponderosa of the Rocky Mountain floras.
The widest spread western pine ; the original form in California and Oregon, at low and high
altitudes and even in the plains, often associated with P. Lambertiana and Abies concolor ; the
var. Jeffreyi usually on mountains above 5,000 feet altitude, especially on the eastern slope of the
Sierra Nevada, where it is apt to grow in the most arid localities, ranging into Oregon.
The third form is found throughout the Rocky Mountains. A magnificent tree, known throughout
the west as the “Yellow Pine,” and vying with the Sugar Pine and Sequoias, with very thick
bark (in large trees 3 or 4 inches thick) and unusually thick sap-wood, which shows 100 to 200
annual rings before it becomes heart-wood. The latter is yellow, heavy and very resinous.
The var. Jeffreyi has often been considered distinct, but connecting forms are not rare ; one of these
is P. deflexa, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 209, t. 56. The rows of stomata are often, but by no
means always, more distant in var. Jeffreyi than in the typical form. The leaves persist about
three years and are therefore always found brush-like at the end of the branchlets, except in
young shoots. The parenchymatous ducts (2 or 3 or more) of all the forms are generally very
small, and are always surrounded with some (often many) strengthening cells, which are also
found within the sheath. P. Jeffreyi is one of several species (P. Balfouriana, P. Murrayana,
Abies Pattoniana, etc.) which were collected by Mr. Jeffrey, and described by Prof. Balfour
anonymously (with figures by Greville) in what is sometimes cited as the " Report of the Oregon
Committee." The authority for the specific names is given variously by different authors;
fortunately most of them may be referred to other species.
Engelmann's comments on var. scopulorum have been underlined.
J. G. Lemmon
Three West-American Conifers
Garden and Forest; a Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry
10:183 (1897)
Pinus scopulorum, nom nov.* — Rocky Mountain Yellow
Pine. Small trees, rarely exceeding a hundred feet in height
and four in diameter, spire-shaped in outline, the grayish
bark thinner and harder, the sapwood thicker and the cones
smaller, and with firmer, darker scales than in the typical
P. ponderosa. Foliage thinner, more inclined to be tufted
at the ends of the branchlets, leaves usually in threes, but
often in twos.
Sparsely distributed on the high slopes and plateaus of
the Rocky Mountains, from British Columbia southward
through Montana, Idaho, Wyoming and Colorado to northern
New Mexico, and eastward to the Black Hills of North
Dakota and Nebraska.
The “polymorphous” Pinus ponderosa, with headquarters
in the Sierra Nevada of California, and extending along
on the western ranges northward through Oregon to Washington,
and southward through Arizona to Sonora, probably
contains several more forms marked enough to
rank as species — notably the “Brown-bark Pine” (my
variety nigricans) — forming almost exclusively a large
forest on the great Colorado plateau of central Arizona and
New Mexico.
*Pinus ponderosa, var. scopulorum, Engelmann in Brewer & Watson Bot. Cal.,
ii., 126 (1880). Sargent in Xth U.S. Cens, Forest Trees of N. A., ix , 193. Lemmon
in 2d Bienn. Rep. Cal. State Bd. Forestry ; 1st and 2d eds., Hand-Book West-
American Cone-Bearers, 7 (1892); also in 3d (Pocket) ed. of same, 34. Coville
in Con. to U.S. Nat. Herb., iv., 22.
We sampled 130 individuals (2 to 25 per taxon) of Pinus subsections Ponderosae and Sabinianae.
Nucleotide sequences were obtained by targeting 703 low copy nuclear genes.
From the unenriched portion of the short reads, we assembled nearly complete plastome nucleotide sequences.
We used 600 nuclear genes and the plastome sequences to create phylogenies
and species trees that we compared to evaluate cytonuclear concordance and reticulation.
We found that Pinus jeffreyi belongs with Pinus subsect. Sabinianae based on morphological synapomorphies
as well as strong molecular phylogenetic support.
Pinus ponderosa sensu lato is paraphyletic, and we suggest treatment as three species:
P. ponderosa sensu stricto (with P. ponderosa var. ponderosa, P. ponderosa var. benthamiana,
and P. ponderosa var. washoensis), P. scopulorum, and P. brachyptera.
The persistence of lineages with the footprints of ancient nuclear introgression (labeled bpw in clade N4)
and chloroplast capture (labeled bpw in clade P1) should caution species identification in Pinus subsection Ponderosae
based on limited molecular data.
The hybrid frequency was low based on cytonuclear discordance,
and the persistence of an ancient P1 plastid clade is a better explanation than hybridization between
P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi for unexpected plastid associations in the western Sierra Nevada, USA.
We identified a new potential zone of ancient admixture between P. ponderosa and P. scopulorum in Idaho, USA.
Some populations of P. arizonica, P. brachyptera, P. engelmannii, and P. scopulorum
in the USA are more closely related to taxa with distributions limited to Mexico than they are to each other.
To integrate phylogeny and taxonomy, future work should sample widely in Mexico and the USA,
score morphological characters (including seedling characters from the known seed parent),
on the same individual as used for molecular data, and use methods that are based on individuals rather than population frequencies.
The first publication of “Douglas fir” was as the “Nootka fir” from a specimen
that Lambert saw in Banks' herbarium.
Banks was a member of the landed gentry who who inherited extensive family estates.
Banks was educated at Eton College and at Oxford University where he developed a keen interest in natural history.
He made his name as a naturalist on voyages first to Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada in 1766 and subsequently on Captain Cook’s Endeavour voyage to New Zealand and Australia during 1768-1771.
He was a friend and advisor to King George III and pivotal in the early development of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Lambert is best known for his work A description of the genus Pinus, issued in several parts 1803–1824, a sumptuously illustrated folio volume detailing all of the conifers then known. A second folio edition was produced between 1828 and 1837, and a third, smaller (octavo) edition in 1832. Individual books even of the same edition are often very different from one another, which causes problems when the illustrations have been used as types to fix the application of names.
Lambert was also the host of Frederick Pursh while the latter worked on his Flora of North America.
Pinus taxifolia, leaves in a single plane, entire, cone oblong, anthers inflated in two lobes.
Lives on the western coast of North America.
DESCRIPTIO
Habitus P. canadensis, at folia angustiosa et paululum longiora,
integerrima.
Amenta mascula ovata, subsessilia, multiflora ;
antheris inflato-didymis, cristâ reflexâ, minimâ.
P. canadensis is a synonym of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière
The figure was taken from a specimen in the Banksian herbarium,
brought home by Mr. Menzies,
by whom it was discovered on the North-west coast of America,
and who has favoured me with the following particulars respecting this species.
In general habit this tree resembles P. canadensis,
and attains considerable height and size.
The leaves are also very like those of the species just mentioned,
but narrower, and their edges are entire,
whereas the others are visibly serrated.
The inflorescentia is much larger than in P. canadensis
and there are more antherae.
As for the Cones, I can give no account of them,
those which were brought by Mr. Menzies having been unfortunately mislaid.
That gentleman however, informs me that they differ in their form from the
cones of P. canadensis,
and that they are longer.
Mirbel, M.
1825
Essai sur la Distribution Geographique des Coniferes. [Essay on the Geographical Distribution of Conifers.]
Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. [Memoirs of the Natural History Museum.]
Vol. 13, pp. 28-76
p. 62
Ici se termine l’histoire géographique des Conifères du grand plateau,
qui s'étend depuis la baie d'Hudson jusqu'aux Rocheuses.
Cette chaine de montagnes sépare le climat septentrional et le central du climat occidental,
et fait le partage des eaux qui, d’un côté, se rendent dans l'Océan Polaire,
les lacs intérieurs et le Mississipi,
et de l’autre dans le grand Océan Pacifique.
Here ends the geographical history of the Conifers of the Great Plateau,
which extends from Hudson Bay to the Rockies.
This mountain range separates the northern and central climates from the western climate,
and divides the waters that, on one side, flow into the Polar Ocean,
the inland lakes and the Mississippi,
and on the other, into the great Pacific Ocean.
Les bords du Tachoutché-Tessé, lequel coule à l’ouest des Rocheuses,
sont garnis des mêmes arbres que les bords de l’Oungigah.
Cette riche végétation se porte dans la Nouvelle-Hanovre jusqu'aux plages de l'Océan Pacifique,
par 52° 20' de latitude, vis-à-vis l'ile Nootka, où le naturaliste Menziez,
compagnon de Vancouver, découvrit un Abies, que Lambert a nommé taxifolia,
et que j’appellerai Menziezii pour le distinguer de l’Abies taxifolia du Jardin du Roi,
qui a pour lui l’antériorité.
The banks of the Tachoutché-Tessé (Fraser River), which flows west of the Rockies,
are covered with the same trees as the banks of the Oungigah.
This rich vegetation extends from New Hanover to the beaches of the Pacific Ocean,
at latitude 52° 20', opposite Nootka Island, where the naturalist Menziez,
a companion of Vancouver, discovered an Abies, which Lambert named taxifolia,
and which I will call Menziezii
to distinguish it from the Abies taxifolia of the Jardin du Roi,
which has precedence.
Branches verticillées ou éparses.
Écorce des jeunes bourgeons glabre.
Feuilles planes, coriaces, raides, d’un vert gai, distiques ouéparses, acuminées-aiguës.
Cônespendants, à écailles très-lâchement appliquées, persistantes.
Graines ailées, subtrigones, comprimées.
Cotylédons ordinairement 6, longuement effilés, étroitement trigones, acuminés et pointus.
Bractées longuement saillantes.
Branches whorled or scattered.
Bark of young buds glabrous.
Leaves flat, leathery, stiff, bright green, distichous or scattered, acuminate-acute.
Cones pendulous, with very loosely applied scales, persistent.
Seeds winged, subtrigonous, compressed.
Cotyledons usually 6, long-tapered, narrowly trigonous, acuminate and pointed.
Bracts long-projecting.
Carriere goes on to describe Pseudotsuga Douglasii which we now treat as
Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii.
Maturation annuelle.
Annual maturation.
(1)
L'ensemble des caractères du Tsuga Douglasii, Carr., sa végétation,
son facies, et jusqu’à un certain point son tempérament, pourrait-on dire,
doivent le faire séparer des Tsuga, avec lesquels, dans ma première édition, je
l’avais placé. En effet tous ces derniers ont des caractères généraux, un
facies surtout, tellement semblables qu'il suffit d’en avoir vu un pour les
distinguer tous. Le T. Douglasii, au contraire, ne pouvant y entrer, et ne
pouvant non plus, par tous ses autres caractères, faire partie d’aucune des
sections établies, j’en ai fait un genre intermédiaire, le Pseudotsuga, en raison
de l’affinité qu’il a avec les Tsuga d’une part, avec les Abies de l’autre.
The set of characteristics of Tsuga Douglasii, Carr., its vegetation,
its facies, and to a certain extent its temperament, one might say,
should separate it from the Tsuga, with which, in my first edition, I
placed it. Indeed, all the latter have general characteristics, a
facies above all, so similar that it is enough to have seen one to
distinguish them all. T. Douglasii, on the other hand, cannot be included, and
nor can it, by all its other characteristics, be part of any of the
established sections, I have made it an intermediate genus, Pseudotsuga, because
of the affinity it has with the Tsuga on the one hand, and with the Abies on the other.
Carriere, Elie-Abel.
1867
Traité général des conifères; ou, Description de toutes les espèces et variétés de ce genre aujourd'hui
connues, avec leur synonymie, l'indication des procédés de culture et de multiplication qu'il convient
de leur appliquer
[General treatise on conifers; or, Description of all the species and varieties of this genus known today,
with their synonymy, an indication of the cultivation and multiplication methods which should be applied to them]
p. 256
The epithet “glauca” was first proposed by Mayr (1890).
Original Text
Translation and Comments.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. glauca, Colorado Douglasia
ist ausgezeichnet durch eine auffallende, hellweissliche Farbung
der Nadeln; doch zeigen nur die einjahrigen Nadel, diese schone
Bereiftheit; an den zwei- und mehrjahrigen Trieben verschwindet
wiederum die weissliche Farbe, weshalb eigentlich nur jungen Exemplaren
besondere Schonheit verliehen ist; auch andere solche glauca-
Varietaten und -Arten, wie Pinus pungens, zeigen dieses Verhalten.
Colorado Douglasia is characterized by a striking, bright white color of the needles;
but only the one-year-old needles show this beautiful frostiness;
the whitish color disappears on the biennial and perennial shoots,
which is why only young specimens are particularly beautiful;
other such glauca varieties and species, such as Pinus pungens, also show this behavior.
Die glauca - Douglasia ist in Colorado, New-Mexico und Arizona
(Santa Rita) heimisch. Auch der Zapfen zeigt einige Verschiedenheiten ;
er is namlich kleiner und armer an Schuppen als die westliche Form
(Tafel VI); die kleinfruchtige Douglasia van Montana bildet hierin
die Verbindung zwischen der glauca und der typischen Douglasia. In
trockenem un im Winter kalterem Klima erwachsen hat sich diese
Varittat im Osten der Union als frosthart, das heisst wohl in den
allermeisten Fallen als trockenhart, wenn man so sagen kann, erwiesen.
Sie is in ihrer Heimat wie uberall, wo sie kultivert wird (auch im
deutschen Walde) langsanwuchsig (verglichen mit der typischen Form),
eine unangenehme Eigenschaft, die ihre sonstigen Vorzuge wieder aufhebt;
auch als Nutzholz soll sie weit hinter der Kustenform zuruckstehen.
The glauca - Douglasia is native to Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona (Santa Rita).
The cone also shows some differences; it is namely smaller and poorer in scales than the western form (Plate VI);
the small-fruited Douglasia from Montana forms the link between the glauca and the typical Douglasia.
Grown up in dry climates and colder climates in winter, this variety has proven to be frost-hardy in the east of the Union,
that is to say, in most cases, dry-hardy, if you can say that.
In her homeland, as everywhere where she is cultivated (also in the German forest),
she is long-growing (compared to the typical shape), an unpleasant quality that cancels out her other advantages;
Even as timber, it should lag far behind the coastal shape.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britton ex Sudw., in U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897); et in U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897) Bull. No. 17, 24 (1898), in adnot.; Rehder apud Sprague & M. L. Green in Kew Bull. 1938, 80.
I have been unable to find a copy of Division of Forestry, No. 14 in any online form.
Joao do Amaral Franco (1921-2009) was a professor of botany at the Instituto Superior de Agronomia from 1950 until his retirement in 1991.
At the beginning of the 1950s, he started his duties as a teacher, maintaining constant research on conifers,
which resulted in the publication of several notes and the proposal of several taxonomic arrangements in that group.
Over time his research interests broadened, establishing contact with European researchers,
with emphasis on those based at the Royal Botanical Garden in Kew and at the Natural History Museum in London,
institutions where he worked.
Original Text
Translation and Comments
CEDRUS LIBANENSIS
ET PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII
Cedrus libanensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii
a
by
JOÃO DO AMARAL FRANCO
( Olisiponis Instituti Superioris Agronoraiae Assistente )
João do Amaral Franco
(Higher Institute of Agronomy at the Technical University of Lisbon)
Recebido em 14 de Janeiro de 1950.
Received 14 January 1950.
Discussion of Cedrus libanensis Mirb. omitted.
Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, nov. comb.
Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, nov. comb.
Pinus taxifolia Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 1,
1: 51, t. 33 (1803) ; non Salisb. (1796).
Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot.
VI : 523 (1804) ; non Du TOUR (1803).
Abies Menziesii Mirb. in Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris)
XIII: 63, 70 (1825) «Menziezii».
Abies Douglasii Hort, ex Loud., Hort. Brit. ed. 1:
388 (1830) ; nom. nud.
Pinus Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don in Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus
ed. 3, II: 1 p., 1 t. (1832).
Abies mucronata Raf., Atl. Journ. I: 120 (Autumnus 1832).
Abies Douglasii (Lamb.) Lindl, in Penny Cycl. 1: 32 (1833).
Picea Douglasii (Lindl.) Link
in Linnaea XV : 524 ( 1841) «Douglassi ».
Tsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr.,
Tr. Conif. ed. 1: 192 (1855).
Pseudotsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr.,
Tr. Conif. ed. 2 : 256 (1867).
Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt.,
in N. Y. Acad. Sei. Trans. VIII : 74 (1889) comb, illegit.
Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. ap. Holz.,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Botany, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 3: 266 (1895).
Pseudotsuga taxifolia ( Poir. ) Britt. ex Sudw.,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Forestry Bull. 14: 46 (1897).
Abietia Douglasii (Lindl.) Kent
in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2: 476 (1900).
Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. ap. Sprague et Green
in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform.1938 (2) : 80 (23-III-1938) comb, superfl.
Pinus taxifolia Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 1,
1: 51, t. 33 (1803) ; non Salisb. (1796).
Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot.
VI : 523 (1804) ; non Du TOUR (1803).
Abies Menziesii Mirb. in Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris)
XIII: 63, 70 (1825) «Menziezii».
Abies Douglasii Hort, ex Loud., Hort. Brit. ed. 1:
388 (1830) ; nom. nud.
Pinus Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don in Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus
ed. 3, II: 1 p., 1 t. (1832).
Abies mucronata Raf., Atl. Journ. I: 120 (Autumnus 1832).
Abies Douglasii (Lamb.) Lindl, in Penny Cycl. 1: 32 (1833).
Picea Douglasii (Lindl.) Link
in Linnaea XV : 524 ( 1841) «Douglassi ».
Tsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr.,
Tr. Conif. ed. 1: 192 (1855).
Pseudotsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr.,
Tr. Conif. ed. 2 : 256 (1867).
Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt.,
in N. Y. Acad. Sei. Trans. VIII : 74 (1889) comb, illegit.
Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. ap. Holz.,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Botany, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 3: 266 (1895).
Pseudotsuga taxifolia ( Poir. ) Britt. ex Sudw.,
U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Forestry Bull. 14: 46 (1897).
Abietia Douglasii (Lindl.) Kent
in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2: 476 (1900).
Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. ap. Sprague et Green
in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform.1938 (2) : 80 (23-III-1938) comb, superfl.
In hodiernum haec species novissime Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. ex Sudw. vocabitur.
At present, this species will be called Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. from South Wales.
Pinus taxifolia Lamb. (1803) hujus speciei primum nomen est sed
ante art. 61 Nomenclaturae Botanicae Regularum (1935) legitimum non est ob
vetustiorem homonymum Pinum taxifoliam Salisb. (1796)
Abietis balsameae (L.) Mill, synonymum.
Ob earn causam Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. (1889)
legitima combinatio non est.
Pinus taxifolia Lamb. (1803) is the first name of this species but
before art. 61 of the Nomenclature of Botanical Rules (1935) it is not legitimate because of the
older homonym Pinus taxifolia Salisb. (1796)
Abietis balsameae (L.) Mill, synonym.
For this reason Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. (1889)
the combination is not legitimate.
POIRET (1804) Abietem taxifoliam (Lamb.) Poir.
hanc speciem nominavit.
Ut combinatio nova Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir.
nomen legitimum non est sed ut nomen novum Abies taxifolia Poir.
ante art. 69 licet.
SPRAGUE et GREEN (1938) nominem Abietem taxifoliam Poir.
in Indice Kewense non perscriptum a cl. REHDER ex occasione inventum dicent.
Notandum est quod HENRY in ELWES et HENRY, Trees Great Brit. & Irel. IV :
814 (1909) ut Pseudotsugae Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr. synonymum nominem
« Abies taxifolia Poiret, in Lamarck, Dict. vi. 523 (1804)»
refert.
SPRAGUE et GREEN ad REHDER novam combinationem imputaverunt
et sie hanc speciem nominaverunt :
« Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. »
Autem LITTLE in Amer. Journ. Bot. XXXI (9): 594 (1944)
demonstravit hanc combinationem novam non esse quoniam
SUDWORTH (1897) ad BRITTON jam imputavit.
POIRET (1804) Abietem taxifoliam (Lamb.) Poir.
named this species.
As a new combination Abies taxifoliam (Lamb.) Poir.
not a legitimate name but as a new name Abies taxifoliam Poir.
before art. 69 licet.
SPRAGUE and GREEN (1938) named Abietem taxifoliam Poir.
in the Kewen Index not listed by cl. REHDER ex occasione inventum dicent.
It should be noted that HENRY in ELWES et HENRY, Trees Great Brit. & Irel. IV :
814 (1909) as Pseudotsugae Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr. synonymum nomen
« Abies taxifolia Poiret, in Lamarck, Dict. vi. 523 (1804)»
refers.
SPRAGUE and GREEN attributed a new combination to REHDER
and they named this species :
« Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. »
However LITTLE in Amer. Journ. Bot. XXXI (9): 594 (1944)
demonstrated that this combination was not new since
SUDWORTH (1897) had already attributed it to BRITTON.
Novissime duo nova nomina in Indice Kewense non perscripta reperimus
quae hujus speciei nomenclaturam omnino mutant.
Recently, we discovered two new names not listed in the Kewen Index
which completely change the nomenclature of this species.
Re ipsa Du TOUR in Nouv. DiCt. Hist. Nat. XX (1803)
in articulo «SAPIN» generem Abietem recognoscet et ut prima
species (op. cit. 114) describet:
In fact, Du TOUR in Nouv. DiCt. Hist. Nat. XX (1803)
in the article «SAPIN» recognizes the genus Abiet and describes it as the first
species (op. cit. 114):
«SAPIN COMMUN, SAPIN ARGENTÉ, SAPIN BLANC, SAPIN A FEUILLES D'IF,
Pinus picea Linn.; Abies alba Mill.;
Abies taxifolia Mus., très-grand arbre don’t la tige est droite
et nue jusqu'à son sommet, et don’t les branches sont parallèles à l'horizon;
sa tête forme une pyramide. Son bois, tendre et
résineux, est revêtu d'une écorce blanchâtre, sèche et friable.
Ses feuilles sont étroites, assez longues, échancrées à leur extrémité
et blanchâtres en dessous ; ses fleurs mâles disposées en grappes axillaires,
et ses cônes rougeâtres,… Ce bel arbre habite les hautes montagnes et les
pays élevés où il forme de vastes forêts ; il est très-commun en Suisse,
en Allemagne, dans les environs de Strasbourg…»
“COMMON FIR, SILVER FIR, WHITE FIR, YF-LEAF FIR,
Pinus picea Linn .; Abies alba Mill .; Abies taxifolia Mus.,
A very tall tree with the stem straight and bare to the top, and the branches parallel to the horizon;
his head forms a pyramid.
Its wood, soft and resinous, is covered with a whitish bark, dry and crumbly.
Its leaves are narrow, fairly long, indented at their end and whitish below;
its male flowers arranged in axillary clusters, and its reddish cones,…
This beautiful tree inhabits high mountains and high countries where it forms vast forests;
it is very common in Switzerland, in Germany, in the surroundings of Strasbourg… ”
In exemplo supra nomen Abies taxifolia vestustior quam
Abies taxifolia Poir. et alia specie assignatum liquet.
In the example above, the name Abies taxifolia is more formal than Abies taxifolia Poir. and is clearly assigned to another species.
Eudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. from Southw. will be called.
In Du TOUR articulo Mus. verisimiliter Musaei abbreviatio est,
in hoc casu Lutetiae Musaei Historiae Naturalis.
In Du TOUR's article, Mus. is probably an abbreviation for Musae, in this case the Natural History Museum of Paris.
Adversum synonymiam etiam nunc cognitam expectanda erat, casu non legitimae
fuissent combinationes supra Pinum taxifoliam Lamb,
vel Abietem taxifoliam Poir. fundatae,
inter Pinum Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don (1832)
et Abietem mucronatam Raf. (1832) vetustatis electio.
Autem hoc supervacuum agnovimus quia MIRBEL (1825: 63) explanat :
Adverse synonymy, even now known, was to be expected, in case the combinations based on Pinum taxifoliam Lamb,
or Abietem taxifoliam Poir., were not legitimate,
between Pinum Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don (1832) and Abietem mucronatam Raf. (1832) an old choice.
However, we have recognized this as superfluous because MIRBEL (1825: 63) explains:
« Les bords du Tachoutché-Tessé, lequel coule à l'ouest des Rocheuses,
sont garnis des mêmes arbres que les bords de l'Oungigah.
Cette riche végétation se porte dans la Nouvelle--Hanovre jusqu'aux plages
de l'Océan Pacifique, par 52° 20' de latitude, vis-à-vis l'île Nootka,
où le naturaliste Menziez, compagnon de Vancouver, découvrit un Abies,
que Lambert a nommé taxifolia, et que j'appellerai Menziezii
pour le distinguer de l'Abies taxifolia du Jardin du Roi,
qui a pour lui l'antériorité. »
"The banks of the Tachouche-Tesse [Fraser River], which flows west of the Rockies, are lined with the same trees as the banks of the Onggah.
This rich vegetation extends from New Hanover to the beaches of the Pacific Ocean, at 52° 20' latitude, opposite Nootka Island,
where the naturalist Menziez, a companion of Vancouver, discovered an Abies, which Lambert named taxifolia,
and which I will call Menziezii to distinguish it from the Abies taxifolia of the Jardin du Roi,
which has the advantage of being the first to be discovered."
Idem auctor (1825: 70) in enumeratione generis Abietis specierum sequentem offert :
The same author (1825: 70) offers the following in enumerating the species of the genus Abies:
« 11. Menziezii. Mirb. Nootka.
Nouvelle-Géorgie taxifolia. Lamb, non Desf. (lat. 51° à. …)»
« 11. Menziezii. Mirb. Nootka.
New Georgia taxifolia. Lamb, non Desf. (lat. 51° à. …)»
Notandum est quod MIRBEL (1825) europaeam speciem
ut Abies taxifolia Desf. refert.
It should be noted that MIRBEL (1825) refers to the European species as Abies taxifolia Desf.
Tali modo Abies Menziezii Mirb. primum legitimum nomen
est et hinc novam combinationem Pseudotsugam Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
proponimus.
Haec species in honorem ARCHIBALD MENZIES qui eam anno 1797 in Nootka sinu
detexit nominata est et ideo epithetum a
Menziezii ad Menziesii emendamus.
Thus, Abies Menziezii Mirb. is the first legitimate name
and hence we propose the new combination Pseudotsugam Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.
This species is named in honor of ARCHIBALD MENZIES who discovered it in 1797 in Nootka Bay
and therefore we amend the epithet from
Menziezii to Menziesii.
Notandum est quod multis Coniferarum operibus nomen
Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. (1833) supra
Pinum Menziesii Dougl. ex D. Don (1832) fundatum et
Piceae sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. synonymum reperitur.
Tamen Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl, ut posterior detrimentum afferre
Abiete Menziesii Mirb. non potest.
It should be noted that in many works on Conifers, the name
Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. (1833) is found above
Pinum Menziesii Dougl. ex D. Don (1832) and is a synonym of
Piceae sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.
However, Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl., as the latter, cannot be detrimental to
Abiete Menziesii Mirb.
Pseudotsugae Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
specimen typicum sub nomine Pini taxifoliae Lamb, et ab ARCHIBALD MENZIES lecto in
Herbario Musei Historiae Naturalis Londinensis servatur ubi aestate priore
cum cl. J. RAMSBOTTOM permissu eum vidimus.
Pseudotsugae Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
a type specimen under the name Pini taxifoliae Lamb, and read by ARCHIBALD MENZIES is preserved in the
Herbarium of the Natural History Museum of London where we saw it last summer
with the permission of cl. J. RAMSBOTTOM.
Diversas varietates formasque continet inter quas :
It contains different varieties and forms, including:
α — Var. viridis (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii
var. viridis Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI : 257 (1907).
α — Var. viridis (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii
var. viridis Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI : 257 (1907).
Pseudotsuga menziesii has two widely recognized varieties:
menziesii, the green variety indigenous to the area west of the summit
of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon and of the Sierra Nevada in California;
and glauca, the blue Douglas-fir native to the interior mountains of the Pacific Northwest and the Rocky Mountains in the United States,
and to Mexico.
The division between the two varieties is not as clearly defined in Canada,
although menziesii is commonly considered indigenous to the area west of the crest of the mainland Coast and Cascade Ranges.
The varieties differ in both growth rate and size at maturity, menziesii being more rapid growing and much larger.
In habit, glauca is more shade tolerant, has a more pronounced tap root,
is more susceptible to Rhabdocline pseudotsugae when grown in a moist environment, and is significantly more cold hardy.
The coastal and interior varieties also differ in botanical and morphological characteristics.
Because of variation within the two recognized varieties, it has been suggested that variety glauca be replaced with several varieties,
and many forms have been reported.
Chemical and cytological investigations have shown differences both between and within the two varieties,
but such work has not led to further differentiation (38,48).
References
38. Li, Peng, and W. T. Adams. 1989. Range-wide patterns of allozyme variation in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:149-161.
48. Rudloff, Ernst von. 1972. Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pseudotsuga. I. Leaf oil analysis of the coastal and Rocky Mountain varieties of the Douglas fir. Canadian Journal of Botany 50(5):1025-1040.
Typically, the varieties of P. menziesii are distinguished geographically.
But what of those that might be planted? If one encounters an itinerant
Douglas fir around Denver, is it more likely the local variety glauca,
or an import from the Northwest?
Flora of North America (Lipscomb, 1993) distinguishes the varieties as follows:
Adams, et al. (2013) studied nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA) and chloroplast (cpDNA) from 11 populations of Pseudotsuga menziesii from Washington south to Oaxaca, Mexico.
Populations sampled of var. glauca were from Yellowstone, Wyoming and northern New Mexico.
No populations from Colorado were sampled.
The nrDNA grouped
the three var. menziesii separate from var. glauca (NM), even with only partial sequences.
Very little
variation was found among the populations of P. menziesii but the cpDNA did give support for the
recognition of var. menziesii and var. glauca, with some support for var. oaxacana.
Samples of var. glauca:
Adams 12556-12560, 13 km w of Cimarron, NM on US 64, 36.54684º N, 105.03321º W, 2125 m;
Adams 12744-12748 (ex D. Thornburg, 1-5), 9 km ne of Pine, AZ on Hwy 87, 34º 27.422' N, 111º 24.115' W, 2250 m;
Adams 12818-12822, 20 km e of Yellowstone NP, on US 14 at the Palisades, 44.45448º N, 109.78182º W, 1910 m;
Locations: Carter Canyon.
Rydberg (1893) illustration of Populus × acuminata.
Rydberg, Per Axel
1893.
On the American Black Cottonwoods.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
20(2) pp.46-50
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7998#page/72/
Populus acuminata, n. sp.
(No. 372 of my Nebraska Collection).
Leaves more or less rhomboidal, abruptly acuminate, with
cuneate base and long petioles (1’—2’ long, or more), semi-pendent,
thinner than in the preceding, drying green; denticulation scarcely
any at the base and near the top; at the middle, regular and
larger than in the preceding; lateral nerves seldom more than 8
on each side; crown broadly pyramidal with spreading branches.
Collected by me in Carter Canon, Scott’s Bluff Co., Neb., July 25,
1891, and at Hot Springs, S. D. (Plate CXLI.)
Luther Academy, Wahoo, Neb., Oct. 15, 1892.
[Mr. Rydberg’s description of P. angustifolia and his figure (Plate CXL.) agree
accurately with James’ type specimen, preserved in Herb, Torrey. N. L. B.]
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Populus alba;
James (1822, v. 1, p. 497) ... entry for July 4, 1820, while encamped on the South Platte River near Brighton.
Several valuable plants were here collected, and among
others a large suffruticose species of Lupine. The long leaved
cotton-wood* of Lewis and Clark, which is according to
their suggestion, a species of populus, is here of very common
occurrence. It is found intermixed with the common
cotton-wood, resembling it in size and general aspect. Its
leaves are long and narrow, its trunk smoother, and its
branches more slender and flexile, than those of the Populus
angulata. Some of its fruit was fortunately still remaining,
affording us an opportunity to be entirely satisfied of its
relation to this genus.
Locations: Woodland Park.
Rydberg (1893) illustration of Populus × acuminata.
Rydberg, Per Axel
1893.
On the American Black Cottonwoods.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
20(2) pp.46-50
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/7998#page/72/
Populus angustifolia, James.
—
Leaves lanceolate or ovate, gradually acuminate,
with cuneate, rounded, or heart-shaped base, on
short petioles (½ inch long), thickish, drying yellowish or brownish,
finely crenate-serrate from base to apex; lateral nerves in the
larger leaves often 10-15; crown narrowly pyramidal with ascending branches.
Collected by Dr. Chas. E. Bessey, at Manitou, Col., July 18, 1886, etc.;
by T. A. Williams, in War Bonnet Canon, June, 1890, etc.;
by myself, in Little Elk Canon. (Plate CXL.)
Manitou is a variant name for Woodland Park. GNIS has no entries for War Bonnet Canyon or Little Elk Canyon. Although, there are three Little Elk Creeks, a Little Elk Basin, and a Little Elk Park in Colorado.
1. Populus deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)
This becomes a tall tree, with a large erect trunk,
covered with a white, fmoothifh bark, refembling
that of the Afpen tree. The leaves are large, generally
nearly triangular, toothed or indented with
fharp and deep ferratures, of a fhining full green
on their upper furface, but fomewhat lighter or
hoary underneath; ftanding upon long flender footftalks,
and generally reftlefs or in motion. The
timber is white, firm, and elaftic, principally ufed
for fence rails. It grows naturally upon rich low
lands, on the banks of large rivers in Carolina and
Florida.
Populus deltoides var. monilifera (W. Aiton) A. Henry, Gard. Chron. Ser. 3. 56: 2. fig. 4. 1914.
Populus texana Sargent, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 67: 211, 212. 1919.
Most modern discussion of P. deltoides has revolved around the distinctness
of the cottonwoods of the Great Plains region from their eastern
counterparts (Fowells, 1965). The contrasts of foliar and bud characteristics
usually advanced to distinguish a western species (P. sargentii) or
variety (Populus deltoides var. occidentalis) from the eastern cottonwood
(Sargent, 1913) really apply solely to the southern cottonwood, P. deltoides
subsp. deltoides. The cottonwoods of the Great Lakes and other
representatives of the northern cottonwood are, in fact, quite similar to
the trees of the plains, and I treat them all as members of a single subspecies.
They are similar in their short pedicels, pubescent winter buds,
and long-acuminate, deltoid-ovate leaves (Figure 2D), generally with a
single pair of basilaminar glands (although these are absent in a few
Texas plants). There is a general decline in tooth number southwestward
from the northeastern part of its range. This subspecies occurs from the
Great Lakes region westward to the Prairie Provinces and south
to the Texas panhandle.
Andersson, N. J. 1858.
Enumeratio Salicum nobis ex America boreali huc usque cognotarum
“The Willow Flora known to us from north America”
Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar
“Overview of the Proceedings by the Royal Academy of Sciences”
v. 15, p. 114-133
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54173
Hab. »Missouri: Fort Pierre (Priuz Neuwied)» Hb. vindob.
Haec species, prae ceteris affinibus, S. amygdaliam nostram
latifoliam refert. Folia tamen iis S. pentandrae etiam similia;
capsulae longius pedicellatae, squamae mox caducae.
The species was described by Nuttall (1842, vol. 1, p. 90) in his extension of Michaux's North American Sylva
as being found in the Territory of Oregon without any additional information about collector, location, date, &c.
At the time Oregon extended from central Wyoming to the Pacific coast.
This species is also a native of the Territory of Oregon,
and grew with the preceding, which it strongly resembles:
it is, however, a smaller species;
the serrulations are mostly wanting,
though very minute ones are sometimes seen:
the capsules are smaller and not pedicellated.
The male plant I have not seen.
The branches are reddish brown and smooth.
The preceding was River Willow Salix fluviatilis
that is now treated as a synonym of Salix melanopsis Nutt.
It is a little curious that Nuttall mentions no willows in either his report of his residency in Oregon (Nuttall, 1840)
or in his descriptions of plants collected by William Gambel (Nuttall, 1848).
The treatment of Salix in FNANM, written by Geoge Argus, treats S. exigua with one variety hindsiana, which is not known to occur in Colorado. Argus (2010) treats S. interior at the rank of species saying:
Sometimes Salix interior is treated as a subspecies of S. exigua (R. D. Dorn 1998).
Salix exigua and S. interior hybridize and apparently intergrade in the western Great Plains;
because the area of overlap is relatively small and distinctiveness of the two taxa is not compromised by hybridization and introgression,
it is best to treat them as separate species.
14. S. (daphnoides) irrorata n. sp. amentis sessilibus, perulis maximis
primo bracteatis, valde condensatis, masculis brevibus, femineis
horizontalibus, elongatis, densifloris; capsulis sessilibus, crasse conicis,
glaberrimis, stylo producto, stigmatibus integris; foliis lanceolatis,
utrinque viridibus; ramis densissime glauco-irroratis.
Hab. in Mexico nova (Coll. Fendler, n. 812).
Nostrae S. daphnoidi ita est similis, ut nullis notis nisi amentis
eximic condensatis et foliis (novellis!) integerrimis utrinque viridibus
ab ea distingui possit. Squamae amenti masc. pilis brevibus,
aureis vestitae; squamae amenti fem. pilis sat brevibus griseis
ciliatae, unde amenta non ut in vera S. daphnoide longe pilosa
conspiciuntur.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Juglans nigra;
Hooker. [1829-1840.] 1838, v. 2, pt. 10, p. 155. Flora boreali-americana.
3. B. occidentalis ;
ramis rufo-fuscis copiose resinoso=verrucosis,
foliis late rhombeo-ovatis sublobatis grosse inciso-serratis sub lenta appresso-nirsutulis v.
nudis subtus pallidioribus epunctatis, nervis paucis remotis, amentis foem,
lato-cylindraceis, squamis lobis ovato-oblongis lateralibus decurvo-falcatis intermedio longiore.
HAB.
Straits of De Fuca. Dr. Scouler.
Near springs on the west side of the Rocky Mountains. Douglas ;
and on the east side, from the mountains to Edmonton House. Drummond.
One specimen is in the collection from the Arctic coast.* (?) Dr. Richardson.
—
This Birch does not agree with any described species,
and is probably confined to the west coast,
and to the immediate vicinity of the Rocky Mountains,
forming a low, small brush-wood, 6-10 feet high, and never exceeding a few inches in the diameter of its trunk.
Mr. Drummond considered it to be the B. nigra, but its bark and leaves are quite different;
the latter remarkable for the few and remote nerves, which spring from the mid-ribs :
besides, B. nigra is a southern tree of great size.
The main branches are erect, and somewhat virgate, clothed with a red-brown bark,
a little inclining to purple, copiously sprinkled with resinous warts in all the specimens.
Petioles ½ to ¾ of an inch long, adult leaves 2-2½ inches, broadly ovato-rhomboid,
rather acute than acuminate of a harsh and dry but not thick texture, slightly lobed at the margin, and inciso-serrate,
the serratures, coarse and sharp, paler beneath, but never, either in the old or younger state, dotted.
Male catkins resembling those of the preceding [B. papyracea–Ed.], 1-2 inches long.
* There has probably been some mistake in the station of this.
There is only one collection of Carpinus betulus L. “European hornbeam” in Colorado, that made near the Coors plant in Golden in 1949.
Linnaeus (1753) described the tree as native to Europe and Canada, though POWO does not show it lives there, nor are there any Canadian collections in SEINet.
The tree is native to Germany, and it is possibly planted on the Coors grounds for that reason.
Gambel Oak — Quercus gambelii — is found mostly in southern Jefferson County and, until recently, not in Golden.
However, the writer found it recently in a canyon in Apex Park.
It is also found on Dinosaur Ridge just south of Interstate 70 and therefore just south of the Golden city limits.
The Gambel oaks on Eagle Ridge Drive near Kinney Run were planted.
The oak is broadly distributed throughout the American Southwest. For example, the writer has also collected it in the Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, about 45 km. northwest of Las Vegas.
William Gambel (June 1823 – December 13, 1849) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, and botanist from Philadelphia. As a young man he worked closely with the renowned naturalist Thomas Nuttall. At the age of eighteen he traveled overland to California, becoming the first botanist to collect specimens in Santa Fe, New Mexico and parts of California.
In March 1841, at the age of eighteen, Gambel set off on his own for California to collect plants and other specimens for Nuttall. He planned to take a more southerly route than that taken in 1834 by Nuttall and John Kirk Townsend. Upon reaching Independence, Missouri he joined a group of traders and headed for Santa Fe following the Santa Fe Trail. Gambel reached Santa Fe in June and spent the next couple months collecting plants. In September Gambel joined a party heading to California and accompanied them along the Old Spanish Trail, arriving in Mexican Alta California in early November, 1841, becoming the first botanist to enter California overland from the east.
Nuttall (1848) described an oak collected on the Rio Grande by William Gambel.
Original Text
Comments and Interpretation
QUERCUS.
Q. Gambelii.
Leaves obovate, shortly petiolate, narrowed below, sinuately lobed, dilated and somewhat 3-lobed at the summit,
beneath pubescent, the lobes rather obtuse, the upper ones subdentate ;
fruit sessile, small, the cup hemispherical, scales ovate-acute ;
the glande ovate and acute, about half immersed in the cup ;
the conic summit short.
HAB.
On the banks of the Rio del Norte, but not abundant.
With the aspect of our northern oaks, but very distinct ;
in the leaf approaching a little to L. obtusiloba, but without any near affinity.
[The Rio del Norte is now called the Rio Grande. – Ed.]
The collections around Golden may be the northernmost occurrences along the Front Range.
Gambel oak has been collected in the vicinity of Boulder, though Weber & Wittmann (2012) note that they were planted.
Torrey (1828, v. 2, p. 247) in his description of plants collected by Dr. Edwin James ...
Original Text
414. Celtis reticulata, folds lato-cordatis, subcoriaceis,
subintegerrimis, obtusiusculis, basi inequalibus, supra
papilloso-scaberrimis, subtus venis elevatis reticularis, pubescentibus ;
pedunculis 1-floris.
Hab. Base of the Rocky Mountains.
Obs. A tall shrub. Branches compressed ; younger ones
villous. Leaves about an inch and half long, obtuse, or a
little acute, not acuminate, of a firm and almost coriaceous
texture; margin with sometimes three or four serratures ;
upper surface shining, but very scabrous ; beneath reticulated
with prominent veins, pubescent and slightly scabrous ;
petioles about three lines long. Fruit globose, solitary, on
recurved pedicels one fourth of an inch in length.
This species is very distinct from C. occidentalis β. integrifolia of Nuttall.
Nuttall (1848, p. 23) proposed Humulus americanus
in describing some collections by Gambel.
Original Text
HUMULUS.
H. * Americanus. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, the upper sometimes entire; inner
divisions lanceolate-acuminate, denticulate along the apex ; scales of the
cone ovate, acute, the lower ones acuminate.
Hab. Throughout the United States in alluvial situations. I have also most
luxuriant specimens from the borders of streams (Ojito de Navajo) in the Rocky
Mountains, near the line of New Mexico, collected by Mr. Gambel.
Leaves divided or sometimes parted, the segments varying from
broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, acuminate, freely sprinkled with
resin particles on the lower face; fruiting bracts ovate-lanceolate,
usually acuminate, finely pubescent.
The hop indigenous in New Mexico seems to possess these characters
in variance with the usual and more widely distributed form and may
probably best stand as a variety. The type of the variety is No. 14,
T. D. A. Cockerell, Beulah, N. M. (Canadian Zone) August, 1902. It is
also abundant on the Valle Ranch, Pecos, N. M., and was collected by
Professor Wooton in the White Mountains of that State (No. 294).
Perennial, twining herbaceous vines. Leaves opposite, 3-7-lobed, serrate.
Stipule persistent, free. Staminate flowers in panicled racemes; sepals 5, imbricate;
stamens 5; filaments short, erect. Pistillate flowers in ament-like,
drooping spikes, 2 together, subtended by a bract; ovary 1-celled. Achenes a little
flattened. Embryo spirally coiled.
Leaf-blades 3-7-lobed about half-way to the base, with ovate, acute or short-acuminate
lobes: those of the inflorescence 3-lobed or undivided. 1. H. Lupulus.
Leaf-blades 5-7-divided to near the base, with lanceolate, long-acuminate divisions ;
those of the inflorescence 5-cleft. 2. H. neomexicanus.
1. H. Lupulus L. A vine 5-10 m. high; leaf-blades cordate in outline,
dark green, scabrous above, glabrous beneath except the pubescent veins;
lobes coarsely toothed, with ovate teeth; bracts of the pistillate flowers broadly
ovate, from obtuse to short acuminate. Common Hops. Rocky banks and
copses: N.S. — Ga. — Kans. — Wyo. — Mont.; Eurasia; extensively cultivated.
Plain — Submont.
2. H. neomexicanus (A. Nels. & Cockerell) Rydb. A vine 5-10 m. high;
leaf-blades light green, minutely scabrous above, nearly glabrous beneath; bracts
of the pistillate flowers narrower, lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate.
H. Lupulus neomexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell. Wild Hops. Among bushes:
Wyo. — Utah — Ariz. — -N.M. Plain — Submont. Jl-Au.
Perennial twining vines; stems and petioles retrorsely prickly (though weak);
leaves opposite, palmately lobed; staminate flowers in loose panicles;
pistillate flowers 2 together under a large persistent bract
which with the others at maturity forms a large conelike “hop.”
H. lupulus var. neomexicanus Nels. & Ckll.; H. neomexicanus (A. Nels. & Ckll.) Rydb.
—
Vines 5-10 m. long; leaf blades 3- to 7-divided or parted usually over ½ way to base.
with 3 main lobes, the divisions lanceolate or narrow, terminal one narrower at base than at middle,
over twice as long as wide, acuminate or narrowly acute, somewhat scabrous above, lower surface
usually copiously glandular, lobes of leaves serrate, petiole about as long or shorter than the blades, rough;
bracts of pistillate flowers ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate.
Our plants have rather variable leaves, some with few obtuse shallow lobes resembling the cultivated species,
varying to the typical native form described above.
It has been suggested that hybridization may be responsible for this variation.
—
Usually among bushes.
Wyoming to Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona.
Our records scattered over the mountainous part of Colorado at 4000-9000 feet.
Small (1978, ____) published H lupulus var. lupuloides.
A numerical and nomenclatural analysis of morpho-geographic taxa of Humulus. — behind a paywall.
Leaf blades usually with fewer than 20 hairs per cm on length of midrib, fewer than 25 glands per 10 sq. mm between veins;
nodes relatively limited in pubescence, usually fewer than 15 hairs per 0.1 sq. mm at most pubescent portion (excluding angle of petiole with stem).
Leaf blades usually with more than 20 hairs per cm on length of midrib, more than 25 glands per 10 sq. mm between veins;
nodes relatively pubescent, usually more than 15 hairs per 0.1 sq. mm at most pubescent portion (excluding angle of petiole with stem).
Leaf blades 10 cm or more usually having at least 5 lobes;
smaller blades (ca. 5 cm) usually with more than 3 easily visible veins branching off midrib (excluding proximal branches).
Leaf blades 10 cm or more usually having fewer than 5 lobes; smaller blades (ca. 5 cm) often with no more than 3 easily visible veins branching off
midrib (excluding proximal branches).
Weber & Wittmann (2012) refer our local “hops” to Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell.
HUMULUS L. 1753 [late Latin name of Teutonic origin]. Hops.
One species, H. lupulus var. neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell
[Lupulus, an early generic name.]
20B>
This is a distinctly native race of the species,
having been found fossilized in the upper Eocene formation at Florissant.
Bases of talus slopes.
The hops of commerce is a European form.
(H. lupulus subsp. americanus apparently refers to an eastern North American race.)
Twinning vines;
leaves, simple, palmately lobed;
Pistillate flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by a large, foliaceous bract, these imbricate in short spikes or drooping racemes;
fruit an achene enclosed within a persistent bract.
Humulus neomexicanus (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb.
New Mexican hop.
Vines with scabrous stems;
leaves 5-15 cm ;ong, hirsute, with serrate margins;
staminate flowers on pedicels 0.5-3.5 mm long, with sepals 1.5-3 mm long;
pistillate flowers subtended by ovate, papery (at maturity) bracts 7-20 mm long;
achenes 203 mm long smooth.
Cool, moist, shaded canyons, rocky outcrops, 4800-8500 ft. June-Aug. E/W.
Key to the Native and Naturalized Species of Humulus
1. Petiole as long as or longer than lamina of leaf;
pubescence on the abaxial side of the leaf midrib consisting of stiff
spinulose trichomes
... *H. scandens
1. Petiole shorter than lamina of the leaf; pubescence on the abaxial side of leaf veins made up of soft silvery trichomes.
2. Glands on the abaxial leaf surface with fewer than 20 glands per cm2;
15 to 25 hairs per linear cm on the abaxial
surface of the leaf midrib; nodes weakly pubescent
... *H. lupulus
2. Glands on abaxial leaf surface greater than 25 glands per cm2;
30 to 50+ hairs per linear cm on the abaxial surface of
the leaf midrib; nodes with dense silvery pubescence.
3. Most leaves possess 5 or more lobes;
glands on abaxial leaf surface in excess of 30 per cm2
... H. neomexicanus
3. Most leaves possess 3 lobes or remain unlobed and cordate, rarely leaves of 4 lobes are found;
glands on abaxial leaf surface fewer than 30 per cm2.
4. Abaxial surface of leaf midrib with more than 100 hairs per linear cm, these hairs spreading and silvery,
abaxial surface of leaf evidently pubescent between veins
... H. pubescens
4. Abaxial surface of leaf midrib with 20 to 75 hairs per linear cm;
these hairs closely appressed to the midrib,
abaxial surface of leaf sparsely pubescent or glabrous between veins
... H. lupuloides
* Introduced species are indicated with an asterisk.
Twinning vines;
leaves, simple, palmately lobed;
Pistillate flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by a large, foliaceous bract, these imbricate in short spikes or drooping racemes;
fruit an achene enclosed within a persistent bract.
(Tembrock et al., 2016)
Humulus neomexicanus (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb.
New Mexican hop.
[Humulus lupulus L. var. neomexicanus A. Nelson & Cockerell]
Vines with scabrous stems;
leaves 5-15 cm ;ong, hirsute, with serrate margins;
staminate flowers on pedicels 0.5-3.5 mm long, with sepals 1.5-3 mm long;
pistillate flowers subtended by ovate, papery (at maturity) bracts 7-20 mm long;
achenes 203 mm long smooth.
Cool, moist, shaded canyons, rocky outcrops, 4800-8500 ft. June-Aug.
Literature Cited: - SEINet, 2019+. Names applied to Colorado collections Humulus sp.
Gray (1850, v. 6, p. 214) includes a long communication from George Engelmann regarding the mistletoes.
“4. A. cryptopodum (n. sp.) : caule ramisque acute quadrangulatis robustis
articulis brevioribus ; squamis truncatis in vaginulas cupulatas connatis ; floribus in
spicas densas compositas, foemineis ovatis in quavis axilla singulis ;
baccis brevissime incluso-pedicellatis erectis.
— Santa Fe, only on Pinus brachyptera, A. Fendler, No. 283.
— Hooker's A. Oxycedri from the Hudson Bay country appears to belong here :
the figure shows at least subsessile, erect fruits ; but the
segments of the male flowers are broadly oval,
whilte those of the New Mexican plant are lanceolate.” G. Engelmann.
“Kalm Petr. Plante canadenfes propediem edendae.” Although, I think his first name was actually “Pehr” and that his name is the source of the genus Kalmia.
Nuttall (1818) defined a new genus, Comandra, and places the North American Thesium into it. Nuttall also suggests that some of Linnaeus' eastern hemisphere Thesium might belong in Comandra.
The genus Thesium L. remains accepted, and is native to Europe, Asia-Tropical, Africa, South America and Asia-Temperate.
Original Text
Comments
233. *COMANDRA.† Thesium. L.Calix angular, tubular-campanulate, coalescing with an internal 5-toothed, glandulous disk.
Petals 5, ovate, ingrafted upon the margin of the calix, persistent.
Anthers attached to the petals by a tuft of filaments!
Germ 3-seeded, immersed in the glandulous disk.
Capsule valveless, 1-seeded, coated by the base of the calix.
Stem round and erect, sending out 2 or 3 infertile beanches below the panicle.
Leaves approximating, erect, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth, reflected in the margin, and reticulately veined.
Panicle short, ramuli axillary, corymbulose, corymbs about 5-flowered, with 4 involucrate bractes, uppermost peduncles fewer flowered.
Calix uniting with the glandulous and nectariferous germinal disk;
disk 5-toothed, obtuse.
Petals 5, calycine, often 4 and 6, with the same number of stamina,
ovate, acute, persistent, growing to the margin of the calix,
white, internally villous (Seen through a lens),
before expansion parallel.
Stamina seated at the base of the petals,
alternating with the dentures of the glandulous disk;
filaments subulate, about half the length of the petals;
anthers oval, 2-celled, connected at their summits to the petals near their base by a fascicle of yellow filaments
—
Style terete, simple;
stigma round, entire;
germ about 3-seeded, ovula pendulous,
attached to the apex of a filiform contractile funiculus arising from the base of the capsule.
Capsule nearly globular, and angular, 1-seeded, not opening, thin and brittle,
not osseus, coated by the base of the calix.
Seed round, about the size of a small pea,
consisting almost entirely of a large carnose and oily perisperm,
embryon inverted, small flat, nearly in the axis of the perisperm;
radicle superior, thick and obtuse;
cotyledons linear and acute.
Obs. The connecting fibres of the petals, appear to be a separation of a portion of the central vessels,
for at that point the petal is greenish and callous,
and the central nerves there commencing trichotomously,
disappear above the connectile fibres,
and the rest of the petal is then white.
This plant has some relation to the preceding, and
they both appertain to the Natural Order Santalaceae of R. Brown,
approaching at the same time very nearly to the Rhamnei of Jussieu.
The genus here proposed may probably include some of the species of
Thesium indigenous to the Cape of Good Hope.
DeCandolle (1857) proposed C. pallida from a collection in Oregon Territory.
Original Text
Comments
3. C. pallida,
foliis lividis inferioribus elliptico-oblongis acutis supremis lineari-acuminatis,
lobis perigonii erecto-patentibus.
Prope Clear Water, Oregon
(Rev. Spalding ! Sub nom. Erroneo C. livide Hook. In h. meo et Boiss.).
Caules semipedales, sublignosi, striati, erecti, apice solum ramosi.
Folia non pellucida, ima squamaeformia, late ovata, 2 lin. Loga ;
media 8-10 lin. Longa, 2-3 lin. Lata,
mucronata-acuta, summa variabilia,
pleraque 1-2 lin. Solum lata et 5-7 lin. Longa,
quaedam latiora vel angustiora breviora.
Cymae pauciflorae.
Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae, 2 lin. Longae.
Pedicelli graciles, lineam longi.
Flos ut in C. umbellata,
sed lobi magis papilloso-velutini praesertum ad marginem et intus.
Differt a C. umbellata praecipue foliis angustis elongatis ramorum non florentium.
(v. s.)
I assume “Rev. Spalding” was Henry H. Spalding who travelled the Oregon Trail in 1836 and established a mission to the Nez Perce at Lapwai near present-day Lewiston, Idaho. Present-day Lapwai is several miles south of the Clearwater River, just up-river from Lewiston.
“The name C. livide Hook. is erroneous.” This refers to the currently named Geocaulon lividum (Richardson) Fernald.
“In my herbarium and that of Bossier.”
The type is now at G: Conservatoire & Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève.
Piehl (1965) states there is a photograph of this type at MICH, but I have been unable to find it online.
β. angustifolia, foliis mediis et superioribus omnibus lineari-acutis.
In Novo Mexico (Wright ! N. 1783 in h. Boiss.).
Folia ima ut in specimine oregonensi.
(v. s.)
Another first collection by Spalding was Nothocalais troximonoides.
Oliphant (1934) published a paper on the botanical labors of the Reverend Henry H. Spalding. Spalding collected for one year and sent one box of dried plants east. He was apparently stimulated to this activity by contact with Charles A. Geyer, a German botanist, who was in Oregon Country in 1843-44. Spalding sent one box in 1846, which was received in Boston in 1848. By the time that Gray's encouragement for Spalding to continue collecting was sent to him in March 13, 1849, a massacre at Waiilatpu had sent Spalding and others fleeing to Lower Oregon ending his botanical career.
I don't know how Spalding's collections ended up in DeCandolle's herbarium, and why it was he and not Asa Gray who
published Spalding's Comandra collections.
Piehl (1965) wrote a natural history and taxonomy of Comandra.
It is almost a monograph, but I don't think we do monographs about single species.
Original Text
Comments
The name Comandra is from the Greek Kome (hair)
and aner (man),
alluding to the hairs superficially attached to the anthers,
which actually are not staminal,
but develop from the base of the sepals …
… The name has frequently been misspelled “Commandra.”
Comandra pallida A. DC., in DC. Prodr. 14:636-37. 1857
Comandra pallida β angustifolia A. DC., in DC. Prodr 14:637. 1857.
Isotypes: New Mexico, in 1851-52, C. Wright 1783 (GH!, NY!).
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Var. angustifolia (A. DC.) Torr. Rept. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. (Bot.) 2 (Part 1): 185. 1859.
Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Var. pallida (A. DC.) M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad., Ser. 2, 5:722. 1895.
Comandra linearis Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mts. 818, 1066. 1917. Holotype: Green River, Utah, 19 Aug. 1887, S. M. Tracy and Evans 716 (NY!).
Holotype: Clear Water, Oregon (now Idaho),
s.d., Rev. Spaldings.n.
(G!; photograph 1454 (MICH)) ;
two probable isotypes (GH!).
Another specimen labeled “plains — Oregon, May 7,”
(GH!) could also be type material.
… subsp. pallida intergrades with both subsp. californica
and subsp. umbellata … is also quite variable,
but more of the vaiation appears to be correlated with various habitats …
contracts with the other species in that it characteristically
sprouts from buds which are at or below the soil surface …
the aerial part of the plant dying each season ….
Selected Specimens Examined. COLORADO. Denver Co.: hilltops, Clear Creek near Denver, Clokey & Bethel 3260 (CAS, GH).
Collection date: 8 June 1919, also at RM; Piehl does not cite any specimens from RM.
Der and Nickrent (2008) … phylogenetic analysis supports a Comandra clade consisting of Comandra and Geocaulon lividum, i.e., the C. livide rejected by DeCandolle.
Their work also supports a Thesium clade distinct from a Comandra clade.
Two hemi-parasites were encountered in species sampling: Comandra umbellata, and
Pedicularis canadensis. C. umbellata was a significant indicator for
high-quality prairies. (Sivicek & Taft, 2011)
Those that have been collected in Golden are found in three of the subgroups:
Oligogonum Nutt.
E. arcuatum Greene. Baker's Buckwheat.
E. umbellatum Torrey. Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat.
Eucycla Nutt.
E. effusum Nutt. Spreading Buckwheat.
Pterogonum H. Gross
E. alatum Torrey. Winged Buckwheat.
Two other wild buckwheats that are often of interest are both in subgroup Oligogonum Nutt.:
E. flavum Nutt. Golden Buckwheat.
E. jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat.
There are two observations in Magpie Gulch, just outside Golden s.l. that may be E. jamesii.
Both of these are known from Jefferson County though not from Golden s.l.
Eriogonum Michx. — Wild Buckwheat
1a. Perennials, low, spreading, cespitose or mat-forming;
flowers attenuate at base, sometimes only weakly so, stipelike base not at all winged;
inflorescence bracts 2-10 or sometimes more;
perianths glabrous or, if pubescent, not white-tomentose
... 3. (Eriogonum subg. Oligogonum)
1b. Perennial subshrubs or tall erect herbs;
flowers not attenuate at base, stipelike base absent or, if present, then slightly winged;
inflorescence bracts usually 3
... 2
2a. Plants perennial subshrubs;
involucres (except 1 at fork of node in some) typically sessile,
without winged or distinctly ridged achenes
... 6. (Eriogonum subg. Eucycla)
2b. Tall erect perennial herb, Involucres pedunculate, flowers usually glabrous,
achenes winged or distinctly ridged ... Eriogonum subg. Pterogonum.
Achenes 3-winged; plants (3) 5-25 dm. tall, from a thick taproot; leaves all or mostly basal,
linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate, hirsute, 5-20 cm long;
flowers yellow of yellowish green, or reddish in fruit
… E. alatum
3. (Eriogonum subg. Oligogonum)
3a. Perianth glabrous externally;
stems only with a whorl of leaf-like bracts subtending the inflorescence;
... E. umbellatum
3b. Perianth hairy externally,
stems with a whorl of leaf-like bracts subtending the inflorescence and reduced or scale-like bracts at distal nodes;
… 4
4a. Flowers white, cream, or pinkish
… E. jamesii var. jamesii
(in Jeffco known only from an M. E. Jones' collection in Morrison, 1878).
6. (Eriogonum subg. Eucycla).
Leaves 4-9 times longer than wide (to 1 cm wide), linear-lanceolate, narrowly oblong, narrowly ellliptic, or oblanceolate, the margins not crenulate. Plants of the eastern slope
… E. effusum
Nuttall (1848b, p. 166) published Eucycla as a genus name for wild buckwheats he had collected, probably on his 1834 expedition to Oregon Territory.
Original Text
Comments
*EUCYCLA.†
Perianth membranaceous, coloured, petaloid, dimorphous,
the three outer divisions orbicular, concave;
the three inner linear-oblong, emarginate, connivent into a cylinder.
Stamens nine; with short filaments, membranous at base.
Styles three, of moderate length, with small, capitate stigmas.
Achenium attenuated, triangular.
Embryo excentric ; radicle superior ; cotyledons flat.
E. *ovalifolia.
—
Leaves all redical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomentose;
capitulum made up of several sessile, whitely tomentose involucres;
outer segments of the yellow perianth rather narrower at base,
the inner emarginate segments exserted.
Eriogonum ovalifolium. Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.
Hab. Sources of the Missouri. Flowers bright yellow.
Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. is an accepted name,
common in south and east California.
E. *purpurea.
Leaves all radical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomentose;
capitulum made up of several sessile, smoothish, tomentosely margined involucres;
outer segments of the purple perianth orbicular, sometimes emarginate at base;
the inner emarginate, narrow, segments scarcely exserted.
Scape about a span high, arising from a multifid woody caudex;
flower larger than in the preceding, and purple;
filaments much shorter than the perianth,
with a torn membranous margin,
at base three stamens seated on each of the inner narow segments;
embryo rather short.
Hab. Rocky Mountains.
This is a synonym of Eriogonum ovalifolium var. purpureum (Nutt.) Durand
† In reference to the circular figure of the perianth.
The one representative of subgroup Eucycla that is found in Golden s.l. is E. effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat.”
Other wild buckwheats in subgroup Eucycla in the author's experience
are E. microthecum Nutt. “Slender Buckwheat” from the Mono Lake Basin
and E. wrightii Torr. ex Benth. “Bastardsage” from the eastern Mojave Desert.
All three of these wild buckwheats are very similar appearing.
Nuttall (1848b, p. 165) discusses the differences between E. tomentosum on which Michaux (1803) founded the genus Eriogonum,
noting some key differences and proposing a subgenus Oligogonum which contains some of our more common wild Buckwheats.
Original Text
Comments
The character of the genus Eriogonum, of which there are so many species,
perhaps deserves some additional consideration.
The genus, as founded on E. tomentosum of Michaux,
possesses yet some peculiarities not common to the rest of the genus;
among the rest of its characters I may remark,
that in place of the interior segments of the perianth being smaller, it is the reverse;
the perianth increases in size with the perfecting of the fruit,
and as in Rumex, the three inner segments are larger and erect,
the three outer reflected ;
the next discrepancy in the character, as given by authors,
is in the condition of the embryo,
which is placed in the centre of axis of the seed,
and is not as described excentric.
In E. longifolium, besides a remarkable difference in habit,
the perianth is wholly herbaceous, very lanugunous,
and the segments all so very equal, as to appear,
at length, almost disposed in a simple series;
the achenium is also lanuginous, and the seed presents,
as in E. tomentosum, a concentric embryo.
For E. longifolium I would therefore propose the name of Trachytheca,
excluding every other species.
It is the first species of the section Eriantha of Bentham, which name,
in not being exclusive, and too near Erianthus,
cannot properly be employed for the present plant.
It is very peculiar in its solitary leaves and alternate beanches.
In all the rest of this numerous genus,
the outer segments of the perianth, which increase a little in size,
are either larger and erect, or all nearly equal.
In these, some of which have the embryo excentric and others concentric,
the subgeneric name of Olygogonum may be applied,
but whether any other subdivision may be made by the condition of the embryo is at present uncertain.
In E. flavum, I believe the embruo is excentric,
but how far that species connects itself to any others of similar form, remains to be examined.
Olygogonum has become Oligogonum and is now the name of an Eriogonum subgroup
that contains E. arcuatum, E. flavum, and E. umbellatum.
Oligogonum is the larger of the subgroups and contains many of the caespitose or mat-forming perennials, those with a stipe-like base on the flowers.
Gross (1913, vol. 49, pg. 239, footnote 1) in his “Contributions to the knowledge of the Polygonaceae”
proposed Pterogonum for some Eriogoneae but I cannot read the original German well enough to understand the basis for segregation from the remainder of Eriogoneae.
Original Text
Comments
1) Pterogonum H. Gross nov. gen. Eriogonearum.
Involucrum pluriflorum, gamophyllum, ± campanulatum, 5-dentatum.
Perigonium profunde 6-partitum,
tepalis ternis in 2 cyclis dispositis.
Stamina 9.
Ovarium trigonum, 1-loculare, ovula unico basilari orthotropo, stylis 3 capitato-stigmatosis.
Achaenium maturum perigono longius, trialatum.
—
Herbae perennes Eriogonis simillimae, indumento subsericeo.
Folia radicalia, caulina pauca, altrerna.
Rami floriferi apice caulis in di-usque pleiochasium conferti nonnumquam etiam racemosi.
Embryo fere rectus v. subexcentricus, cotyledonibus sat amplis.
Species adhuc certae:
Pterogonum alatum (Torr. sub Eriogono) Gross,
P. atrorubens (Engelm. sub. Erigono) Gross,
P. hieracifolium (Bth. sub. Eriogono) Gross.
No mention of Eriogonum alatum in Gray's (1852) account of Wright's collections in Texas and New Mexico in 1849.
In fact, there are no Polygonaceae in either part of Gray's account, although DeCandolle (1857) will say he has seen
a collection of Eriogonum alatum by Wright.
Gray's preface notes that the cacti were given to George Engelmann, of St. Louis, for examination.
The seeds were divided between the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, under Gray's charge,
and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, under the direction of Sir Wm. Hooker.
Sets of plants were distributed to Gray's herbarium, the Smithsonian Institution, John A. Lowell, a patron of the Wright's explorations, with a few distributions to others.
If one assumes that Wright collected any Polygonaceae, what happened to them?
On the Zuñi river; September.
Root stout and blackish, descending to a great depth ;
stem 1--3 feet high, arising from a short thick caudex, which is clothed with the remains of leaves.
Radical leaves 2--4 inches long, and 3--5 lines wide, almost villous, with long hairs, mostly obtuse ;
stem leaves much smaller, and gradually diminishing in size upward, all of them erect.
Branches solitary and distant, subdivided in a trichotomous manner,
each division bearing a single involucre, which is about 2½ lines long, and pubescent.
Pedicels glabrous, a little exserted, jointed close to the flower ;
perigonium not enlarging after flowering ;
the segments lanceolate ; filaments glabrous ;
ovary oblong, triquetrous, longer than the styles ;
achenium nearly four lines long, with three very conspicuous membranaceous wings ;
seed ovate, triangular ; embryo straight.
Torrey's “l. c.” refers to the second previous entry,
i.e., that for Eriogonum orthocladon for which the citation is “(Torr. mss., in D. C. Prodr. ined.:).”
I interpret this as “I, Torrey, described this in a manuscript I gave to DeCandolle for his use in his Prodromo.”
As it happens, though, Torrey's account in the Sitgreaves Report was published in 1853,
four years before DeCandolle's Prodromo volume 14 containing Torrey's manuscript description.
This remarkable species was first detected by Colonel Frémont in upland prairies,
at the sources of the Plata, in 1843, and again in 1845 in “Bahia Salada,”
in the Rocky mountains.
Lieutenant Abert found it on the Raton mountains in 1846.
2. E. alatum (Torr.! in Frémont Rep.),
herbaceum, elatum, subsericeo-villosum,
foliis subradicalibus petiolatis oblongis lanceolatisve elongatis,
caulinis paucis, pedrunculis axillaribus terminalibusque apice 2-3-chotomis umbellatisve,
involucris pedicellatis campanulatis 5-dentatis, perigoniis parvis glabris,
achaenio 3-4-plo longiore a basi trialato.
♃
In montibus Scopulosis in regione superiore fl. Platte meridionalis
et Bahia Salada (Frémont !), in Novo-Mexico (Abert! Fendler ! n. 763 , Wright !).
Habitus fere E. hieracifolii, sed præter corymbum terminalem adsunt etiam peduncili breves laterales.
Perigonia multo minora, sub anthesi vix lineam longa, nec multum sub fructu aucta.
Achænium 3-4 lin. longum, a basi as apicem late trialatum.
(v. s.)
β elatum. caule sub-3-pedali, foliis radicalibus 6-8 poll. longis.
In montibus Scopulosis inter fl. Platte et Sweetwater (Geyer! n. 145).
— Journ. 1853, p. 263.
DeCandolle notes that he has seen Fendler's No. 763 and agrees it is E. alatum.
Fendler's collections went to Gray, who in his Plantae Fendlerinae make no mention of it, or any other Polygonaceae.
There are two vouchers of Fendler's 763, one at Harvard University (GH) and one at Brown University (BRU).
The locality of both vouchers states “2 mi east of the Moro River,” which river does not now exist in New Mexico.
However, there is a Mora River that is crossed by the Santa Fe Trail and given the August date of the GH voucher,
it is likely that Fendler collected it on his way home.
What I don't understand is why Torrey did not publish the name from Fendler's collection,
but instead published the name from the Woodhouse collection on the Sitgreaves Expedition of 1851.
Greene (1901, v. 4., part 25, p. 319) described E. arcuatum from a collection on hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado by C. F. Baker.
Original Text
Eriogonum arcuatum.
Near E. flavum, about as large,
more extensively caespitose, forming broad matted tufts :
leaves oval, obtuse, an inch long or less, abruptly tapering
to a rather slender petiole about as long, white-tomentose
beneath, pale-green and thinly tomentellous above : scapiform
peduncles 6 inches high, bearing a single large sessile
involucre and a pair of long-peduncled ones arising from
its base, these opposite each other and curving upwards to
the length of 1½ to 2 inches : perianths yellow, very sparsely
silky-villous : stamens long-exserted.
On hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado, 17 July, 1899. C. F. Baker.
Six weeks later, Greene (1901a) published Eriogonum bakeri.
Original Text
Eriogonum Bakeri.
Allied to E. flavum, rahter taller,
the branches of the caudex very slender and only loosely leafy,
the leaves thin, the elliptic-lanceolate blades 1/2 to 1 inch long,
on slender petioles much longer, white-tomentose beneath, sparsely villous above:
scapiform peduncles 5 to 8 inches high, erect slender;
inflorescence of a sessile involucre and 1 to 3 dichotomous peduncles from its base,
the whole number of involucres thus 7 to 9, all turbinate:
perianths yellow, small very long-stipitate, silky villous, the inner segments much longer than the outer,
all obovate, obtuse.
Black Cañon, 1 Aug., n. 696.
Said to be caespitose in rather small tufts.
The inflorescence is like that of E. Jamesii, though far less ample;
and the real affinity is with E. flavum.
We now treat E. bakeri as a synonym of E. arcuatum.
Reveal (2004a, p. 157) reviewed all the available names in the subfamily Eriogonoideae in preparation for his contribution to FNANM.
Reproduced below are his analyses of E. arcuatum and E. flavum.
Original Text
Eriogonum arcuatum Greene, Pittonia 4: 319. 1901.
–
T.: Hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Archuleta Co., Colorado, 17 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 284.
Holotype: NDG (sheet number 118);
isotypes: B, BM, E, F, G, GH, K, MO, NDG, NMC, NY, P, POM, RM(2), UC, US.
–
E. jamesii Benth. Var. arcuatum (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.
Eriogonum bakeri Greene, Pl. Baker. 3: 15. 1901.
–
T.: Black Canyon, Montrose Co., Colorado, 1 Aug 1901, C. F. Baker 696.
Holotype: NDG;
isotypes: E, G, GH, K, LY, MIN, MO, NY, POM, RM(2), UC, US, VT, W.
–
E. jamesii Benth. Subsp. bakeri (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.
Elsewhere, Reveal noted that Greene published E. bakeri six weeks after E. arcuatum.
…
Eriogonum flavum Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana: [2,] no. 34. 1813.
–
T.: Variously stated as “in the vicinity of the rocky mountains”
or “from the Arikare village,”
most likely found in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan,
Mercer or McLean counties, North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n.
Holotype: PH; isotype: P.
–
A Nuttall sheet at PH with a label alluding to the Rocky Mountains
was collected in 1834 and is not original material.
Reveal lists eight synonyms of E. flavum, two of which are particularly interesting.
…
Eriogonum laterifolium Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 53. 1838.
–
LT.: Upper Missouri River, probably in South Dakota, Jun 1811,
J. Bradbury s.n. Lectotype: BM, designated here; isolectotype: LINN.
The original collection in Rafinesque's possession was probably destroyed,
not found at P or PH.
This is one of the few published names I have seen that specifically refer to a Bradbury collection.
…
Eriogonum sericeum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:277. 1813.
–
T.: “On the prairies of the Missouri [River',”
probably in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan, Mercer or McLean counties,
North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n.
Holotype: PH; isotype: P.
–
E. flavum Nutt. Var. sericeum S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 116. 1936.
I assume this was Pursh's view of the same collection that Nuttall published as E. flavum.
The treatment of subfamily Eriogonoideae in Flora of North America was written by Jim Reveal.
Eriogonum arcuatum, E. flavum, and E. jamesii are all in subgroup Oligogonum,
and couplet 20 separates E. arcuatum and E. flavum.
(I might add that the original online key contains an HTML coding error that will throw you off, and has been corrected below.
To date, 22 Oct 2022, this HTML coding error has been propagated to the beta version of FNANM.)
Inflorescences compound-umbellate or, if umbellate or capitate, not of distribution of E. flavum; Colorado Plateau, s Rocky Mountains and w edge of Great Plains from s Wyoming to n Arizona and n New Mexico
129. Eriogonum arcuatum
+
Inflorescences subcapitate or umbellate; n Great Plains and n Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Nebraska north to Canada and Alaska, west to e Oregon and Washington
133. Eriogonum flavum
The way I read this key, E. arcuatum and E. flavum should not be sympatric.
Yet the map of collections determined one of the two taxa in Colorado are definitely geographically intermixed (SEINet, 2020).
Similarly, the distribution maps in Ackerfield (2015) show the distributions of the two taxa are quite similar.
Map of collections determined one of the two taxa of Eriogonum in Colorado
Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not distinquish between E. arcatum and E. flavum.
Original Text
7b. Flowers E. flavum (Nuttall) [yellow].
Plains to alpine.
As we see it,
this species consists of various distinctive local forms that probably evolved in isolation.
Alpine plants tend to be of shorter stature,
with congested umbels (E. arcuatum var. xanthum (Small) Reveal,
E flavum subsp. chloranthum (Greene) Stokes).
On the eastern plains the inflorescence varies from simple to compound umbels.
In the foothills, taller forms have been called E. arcuatum Greene.
One might be justified in considering the local races of no nomenclatural significance,
and even treating E. jamesii as E. flavum subsp. jamesii.
Nuttall (1848) described Eriogonum effusum in his description of plants collected by William Gambel.
It is, however, a Nuttall collection made on the “… Platte plains …” and therefore on his
1834 journey across the Rocky Mountains.
An isotype is at the Gray Herbarium (GH) and can be seen through SEINet.
Original Text
Comments
E. *effusum.
Suffruticose ;
leaves linear, oblong, obtuse, beneath whitely tomentose, above pubescent, greenish ;
stem tomentose, two or three times trichotomous, divaricate ;
bractes ternate, lanceolate-acute ; (flowers not seen.)
Stem divided into many simple branches below ;
flowering stem bearing bractes only,
divided compoundly and numerourly,
each division subtended by conspicuous trifid bractes.
Hab.
In the Rocky Mountains.
(Nuttall.)
I assume that “Nuttall” indicates this is a Nuttall
collection rather than a Gambel collections.
In this same volume, Nuttall also published Eucycla as a generic name for the wild buckwheat we now call Eriogonum ovalifolium.
This name has now become a subgroup name for wild buckwheats that are perennial, without jointed stems, and flowers without a stipe-like base.
James eriogonum (Eriogonum jamesii Benth.), known locally as
antelope sage, ground chaparral, and redroot, a somewhat trailing
perennial from a woody base, 4 to 12 inches high, occurs on plains
and foothills from western and northern Texas to western Kansas,
Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. The leaves are thickish,
elliptical or spatula shaped, green above, the lower surfaces
(like the stems) densely gray- or white-woolly. The flowers are
whitish or cream color, with a narrowed stipelike base, arranged
in involucres which, in turn, are in irregularly branching cymes.
The plant is named for Dr. Edwin James (1797-1861), surgeon-naturalist
with the S. H. Long expedition of 1819-20 to the Rocky
Mountains, and after whom the Rocky Mountain shrub genus
Edwinia (syn. Jamesia Torr. & Gray, not Raf.) is named. Almost
negligible as a forage plant.
Scott, James A.
1975.
Mate-locating behavior of the western North American butterflies.
The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera.
14 (1), pp. 1-40
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/333681
*Apodemia mormo. Males perch near the larval foodplant
(Eriogonum jamesi in Chaffee County, Colo., where most
observations were), mostly in depressions such as gullies cutting
into hillisides, and depressions at bases of slopes. Perching starts
about 1100 and continues til 1430 or later. In the morning males
mainly feed on the larval host and fly away when disturbed.
Reveal, James L.
1976
Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New Mexico
Phytologia
34.
pp. 409–484
30. E. JAMESII Benth. in DC. Low matted to robust and erect
herbaceous perennials up to 4.5 dm high and 6 dm across; leaves
oblanceolate to elliptic, (0.5) 1--5 cm long, 0.5--2.5 cm wide,
tomentose below, floccose above or becoming thinly pubescent to
glabrous and greenish above in some, the petiole 0.5--6 cm long; stems
erect, slender to stoutish, (3) 5--20 (25) cm long, tomentose to
floccose; inflorescences usually open, simple or compoundly
umbellate, rarely highly reduced and capitate (as on the Kaibab
Plateau, Ariz.), up to 3 dm long, tomentose to floccose; involucres
turbinate to campanulate, 3--7 mm long, 2.5--8 mm wide, tomentose
to floccose without, the 5--8 erect teeth up to 0.5 mm long;
flowers white to cream or yellow with greenish to dark yellow midribs
and bases, becoming tinged with pink in some at maturity, 3--9 mm
long including the 0.7--2 mm long stipe, densely pubescent
without especially along the midribs and bases, the tepals dimorphic,
those of the outer whorl lanceolate, those of the inner whorl
narrower and longer; achenes light brown to brown, 4--5 mm long, with
a sparsely pubescent beak.
—
Rather common and often locally
abundant from e. Utah, Colo. and se. Wyo. s. to Ariz., N.M., w. Kans.,
w. and n. Tex., and ne. Mex.; common throughout much of both states
but in particular n. and e. Ariz., and e. and s. N.M. Jun-Oct.
As I have become more and more familiar with Eriogonum jamesii
the more I have come to discover that it is an exceedingly complex
taxon with numerous local and region modifications in its gross
external morphology. In the past I have tended to ignore the
significance of many of these local populations, while in the related
E. umbellatum, I (and others) have tended to recognize them. It
is now becoming clear that E. jamesii is as difficult to treat as
E. umbellatum. I have tried to maintain a uniform understanding
of E. umbellatum, acknowledging that small, local populations are
often very distinct (especially to the local flora expert), but
when considered on the whole, none can be maintained at the species
rank. Thus, Colorado workers (Weber, 1972) have kept E. umbellatum
var. majus Hook. a distinct species (calling it E. subalpinum
Greene), and Howell (1973, 1976) has proposed var. torreyanum
(Gray in Torr. & Gray) M. E. Jones be considered as a distinct
species. This does not take into account, for example, that in
Wyoming, western Montana, and Idaho, var. majus intergrades with
var. dichtocephalum Gandoger, nor that in extreme northern
California and adjacent Oregon there is var. glaberrimum (Gandoger)
Reveal which is as distinct from var. umbellatum as var. torreyanum,
but together, are very close to one another.
The situation within Eriogonum jamesii is nearly as complex,
but fortunately, with far few taxa than in E. umbellatum. However,
unlike the latter species, associated with the former are a series
of closely related species which are seemingly weakly distinct on
biological grounds, but morphologically and distributionally, seem
to be as sound a species as any in the genus. Eriogonum correllii
Reveal of northern Texas, and E. allenii S. Wats. in Coult. & Wats.
of the Virginias are highly isolated, but are still very closely
related to E. jamesii var. wootonii Reveai of south-central
New Mexico. Field studies have shown that in southeastern Wyoming and in
extreme north-central Colorado, E. jamesii and E. flavum Nutt.
in Fras. intergrade to such a degree that in the mountains east of
Laramie, Wyoming, the two can often be exceedingly difficult to
separate. This is one of the few cases in the genus where two
related species intergrade; most hybridization is between unrelated
groups of species (E. brevicaule x E. corymbosum;
E. batemanii x E. shockkeyi;
E. brevicaule x E. microthecum).
While reviewing
this situation in the field, I finally realized that a form of E.
flavum in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, var. xanthum (Small) S.
Stokes, was in fact not a form of E. flavum, but should be called
E. jamesii var. xanthum. 3
3Eriogonum jamesii Benth. in DC. var. xanthum (Small) Reveal,
comb. nov., based on E. xanthum Small, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club
33:51. 1906.
Finally, discussion with Steve Stephens and Ronald McGregor of
the University of Kansas, coupled with my own field work in
south-western Kansas, have proved to me that the isolated Kansas
populations deserve special recognition as proposed by Gandoger (1906),
and thus Eriogonum jamesii var. simplex Gandoger is maintained
for these plants.
VAR. FLAVESCENS S. Wats.
[E. arcuatum Greene.
E. bakeri Greene.
E. vegetius A. Nels.
E. j. ssp. f. (S. Wats.) S. Stokes.
E. j. var. a. (Greene) S. Stokes.
E. j. ssp. b. (Greene) S. Stokes.]
Mats up to 5 dm across; leaves oblanceolate to elliptic,
1--3 cm long, 0.5--1.5 cm wide, the margin entire; inflorescences
divided 1--3 times, up to 2 dm long, rarely capitate or umbellate
as in northern Arizona; bracts mostly narrowly elliptic, up to 2
cm long and 1 cm wide; involucres 3--7 mm long, 4--8 mm wide;
flowers yellow, (4) 5--8 mm long.
—
Common and rather widespread
from e. and s. Utah e. to s. and central Colo. as far n. as se.
Wyo., and s. to n. Ariz and N.M.; local and often common from
Mohave Co. e. across the n. tier of cos. (and Yavapai Co.) to nw.
N.M. (as far e. as Sandoval Co.). Jul-Sep.
The attempts to maintain either Eriogonum arcuatum or
E. bakeri as distinct from
E. jamesii simply do not take into account
the variation within E. jamesii.
The only major difference between vars. flavescens,
rupricola Reveal (of southwestern Utah),
wootonii,
and the forms more closely related to var. jamesii such
as vars. simplex and undulatum is the flower color.
Again this is
an impressive difference to the local taxonomist, but not so when
the entire range of the species is considered, and when one
remembers that in such species as
E. umbellatum and E. compositum Dougl. ex Benth. in Lindl.
both color phases are common.
VAR. WOOTONII Reveal.
Mats up to 5 dm across; leaves broadly
elliptic, 3--5 cm long, 1.5--3 cm wide, the margin entire;
inflorescences divided 3--5 times, up to 2 dm long; bracts mostly
foliaceous, those of the first node narrowly elliptic, 2--4 cm long,
0.7--1.8 cm wide; involucres 3--6 mm long, 4--9 mm wide; flowers
yellow, 4--7 (9) mm long. -- Local and often common in the mts. of
s.-central N.M. in Lincoln and Otero cos. Jul-Sep (Oct).
This New Mexico phase was described in my 1973 paper on the
buckwheats of Utah. It has been variously called E. jamesii
or E. baker.
VAR. JAMESII.
[E. j. var. neomexicanum Gandoger.]
Mats up to
8 dm across; leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, 1--3 cm long, 0.5--11
cm wide, the margin entire; inflorescences divided 1--6 times, up
3 dm long; bracts mostly narrowly elliptic, up to 2 cm long and 1
cm wide; involucres 4--7 mm long, 2--5 mm wide; flowers white to
cream, 4--8 mm long. -- Widespread and often common from n.-central
Colo. s. throughout the e. half of Ariz. e. to n. and w. Tex.; from
Coconino Co. s. to Gila and Graham cos., Ariz., and throughout most
of N.M. Jun-Sep.
VAR. UNDULATUM (Benth. in DC.) Stokes ex Jones.
[E. u. Benth. in DC.
E. j. ssp. u. (Benth. in DC.) S. Stokes.]
Mats up to 8
dm across; leaves mostly narrowly elliptic, 1--2 cm long, 0.5--l
cm wide, the margin crisped and usually undulate; inflorescences
divided 3--6 times, up to 1.5 dm long; bracts narrowly elliptic,
up to 1.5 cm long and 0.6 cm wide; involucres 1.5--4 mm long, 2--3
mm wide; flowers white to cream, 3--5 mm long. -- Widespread and
often locally common from se. Ariz. and sw. Tex. s. to n. Mex.;
currently known only from Ariz. in Cochise, Santa Cruz, Santa Rita
and perhaps Gila cos., but to be expected in the mountains of s.
N.M. Jul-Sep.
The distinction between var. jamesii and var. undulatum is a
subtle one at best. The northern var. jamesii gradually grades
into var. undulatum in an irregular line from Jeff Davis and
Brewster cos., Texas, through the mountain ranges of extreme northern
Coahuila and Chihuahua, Mexico, and in southeastern Arizona. The
main difference is in the texture of the leaf margin, with that of
var. jamesii being entire and smooth while that of var. undulatum
is crisped and wavy or undulate. This broad band of contact caused
Johnston (1944) to reject var. undulatum as a distinct taxon.
For the most part, var. jamesii is a foothill taxon, occurring
mainly in the foothills and lower slopes and flats of the Rocky
Mountains or desert ranges of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. The
var. undulatum is entirely a montane taxon, usually found well up
on the slopes, and at least in Mexico, on the highest ridges.
Reveal (2005), writing in Flora of North America North of Mexico accepts varieties jamesii, simplex, and undulatum. He also accepts both E. arcuatum and E. flavum at the species rank.
The references that Reveal lists are:
Reveal, J. L. 1973b. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Utah. Phytologia 25: 169-217.
Reveal, J. L. 1976. Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Arizona and New Mexico. Phytologia 34: 409-484.
Reveal, J. L. 1985. An annotated key to Eriogonum (Polygonaceae) of Nevada. Great Basin Naturalist 45: 493-519.
Stokes, S. G. 1936. The Genus Eriogonum, a Preliminary Study Based on Geographical Distribution. San Francisco.
Does not seem to be available in any online form.
Desc. Perennial, herbaceous, cespitose.
Caudex divided at the base into several branches ;
most of the branches short, bearing fasciculi of leaves at the extremity, one of them elongated and resembling a scape ;
covered with a copious loose tomentum.
Leaves obovate-spathulate, about an inch long,
and less than an inch broad, white tomentose beneath, smoothish above.
Flowering stem a span high, bearing a simple umbel at the extremity.
Peduncles or rays an inch and a half long, wooly, thick,
furnished with several oblong-lanceolate leaves at the base.
Involucrum about 20-flowered, campanulate, with lanceolate obtuse teeth.
Florets distinctly pedicellate.
Calyx very smooth ; segments obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base.
Stamens 9.
Seed acutely triangular.
Hab. With the preceding.
The preceding appears to be 390. E. tenellum which is also described
as being “… with the preceding …”
E. tenellum is known from southeastern Colorado.
The next preceding is
389. E. annuum, n. sp. Nutt. Mss. Near the Rocky Mountains.
Found also on the Arkansa by Mr. Nuttall.
Root annual !
E. annuum is known from eastern Colorado, but not Jefferson County.
Obs. Flowers larger than in E. tomentosum.
It is remarkable that Humboldt and Bonpland did not observer any species of Eriogonum in Mexico,
as they abound, accoding to Dr. James, about the sources of the Canadian.
Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal, var. nov.
TYPE: UNITED STATES. Colorado, Jefferson Co.: Along U. S. Hwy 6 adjacent to I-70,
0.4 mi E of Exit 256 to Buffalo Bill's Grave, N39°42'12", W105°14'32",
T4S, R70W, sec. 18, 7100 ft elev., 25 Jul 1992, J. L. Reveal 7244.
HOLOTYPE: NY. Isotypes: BY, CAS, COLO, GH, MARY, MO, RENO, RM, RSA, UC, US, UTC.
A Eriogono umbellato var. umbellato inflorescentibus divisis differt.
Plants low, often rather compact, mats 2-4 dm across;
leaves in loose rosettes, the leaf-blades mostly elliptic to oval,
1-2.5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm side, densely white to gray tomentose abaxially,
floccose and green adaxially;
flowering stems erect, mostly 1-3 dm long, floccose;
inflorescences compound umbellate and divided 2-3 times;
involucral tubes 2-3 mm long, the lobes 1.5-3 mm long;
flowers bright yellow, 4-7 mm.
Other specimens seen
UNITED STATES.
Colorado, El Paso Co.: Colorado Springs, Jul 1892, Eastwood s.n. (F, MO, RM);
Jefferson Co.: Mt. Vernon Country Club, Golden, 7 Aug 1941, Ehlers 8159 (COLO, MICH, TEX, WTU),
Larimer Co.: Cherokee Park, 15 Jul 1934, R. J. Davis 394-W (IDS);
Estes Park, 16 Jul 1978, Hampton s.n. (NY);
2.1 mi W of Drake, 9 Aug 1967, Neal & Neal 2 (ASU);
Estes Park, Aug 1931, E. C. Smith s.n. (MONT);
Big Thompson Canyon, 7500 ft elev., 3 Jul 1934, S. Stokes 201a (RM).
Mineral Co.: Piedra, 12 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 291 (RM).
Eriogonum umbellatum var. ramulosum
(from the Latin ramulosus, meaning “with small branches”)
is encountered mainly but infrequently along the Front Range
of the Colorado Rocky Mountains mainly west of Fort Collins south to Colorado Spring
then westward to Piedra.
Buffalo Bill's sulphur flower is related to var. umbellatum,
differing consistently in having a compound umbellate inflorescence.
The basionym is Polygonum baldschuanicum Regel published in Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg 8: 684 (1884)
Literature Cited: - Regel, E, 1883. Regel's illustration of Fallopia baldschuanica.
POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.
POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.
81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.
81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.
Tabula X.
Tabula X.
Glabrum; caule frutescente, lignoso, volubili, basi usque 13 Mm.
in diametro, cortice fusco lenticellis crebris ornato.
Ochreae brevissime cylindricae, ut bracteae membranaceo-hyalinae mox fissae,
denique subevanescentes.
Folia inferiora opposita, longe petiolata, hastato- cordata,
acuta v. acuminata v. rarius obtusa, margine obsolete crenulato-scabra,
petiolum superantia; folia suprema floraliaque valde minora, nunc caulinis similia,
nunc lineari-lanceolata in petiolum attenuata.
Florum paniculae axillares terminalesque, folium pluries superantes, fere aphyllae,
laxae; rhachis angulata, ad angulos minute scabra.
Flores ramulorum paniculae fasciculati, pedicellati; fasciculi pluriflori;
pedicelli supra basin articulati, apicem versus hyalino-albido trialati.
Calycis 5 partiti hyalino-albidi lobis tribus exterioribus ovatis,
patentibus, dorso naviculari-alatis;
alis in pedicellum decurrentibus;
sepalis interioribus duobus erectis, obovatis, exalatis, rubescentibus.
Stamina 8.
Stigma capitatum, trilobum, in ovarii apice sessile.
Calyx fructifer vix auctus, late alatus.
Achaenium triquetrum, nigrum, nitidum.
Folia caulina incluso petiolo usque 7 — 8 Cm. longa;
lamina usque 4 Cm. lata et 5 Cm. longa.
Flores 5 — 6 Mm. in diametro. Caulis 10—15 pedes altus.
In Bucharae orientalis chanato Baldschuan ad fluvium Wachsch ad
pedem orientalem montium Sevistan, 4—5000' alt., mense Julio anno
1883, leg. A. Regel.
In the eastern part of Bukhara, the Baldschuan river runs to the Wachsch river
the eastern foot of the Sevistan mountains, 4-5000' alt., in the month of July
1883, leg. A. Regel
Bukhara is a city and a region of Uzbekistan located in the southwest of the country.
The Baldschuan River was suggested to be the Zarafshan River by ChatGPT,
which I now think is incorrect.
The type of Primula baldschuanica B. Fedtsch. Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae 5:6 (1913)
was named for the type location Baldschuan (Boldzhuan), Tajikistan.
GoogleMaps spells it as Baldzhuvon at coordinates (38.307612,69.677265).
I have also seen the name spelled Baljuan.
The Wachsch River might be the Vakhsh River.
Baldschuan is at the intersection of two rivers.
However, I don't see that either of them flow into the Vakhsh River.
Species proxima P. multiflorum Thbrg. «caule herbaceo, floribus
triplo minoribus rufescentibus, calyce fructifero valde aucto fuscescente
alato» facile dignoscitur.
Explicatio tabulae X.
a. Ramus cum panicula, — flos a latere visus, — flos apertus a
latere superiore visus. — d. e. stamina. — f. pistillum. —
g. h. fructus maturi. — i. achaenium. — Figurae a, g, h, i magnitudine
naturali, — b , c, d , e, f auctae. — k. floris digramma.
Naar zekeren Heer van Reynoutre, waar
van Lobel getuigt , dat dezelve aan de Kruidkunde
zeer veel dienft gedaan heeft ; zo als ik
bevoorens heb gemeld (*).
To a certain Lord of Reynoutre, where
van Lobel testifies that the same to Herbology
has done much service; like me
in advance have reported (*).
(*) II. D. VII. Stuk, bladz. 64.
II. Deel/. VIII. Stue.
IV. Afdeel. XI. Hoofdstuk. Driewyvige.,
Immers in dit Kruid heb ik de Bloempjes bevonden tien
Meeldraadjes of liever Meelknopjes
bevatten, en het Vrugtbeginzel is driekandg ,
met drie Siempels gekroond : uit welken hoofde,
anders , dit Gewas tot het Duizendknoop betrokken
zou kunnen worden. Het heeft den
Kelk vyfbladig, zonder Bloemblaadjes.
For in this Herb I have found the Flowers ten
Stamen or rather Flour buds
contain, and the Vrugtbeginzel is trikandg ,
crowned with three Siempels: on what head,
otherwise, this Crop involved to the Knotweed
could become. It has den
Chalice with five petals, without petals.
I. Renoutria Japonica. japaniche. Pl. LI. Fig. 1.
De eenigde Soort , my daar van bekend , heeft
een vooze , ronde, doch eenigszins gegroefde
of gellreepte , brumachtige Steng, die bogtig
is en knoopig, overhoeks Takken uitgeevende,
welke , zo wel als de Steng , overhoeks bezet
zyn met lang gefteelde Piekswys' Hartvormige
Bladen , de grootften wel vier Duimen lang en
derdhalf Duim breed. Hier en daar komen aan
de Knoopen , en in de Oxels der Bladen , drie
of vier Ristachtige Bloem- en Zaadtrosjes voort,
met zeer kleine Bloempjes , van gezegde
hoedanigheid. De Bladen verkleinen niet naar
boven , maar komen zelfs naar 't end der Takken
veel grooter voor , dan om laag.
The only kind, known to me, has
a voodoo, round, but somewhat grooved
or gellreepte, brumig Steng, that bogtig
is and knotted, giving out branches diagonally,
which, as well as the Steng, occupies across the corner
are with long-stemmed Piekswys' Heart-shaped
Blades, the sizes up to four inches long and
three and a half inches wide. Coming here and there
the Buttons , and in the Oxels der Bladen , three
or four Ristle-like Flower- and Seed-trusses forth,
with very small Flowers, from proverb
capacity. The Sheets do not shrink to
above , but come even to the end of the Branches
much larger in front than down.
* II. D. v. Stuk, bladz. 116.
Terwyl ik het Geflagt van Cotyledon , onder
den naam van Navelkruid, als veele Heefterigen
gen bevattende, reeds befchreeven heb * , zo
komt hier thans eerst in aanmerking het.
While I read the Geflagt of Cotyledon , below
the name of Navelweed, like many of the Hasty
gene containing, already described * , zo
comes into consideration here first.
Glabrous and somewhat glaucous, often a little scabrous
about the nodes, 1-1½ feet high, with numerous, slender,
divergent branches: leaves thinnish, oblong to lanceolate,
1-nerved, their margins smooth and more or less revolute;
stipules entirely hyaline, the sheathing portion very short,
or wanting, the upper part more or less lacerate: floral leaves
reduced: flowers commonly more than one in each axil, their
pedicels deflexed: akenes longer than in the preceding,
shining or granular-roughened. — P. tenue, Watson, Bot.
King. 315; Bot. Cal, II. 12, but not of Michx.
var. latifolium.
Leaves oblong : flowers numerous and crowded into a spike :
face of akene rather oblong than ovate in outline. — P. tenue,
var. latifolium, Engelm.
From the Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and southward
everywhere in the mountains to the borders of Mexico.
Clearly distinguishable from its eastern analogue by the
characters indicated, of which the 3-parallel-nerved leaves
and their almost saw-toothed margins are the most obvious.
In P. Douglasii, which we dedicate to perhaps its very
earliest collector, the secondary veins, when apparent at all,
are not parallel, bnt pinnate. The plant is variable, and
yet the var. latifolium may be a distinct species; the shape of
the akene is peculiar.
Erect-spreading, diffusely branched from the base, a span
or more high, reddish, very minutely scabrous-puberulent
throughout: branches slender and somewhat flexuous:
stipules sparingly lacerate, short, with no tubular or herbaceous
portion; leaves lanceolate, acute, with revolute margins, ½
inch or more long, the upper much smaller and remote:
flowers in all the axils, solitary or in twos or threes, very
small: pedicels strongly defiexed: sepals obtuse, shorter
than the very small, ovate, shining akene, and but loosely
investing it. — P. tenue, var. microspermum, Engelm.
Rocky Mountains of Colorado at considerable elevations.
Very unlike any forms of the preceding species; differing
not more remarkably in the minuteness of its flowers and
fruit than in its peculiar erect-spreading habit and the fact
of its flowering from the very base of the stems and branches.
“The name R. salicifolius has been applied in a broad sense to nearly all species of subsect. Salicifolii,
including even mostly Asian R. sibiricus.
Rumex salicifolius appears to be most closely related to R. californicus and R. utahensis (Mosyakin, FNANM, v. 5)”.
Given the obvious general relationships between the old Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae,
and the complexity of the details of the relationships between them,
a classification of Amaranthaceae s.l., albeit incomplete, is suggested above,
however, what the future holds in terms of ideas of relationships will determine its fate... `
Flowers glomerate, paniculate;
bisexual;
masculine and feminine flowers intermixed, or on separate plants;
leaves alternate, rarely subopposite.
Mostly annual, rarely shrubby.
Species.
1. A. *canescens.
(Calligonum canescens, Pursh, Flor. Am. Sept. 2. p. 370.)
Dioicous;
pulverulently furfuraceous and canescent;
stem shrubby, diffuse;
leaves linear-oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated towards the base, younger leaves acute.
—
Obs.
Stem much branched, and diffuse, about 3 or 4 feet high, with round gray branches.
Leaves alternate, 15 to 20 lines long, about 3 wide, sometimes cuneate-oblong,
obtuse and now and then emarginate, very entire,
covered with the white branny scales common to this and the preceding genus.
Flowers dioicous, with 4, 5, and 5 stamens,
conglomerated towards the ends of the branches;
male clusters (at least the lower ones) pedunculate.
Calix of the female flowers 2-parted, becoming indurated,
acute, with 4 unequal cristated or dentated angles.
Style 1, deeply bifid, exserted.
Nearly allied to A. portulacoides.
Hab.
On the denudated saline hills of the Missouri;
commencing about 15 miles below the confluence of White river,
and continuing to the mountains.
Flowering in May.
Chiefly an European genus, the above excepted,
with 1 species at the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Barbary,
1 in Siberia,
2 in Tartary, from whence A. hortensis
is said to have originated,
and 1 in Bengal.
Calix 3-parted.
Corolla 0.
Seed 1, covered by the calix, which enlarges and generally becomes a berry.
Flowers and berries in capitate clusters;
the capituli resembling strawberries,
and are both terminal and axillary.
Species. 1. B. capitatum. A doubtful native.
2. * Chenopodioides?
Leaves almost hastate-riangular, somewhat dentate, at either end attenuate;
glomeruli all axillary, leafy;
seed distinct, punctate, not berried.
Hab. on arid soils near the banks of the Missouri. ☉
Obs. Stem erect, virgate;
seeds naked, imricated, surrounded by a few linear leaves longer than the seed;
proper calix, apparently none, style 1, deeply bifid.
Seed coated, coverec with impressed punctures, oboval, slightly margined,
beneath the outer envelope dark brown, a little rigose, emarginate below.
Corculum curved round the perisperm,
parallel with the margin of the seed;
perisperm partly farinaceous and partly corneous.
Blitum chenopodioides L. was a validly published name for a plant found in Tataria, a name used for central Asia and European Russia east of the river Don.
Nuttall's plant was not this, so the publication was a nom. illeg.
3. MONOLEPIS, Schrader. Annuals, with the habit and foliage
of Chenopodium, but the perianth consisting of a single scale-like or
bract-like sepal (or this to be regarded as a mere bract subtending an
achlamydeous flower). Stamen 1. Styles 2, filiform.
Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical compressed seed.
Embryo annular; albumen copious.
—
In aspect wholly like Chenopodium, to which the
genus may as well be united as Mungea to Amarantus.
1. M. Nuttalliana, Greene. Roem. & Schult. Mant. i. 65 (1822), under
Blitum: M. chenopodioides, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 85 (1849). Blitum
chenopodioides (?) Nutt (1818), not Linn.
Branches many, decumbent
or almost prostrate, 1/4-l ft. long ; herbage deep green, the growing
parts mealy : leaves lanceolate-hastate, 1/2 - 1 in. long, entire or remotely
sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base, the upper floral subsessile :
flower-clusters axillary, dense, sometimes reddish : sepal
foliaceous and fleshy, oblanceolate or spatulate, often exceeding the
fruit : pericarp somewhat fleshy, becoming dry and favose-pitted,
adherent : seed lenticular or reniform, 1/2 line broad.
—
Alkaline soils along the eastern base of the Sierra.
Fuentes-Bazan, Susy, Pertti Uotilla, and Thomas Borsch (2012, p. 18) …
3. Blitum nuttallianum Schult., Mant. 1: 65. 1822
≡ Blitum chenopodioides Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 4. 1818 [non L. 1771]
≡ Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 85. 1849, nom. illeg.
≡ M. nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene, Fl. Francisc.: 168. 1891.
—
Described from the banks of the Missouri river; type not designated.
Stem 3-5 dm. high, branched, striate, obtusely angled ; leaves
slender-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, truncate, or the upper mucronate,
entire, sometimes slightly hastately lobed at the base, three-nerved,
very dark green, only sparingly mealy, rather thick and
somewhat fleshy, 1-3 cm. long and 5-15 mm. wide; flowers in small
spike-like glomerules in the axils of the leaves and in compound
interrupted spikes at the ends of the branches, very small and sparingly
meally; seeds lenticular, 1 mm. long, almost black, smooth,
easily separating from the pericarp.
It much resembles C. olidum, but differs in the darker green color
of the leaves and stem, the sparser mealiness, the smaller flowers
and the easily separated seeds, which are not pitted as are those of
C. olidum. The type was growing on a dry hillside together with
Mentzelia tenerrima and Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, under some
trees of Pseudotsuga mucronata.
Montana: Foothills of Electric Peak, August 18, 1897, Rydberg
& Bessey, 3948 (type).
Yellowstone Park: Stevenson Island, 1885, Tweedy, 439.
* Watson, Rev. N. A. Chenopodiaceae in Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 82-126.
9. C. Berlandieri , caule fruticoso ascendente ramoso,
foliis alternis ovatis vel ovato-oblongis aculis
submucronulatis integerrimis pulverulentis glaucis,
inferioribus subrliombeo-ovatis interdum rhombeis
(angulis lateralibus prominulis), spicis subpaniculaiis
laxis aphyllis , perigonio fruclifero non carinato ,
semine punclulato-rugoso haud nitido margine acuto.
Circa Mexico. Berlandier 1906. (v. s. in herb. Moricand.)
Seen in the dried state in the herbarium of Moricand.
Moricand is probably Moïse-Étienne Moricand, a Swiss botanist and malacologist (1779–1854).
In 1833-1846, he published Plantes nouvelles d'Amérique,
based chiefly on collections of J.L. Berlandier, J.S. Blanchet and J.A. Pavón.
Moricand's herbarium, numbering more than 54,000 specimens at the end of his life,
contained material from all over the world,
again collected by him and those with whom he had built relationships.
It was given to the Conservatoire botanique de la ville de Genève by his son in 1908.
IPNI (2021) provides this reference, “Kochia Roth, J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(1): 307 (1801),”
which I think is this publication: https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433011408956.
Unfortunately, I am unable to find it there.
I think it is pretty clear that Bassia Allioni (1766) has priority over Kochia Roth (1801).
Schrader (1809, p. 85) placed our plant in Kochia Roth. There may be some discussion on the preceding pages explaining the reason. However, my German abilities are insufficient to find it.
Morphological studies … frame of the study did not allow the full study of critical groups,
such as Kochia scoparia s.l. and K. prostrata s.l., in detail to
solve their inherent taxonomic problems.
Bassia and Kochia are highly polyphyletic,
with the former distributed among all clades, and the latter in most of them.
Scott (1978) already reduced the number of
non-Australian genera of Camphorosmeae to five by including
Kochia, Londesia and Chenolea into Bassia.
The Bassia hyssopifolia subclade contains Bassia hyssopifolia and the Kochia scoparia group,
a clade consisting of four closely related and morphologically similar taxa; Fig. 5.
We also treat the latter here under Bassia.
The subclade consists of annual species and has a wide distribution area in Eurasia which
ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan.
The Kochia scoparia group is well-known for its large
variation in shape, size and indumentum of leaves, indumentum
of leaf axils (very dense and long in K. densiflora), size and
shape of wings on the fruiting perianth etc. which were treated
in various ways by different authors. Our sampling included
some conspicuous forms but was not large enough to resolve
the taxonomy of the group.
For morphological and ecological
reasons, most likely only K. scoparia, K. indica and K. littorea
deserve species rank.
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott in Feddes Repert. 89: 108. 1978
= Chenopodium scoparium L., Sp. Pl.: 221. 1753 (‘scoparia’)
= Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. in Neues J. Bot. 3(4): 85. 1809.
= K. sieversiana (Pall.) C.A. Mey. in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 1: 415. 1829.
= K. scoparia var. densiflora Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 131. 1849.
= K. densiflora auct.
= K. alata Bates in Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 24: 52. 1918.
Further studies are required to elucidate the infraspecific grouping.
I should look up this reference:
Scott, A.J. 1978. A revision of the Camphorosmoideae (Chenopodiaceae). Feddes Repert. 89: 101–119.
Pursh. 1814. Flora Americae Septentrionalis. v. 2, p. 602
lanata.
1. D. omnibus partibus cano-tomentosa ; caule flexuoso, glomerulis spicarum confertissimis.
On the banks of the Missouri, in open prairies.
M. Lewis. ♄ Aug. Sept.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
resembles Diotis ceratoides,
but is distinct at first sight by its long wooly tomentum
Locations: Milk River.
Illustration of Suckleya suckleyana.
Torrey in Gray (1860, v. 12, Bk. 2, pt. 2, p. 47) … the "Pacific Railroad Reports" through Washington Territory.
Original Text
OBIONE SUCKLEYANA, Torr., n. sp. (Plate IV.) "Annual, stem branching, prostrate; leaves
suborbicular on long petioles, acutely repand-dentate, pale-green both sides, nearly glabrous ;
glomerules axillary, monoecious bracts of the sessile fruit deltoid, united to the summit, the
margin narrowly winged, crenate-denticulate. Very distinct from every other North American
species of Obione, but having some resemblance to 0. argentea. It is remarkable for the
roundish leaves, very long petioles, and the large and much compressed nearly glabrous fruit.
The male flowers were tetramerous." — TORREY. This was collected in the Milk River valley,
August 19.
Gray, Asa, 1876, pp. 101-103 described Suckleya as a taxon that fits between Atriplex and Grayia.
In that process, Gray proposed a new name — Suckleya petiolaris — and placed Obione Suckleyana Torr. in synonomy.
Now, of course, we would describe Gray's specific epithet as superfluous.
Not sure what Gray was thinking, perhaps that Suckleya suckleyana was an redundant name.
Certainly, he knew about priority of names, as the first “code” was published in 1867.
V.
MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.
By Asa Gray.
Presented, Oct. 12, 1875.
The following notes and characters relate mainly to Californian
botany, the writer having been engaged in the preparation of the
Gamopetalae for Professor Brewer's Botany of California, now printing.
Some of the observations are such as could not well be recorded
in that work ; and the characters of certain new genera and species
may appropriately be introduced to the botanical world in a continuation
of the " Contributions " which have from time to time been communicated
to the Academy, and published in its Proceedings. My
first note has reference to two plants of the Atlantic United States,
which have long been confounded.
…
Grayia Brandegei. Inermis, sesquipedalis, leviter fuifuraceo-cinerea ;
foliis spathulato-linearibus ; thecis minoribus flavidulis oblato-orbiculatis
quandoque trialatis basi latissime retusis, alis subundulatis ;
ovario basilari papuloso. — Hillsides, among fragments of cretaceous
sandstone, on the San Juan River, near the boundary between Colorado
and Utah, T. S. Brandegee in Hayden's Exploration, August,
1875. — While pleased with an accession to this genus, and with the
opportunity of associating it with the name of an excellent correspondent
who discovered it, I must add that it does not much strengthen the
genus. The small thecae, as far as seen only 3 lines broad, and with
some furfuraceous puberulence (but they are far from mature, and
mainly unfertilized), and the papulose cellular ovary too much remind
us of Atriplex (incl. Obione). A. Endolepis of Watson, Rev. Chenop.,
p. 111 (of which I should like to form a distinct section), has as thin
and complete a sac; but there are two minute teeth at its apex, and
their position, along with the venation, shows that the sac is compressed
laterally, i.e., formed of two flat bracts. I agree with Mr. Watson's
view, that the sac of Grayia is obcompressed, or formed of a pair of
conduplicate bracts, completely united to the very tip ; and on this
character (along with the inferior radicle) the genus actually rests.
But this view demands the separation from Atriplex of a species which
has always appeared like a stranger in the genus, and which I propose
to establish by itself, between Atriplex and Grayia, under the name of
its discoverer, Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A., one of the naturalists
of the exploration across the Continent under Governor Stevens.*
* Subtribus EUROTIEAE. Theca, e bracteis pl. m. conduplicatis coalitis con
stans, obcompressa, rarissime triptera.
Rydberg (1900, p. 133) corrected Gray's (1876) error in
Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park
without comment,
placing Gray's superfluous name in synonomy along with Torrey's Obione suckleyana.
Original Text
Original Text
Suckleya Suckleyana (Torr.) ;
Obione Suckleyana Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 12: 47, 1860;
Suckleya petiolaris Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 103, 1876 [Man. R. M. 311].
Montana: Milk River, 1853 (Stevenson Exped.), Suckley.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Amaranthaceae;
Despite the strong signal of gene tree discordance,
both nuclear and plastid data sets strongly supported five major clades within Amaranthaceae s.l.:
Amaranthaceae s.s., “Chenopods I,” “Chenopods II,” Betoideae, and Polycnemoideae
…
These five clades are congruent with morphology and previous taxonomic treatments of the group.
Chenopods I includes Atriplex, Grayia, Chenopodium, Dysphania, and Krascheninnikovia.
Chenopods II includes Suaeda, Salicornia, Allenrolfia, Salsola, and Kochia.
Herba erecta dioica annua: ...
[... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
KANSAS: sandhills, Hamilton County, 1895,
Hitchcock 428A (type, Gray Herb.) ;
sandy soil, southwestern Kansas, Aug. 3, 1895, Hitchcock 609.
COLORADO: South Fork of the Platte, 1856, H. Engelmann; indefinite, 1861,
Parry 323; Ft. Lupton, Weld. Co., 1914, Johnston 275;
Gilcrest, Weld Co., 1916, Johnston 275A.
OKLAHOMA: bottom of Cimarron River, Cimarron Co., 1936, Demaree 13306.
TEXAS: Limpia Canyon, 8.7 miles northeast of Ft. Davis, 1942. Cory 40520.
INDEFINITE: Powell Colorado Exploring Exped., 1868, no. 509 ;
Upper Missouri River, Hayden; sandhills, 1862, E. Hall.
A species most closely related to A. myrianthus Standley of northeastern
Mexico and southern Texas.
The latter is a loosely and much branched
plant with usually sprawling branches and has the bracts subtending the
female flowers broad, cuspidate, and distinctly shorter than the perianth
lobes.
The plant here described grows in sandy places on the high plains.
It has passed as A. Torreyi Gray and is treated under that name in
Standley's revision of the genus, No. Am. Fl. 21: 107 (1917).
The name "A. Torreyi Gray," however, properly belongs to a very
different plant growing along the Mexican boundary.
Cf. Johnston, Jour. Arnold Arb. 25: 155 (1944).
Sereno Watson (1879, v. 12, new ser. v. 4, p. 274) proposed Amarantus blitoides.
Original Text
Amarantus (Pyxidium) blitoides. Prostrate or decumbent, the
slender stems becoming a foot or two long, glabrous or nearly so :
leaves broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate to a slender
petiole, an inch long or usually less : flowers in small contracted axillary
spikelets : bracts nearly equal, ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate,
1 to 1½ lines long, little exceeding the oblong obtuse and mucronulate
or acute sepals : utricle not rugose, slightly longer than the sepals :
seed nearly a line broad. — Frequent in the valleys and plains of the
interior, from Mexico to N. Nevada and Iowa, and becoming introduced
in some of the Northern States eastward. It somewhat resembles
the A. Blitum, Linn., of the Old World, and has been mistaken
for it ; but that species is usually erect, with shorter and more scarious
bracts, and a smaller seed more notched at the hilum. The allied
A. albus, Linn., also common and indigenous throughout the interior,
is distinguished by its usually erect diffusely branched habit …
[… Description of A. albus omitted …]
Of the collections currently determined A. blitoides with data available online, the oldest are:
F. J. Lindheimer #513, 1846, Texas, GH1928850, A. graecezans L
J. M. Bigelow, s.n., 1853, NY3363450, Texas, Canadian River, Fort Smith to the Rio Grande, Amaranthus albus -- Whipple 35th parallel.
F. V. Hayden, s.n., 1858, NY3363419, Nebraska
I. Burk, s.n., 1864, PH20866791, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Grenwich Point.
S. Watson, 1004, July 1868, NY2281426, Utah (Nevada), Diamond Valley.
Pomell, s.n., 1868, SJNM2064, Nebraska, Douglas County, Omaha.
George Vasey, 1868, SJNM, Nebraska, Douglas County, Omaha.
I think Watson's Coll. No. 1004 is interesting.
When Watson collected and first reported it (Watson, 1871, p. 297), he applies Amaranthus alba L.,
while noting it is a prostrate form.
Original Text
Amarantus albus, L. Reported from the Upper Missouri, Northern
Texas, and Menzies Island in the Columbia River. Truckee River bottom,
and roadsides in the low valleys of Nevada and Utah. Midvein of the leaf
terminating as usual in a short awn ; erect, the lower branches ascending ;
½-2 high. (1,003.) With it was also found a wholly prostrate form, the
stems 1-2° long; leaves obovate or nearly orbicular. (1,004.)
In 1877, Watson will propose A. blitoides for a prostrate form of Amaranthus that is otherwise similar to A. albus.
While Watson labeled his collection A. albus, it has since been annotated A. blitoides.
Watson's Coll. No. 1003, to which he initially applied A. albus has since been annotated A. californicus.
The earliest collection of this pigweed would appear to be Fendler #735,
which was in 1894 designated the type of A. bracteosus Uline & W. L. Bray,
who thought that Fendler's collection was different from the plants grown from Powell's seed.
However, Watson's (1875) A. powellii has priority.
Watson (1875, v. 10, p. 347) published Amarantus powellii
from plants that were garden-grown from seeds brought from Arizona by Col. Powell.
Original Text
Interpretation and Comments
Amarantus Powellii. Slender, 4-5 feet high, glabrous, the
stem becoming bright red, branches erect ; leaves small,
oblong-lanceolate, 2 inches long, cuneate at base, the slender petiole shorter ;
flowers in close narrow compound spikes, the lateral ones erect ; seed
nearly black, shining, less than half a line broad, lenticular, very
minutely and slightly tuberculate. — Likewise cultivated from seeds
brought from Arizona by Col. Powell, and apparently a very distinct
species. A. albus and retroflexus were also raised from the same
collection of Arizona seeds, used as food by the Indians. The only
other species known from our western territory and apparently
indigenous are A. chlorostachys and Blitum.
The other seeds were A. leucocarpus that is now treated as
a synonym of A. hypochondriacus L.
DeCandolle (1849, v. 13, pt. 2, p. 419) accepted Froelichia Moench
and placed Oplotheca Nutt. in synonomy.
Original Text
Interpretation and Comments.
XLIII. FROELICHIA Moench meth. 1794, p. 50,
Endl gen. p. 302, n 1959,
non Froehlichia Vahl (1), nec Wulf (2).
—
Oplotheca Nutt. gen. am. 1818. v. 2, p. 78,
…
Sectio I. Hoplotheca
1. F. gracilis, caule tereti striato villoso ...
[... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
(I) In Texas (Drummond! n. 244),
Oplotheca gracilis Hook.! in herb.
(v. s. in h. Hook. et Mus. vindob.)
Seen in the dry state in Hooker's herbarium and the herbarium of the Natural History Museum of Vienna.
Hooker (1853, p. 161) described this taxon from a description by Nuttall.
Original Text
2. Abronia fragrans, Nutt.
Hab. On loamy, sandy, firm banks, within the high drift-sand hills of the Lower Platte.
Two feet long.
Umbels large.
Flowers porcelain-coloured, opening only at night, very fragrant ;
growing with “Rumex venosus” and Psoralea arenaria, Ph. June n. 157.
Nuttall collected the plant on the sand hills of the Lower Platte, though he does not identify the expedition or the year.
It is assumed (by me and others) that the collection was made on his trip to Oregon Territory in 1834.
Otherwise, the earliest know collection would be on Fremont's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, 1842.
This voucher (NY3370444) was in Torrey's Herbarium, so it would seem that knew the plant and the name
but deferred to Nuttall to publish it.
10. Mirabilis linearis (Pursh). — Das Herbarium Delessert
besitzt von dieser, bekannutlich in Nordamerika sehr
gewohnlichen Pflanze eine neue Form, welche von dem verbreiteten
Typus durch rauhe Behaaruug (besonders der unteren Stengelstucke)
abweicht und als forma subhispida bezeichnet werden
soll. Sie stimmt vollig mit dem Typus im Habitus, in den
sitzenden linealeu bis lineallanzettlichen, ganzrandigen oder
undeutlich uod entfernt gezahnelteni Blattern, in der ziemlich reichblutigen,
opponiert und decussiert verastelten, drusenlos behaarten
Rispe, in den 2-3 blutigen Involucren, mit ziemlich ansehnlichen
Bluten u. s. f. uberein — unterscheidet sich aber leicht
folgendermassen : caulis internodia imprimis inferiora et media
(paniculae regione excepta!) pilis haud densis, saepius sparsis,
patentibus, asperis, usque 2 mm. lg. subhispida; folia inferiora
et media iisdem pilis imprimis in margine et infra in nervo
mediano parce setoso-hirta, folia in paniculae regione brevius
pubescentia. Das Exemplar wurde von Earle in New-Mexico
gesammelt und mit der Bezeichnung ausgegeben: N. Mex., north of
El Capitan Mts., Lincoln County (Exsicc. no. 383).
The Herbarium Delessert
possesses of this, notably in North America
ordinary plant a new form, different from the common one
Type by rough hair (especially the lower stem pieces)
differs and is called forma subhispida
target.
...
The specimen was obtained from Earle in New Mexico
collected and issued with the designation:
N. Mex., north of El Capitan Mts., Lincoln County (Exsicc. no. 383).
There of five vouchers of Earle's Coll. No. 383 listed on SEINet: three at NMC, and one each at NY and RM.
On the Rocky-mountains. M. Lewis.
♃
June.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
Flowers white, nearly the size of the first species, without veins.
In the collection of A. B. Lambert, Esq. I found a specimen collected
by Pallas in the eastern parts of Siberia, perfectly
agreeing with the present species.
Scape about 1 dm. high, slender, from a small corm 10-15 mm.
diameter ; basal leaves rare, long-petioled ; blade 1-2 cm. long,
spatulate ; stem-leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, sessile,
2-5 cm. long, 1-ribbed or faintly 3-ribbed, acute, rather fleshy ;
sepals rounded ovate, rounded at the apex, about 5 mm. long, half
as long as the pink obovate petals; inflorescence 5-10-flowered,
short, little exceeding the leaves, bractlets lanceolate ; capsule
shorter than the sepals ; seeds about 2 mm. long, black and very
glossy.
The few specimens of this species that are found in our herbaria
bear a variety of names, as C. caroliniana, C. caroliniana
lanceolata, C. caroliniana sessilifolia and C. lanceolata sessilifolia.
The original C. lanceolata Pursh is a much larger plant with broad,
strongly 3-ribbed stem-leaves, elongated inflorescence and large
flowers, the sepals being about 6 mm. long. The type of C.
caroliniana sessilifolia Torr., is a plant somewhat resembling the
present species, but with somewhat broader leaves abruptly
contracted at the sessile base and with acutish sepals. Neither in
the herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden nor in that of
Columbia University is found any other specimen matching the
original collected by Bigelow. Most species of Claytonia are
found near water or in damp places. The type of C. rosea was
collected on rather dry hills, at an altitude of 2200-2300 m.
Colorado : La Veta, 1900, Rydberg & Vreeland, 6300 (type) ;
"Colorado," G. C. Woolson ; 1875, W. A. Henry ; Graham's
Peak, 1899, C. F. Baker, 303.
Greene, Edward Lee. 1881
§ 118 New Species of Plants, chiefly New Mexican.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Blub.
Vol. Vii. No. 11. pp. 121-123.
Talinum confertiflorum.
—
Root perennial, thick, fleshy and
more or less branching ; stems several, branching and leafy ; leaves
fleshy, terete or nearly so, an inch or more long ; peduncles leafless,
slender, 3-5 inches high, each bearing a crowded cyme at the summit ;
beacts subulate ; sepals ovate, with thickened, purple tips ; corollas
small, apparently white ; stamens 5 ; capsules triquetrous ; seeds
small.
Collected in the Pinos Altos Mountains in 1880, by the writer in
too advanced a state, and distributed under the name “T. parviflorum.”
Dr. Gray afterwards informed me, from Kew., that it
was not that species, but probably a new one; andnow I have a specimen
from Mr. Rusby, collected this year in the Mogollon Mountains,
showing the five. stamened flowers.
The species, except as regards the number of stamens, and the
compact cymes, is much like the Eastern T. teretifolium.
Kiger (2004) describing Phemeranthus for the Flora of North America, notes P. confertiflorus,
but plaves it in synonomy with P. parviflorus.
Plants from the mountains of New Mexico with elongate stems, subsessile flowers,
markedly congested cymes, and acuminate, often persistent sepals have been described as
T. confertiflorum (P. confertiflorus).
Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) proposed Talinum parviflorum from a manuscript by Nuttall.
Original Text
2. TALINUM. Adans. (in part.); Sims, bot. mag. t. 1357.
Sepals 2, ovate, concave deciduous.
Petals 5, sessile, hypogynous.
Stamens 10-20, inserted with the petals, and often coherent with them at the base.
Style trifid.
Capsule subglobose, 3-valved, many-seeded.
§ Stigmas or lobes of the style short, connivent,
Perennial herbs, with a short thick and firm stem,
and terete subulate fleshy stems :
flowers in a terminal dichotomous cyme, expanding for a single day.
—
Phemeranthus, Raf.
Kiger (2001) described new combinations to be used in his treatment of Portulacaceae in Flora of North America.
Original Text
Comments
... recent molecular data ... congruent with morphological evidence ...
indicates that Phemeranthus is phylogenetically distinct
from the mainly Old World Talinum ...
... morphological differences between Phemeranthus and Talinum ...
Phemeranthus parviflorus (Nuttall) Kiger. comb. nov.
Basionym: Talinum parviflorum Nuttall, in J. Torrey & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 197. 1838.
TYPE: U.S.A. Arkansas: n.d., T. Nuttall s.n.
(possible isotypes or syntypes, K [in type folder, on sheet with Drummond 34], K [in general herbarium])
There follows some discussion of whether the specimen at K is a type or,
if not, further search should be conducted before designating a lectotype.
Ugborogho, R. E. 1977. North American Cerastium arvense Linnaeus: Taxonomy, reproductive system and evolution. Phyton (Horn) 35: 169-187. 46€, unable to penetrate the paywall.
38 Cerastium arvense L., field chickweed; AND-A; Pursh, 321;
collected in Klickitat County, Washington, or Wasco or Sherman County, Oregon. April 22, 1806
Deposited by American Philosophical Society [stamped]
The glandular viscidity is not found in any other of the many we have [unknown]
Plains of Columbia. Aprl. 22th 1806. [Pursh]
ANS PHILA [perforated initials]
ANS 1994 label: Cerastium arvense L.
APS printed label: Cerastium arvense L. C. elongatum Pursh
If the “Plains of Columbia” comment were really written by Pursh,
then it seems likely that this was the specimen described him.
The dried plant in the Lewis and Clark Herbarium is not a good specimen,
consisting of little more than a single flowering stem.
It is hard to guess what its condition might have been when Frederick Pursh examined it,
but evidently it was not sufficient, even then,
for him to recognize the plant as field chickweed.
He listed C. arvense in his Flora as an eastern species ...
and gave the Lewis and Clark plant a new species name, Cerastium elongatum,
noting only that it was found “On the plains of the Columbia River.”
Subsequently, the Lewis and Clark specimen was recognized as field chickweed,
and Pursh's name was discarded.
See Pursh (1814) description of C. elongatum, below.
2b. Bracts of the inflorescence scarious-margined;
floral stems with tuts of sterile shoots in the leaf axils;
plants with tall, erect erect stems.
C. strictum L. emend Haenke [straight].
14D.
Abundant in meadows and openings of pine forests, from medium to high altitudes.
C. arvense L. is a northern European tetraploid occurring in America at low altitudes only as a weed.
Our plants are diploid and are related,
if not identical, to the diploid C. strictum of the high mountains of Eurasia.
C. strictum and C. arvense are not interfertile according to the FNA.
Cerastium nutans var. brachypodum Engelm. ex A.Gray, Manual (Gray), ed. 5. 94 (1867).
Gray (1867, p. 94) ...
Original Text
3. C. nutans, Raf. Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slender,
grooved, diffusely branched (6'- 20' high); cyme loose and open,
many-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly elongated ;
petals longer than the calyx ;
pods nodding on the stalks, curved upwards, thrice the length of the calyx.
—
Moist places, Vermont to Minnesota and southward. May-July.
—
Var. brachypodum, Engelm., W. Illinois and southwestward,
has pedicels shorter than the pods.
Cerastium brachypodum (Engelm. ex A.Gray) B.L.Rob., Mem. Torrey Bot. Club v. (1894) 150; et in Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. (1894) 277.
† 57. Arenaria (Eremogone) Fendleri (sp. nov.) : caudice polycephalo; turionibus
imbricato-polyphyllis ; foliis praelongis erectis setaceis planiusculis margine serrulato-scabris
cauleque slmplici glabris, caulinis ochreato-connatis ; symis strictis sparsifloris et
calycibus glanduloso-pubescentibus ; pedicellis gracilibus ; sepalis ovato-lanceolatis
sensim acuminatis cuspidatis inferne late scariosis medio viridibus trinerviis petala obovata
subaequantibus ; stjlis exsertls.
—
Prairies, five miles west of Las Vegas ; August.
—
A group of grassy-leaved species,
belonging to a group not before known in the New World,
and to the subdivision Chromolemmae of Fenzl.
My specimen is eleven inches high, just in flower, but destitute of fruit.
The leaves of the sterile radical tufts are 3 to 4 inches long;
the cauline pairs (3 or 4) successively shorter.
Petals white, 4 lines in length.
There is one collection of this species of Baby's Breath, made on Lookout Mountain.
One other collection in Jefferson County was made at Rocky Flats.
The few (eight) Colorado collections have been made along the base of the Front Range.
The species was first described from the region of Mount Kafbek (Kazbek) in the Caucasus Mountains,
in the gravels of the Terek River that drains the north side of the mountains,
and in the Alps of Kafbek (Bieberstein, M., 1808).
It is frequently found in wildflower mixes.
4. P. Jamesii: minutely scabrous-pubescent, caespitose, much branched
from the base ; leaves linear-subulate, obtuse (the uppermost mucronate) ;
cymes dichotomous, few-flowered, crowded, with a central subsessile flower
in each division ; sepals minutely hairy at the base, linear-oblong, obscurely
3-ribbed or even, with a very short cusp, arched at the summit within ; sterile
setae as long as the filaments.
—
P. dichotoma ? Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New York, 2. p. 290.
β depressa: dwarf, densely dichotomous; leaves and stipules imbricated
on the short branches ; flowers nearly immersed in the leaves.
—
P. depressa, Nutt.! mss.
Rocky Mountains, lat. 41°, Dr. James! Nuttall !
β
“On the barren
plains of the Rocky Mountains (lat. 41°), and on the plains of the Oregon.”
Nuttall !
—
Stems 4-6 inches high. Leaves on the flowering branches about
half an inch long, slightly 2-sulcate, about the length of the internodes. Stipules
shorter than the leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, or setose ; the
point much shorter than in P. dichotoma ; the flowers smaller, fewer, and
more crowded ; the cusp stouter and confluent with the arched inner portion.
Calyx obpyramidal at the base. Style 2-cleft ⅓ of its length.
The β. depressa has the branches crowded with leaves to the summit; the stipules
are nearly the length of the leaves, and the flowers are scarcely cymose.
69. Paronychia Jamesii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1. p. 170.
High prairies, in gravely soil, east of Big Sand Creek
(between the crossing of the Arkansas and Bent's Fort),
Sept., 1846 ; and from San Miguel, New Mexico, to Council Grove, Aug. – Sept.
Big Sand Creek may now be Big Sandy Creek, and is the same creek where the Sand Creek massacre occurred.
Weber & Hartman (1979) transferred our plant to Pseudostellaria saying,
“... realignment of Stellaria jamesiana with Pseudostellaria
reinforces the emerging pattern of the Southern Roky Mountain Flora as one having
a strong Asiatic element probably dating back to the Tertiary,
a feature which greatly impressed Sir Joseph Hooker a century ago
when he visited Colorado with Asa Gray.”
Sect, IV. Stachymorpha. Otth. MSS. Caulescentes, Flores spicati (vel racemosi)
axillares, non (aut rarius) oppositi. Calyx 10-striatus. DC.
6. S. Drummondii ; tota pubescenti-glandulosa viscida, caulibus erectis simplicibus
strictis, foliis remotis lineari-lanceolatis, racemo laxo paucifloro, pedicellis elongatis
plerumque alternis, calycibus oblongo-cylindraceis erectis.
—
S. nicaeensis. Cham. et Schlecht. in Linnaea, v. 1. p. 41.?
Radix perennis, crassiuscula.
Caules simplices, erecti, strictissimi, teretes, pedales ad sesquipedalem,
ubique, ut et tota plauta, praeter corollam, pubescenti-glandulosi, viscidi, superne prsecipue.
Folia lineari-lanceolata, radicalia latiora, in petiolum attenuata; caulina remota sursum sensim minora, opposita, basi
connata, uninervia. Flores pauci, 3-5 in racemum laxum, raro spicatum, strictissimum dispositi. Bracteae
subulatce. Pedicelli alterni, nunc, sed raro, oppositi, unciam sesquiunciam longi, simplices, nudi vel, nunc,
bibracteati. Calyx oblongo-cylindraceus, pubescenti-viscidus, 5-dentatus, dentibus parvis, striis decem viridibus,
demum, fructiferus, paulo latior, nunquam inflatus nee clavatus. Petala alba, parva, vix calyce longiora.
Capsula cylindracea, sessilis, calycis longitudine, apice 6-dentata.
Hab. Plains of the Saskatchawan. Dr. Richardson ; Drummond. Common on the elevated, gravelly
soils near Fort Vancouver, and skirting the Blue Mountains. Douglas.
—
I am doubtful whether this species
should be referred to the division “Stachymorpha” or “Siphonomorpha” of the Prodromus. It accords in
many respects with S. gallica of the former division, but it has the flower-stalks vastly more elongated,
sometimes opposite, and the calyx more cylindrical; while, on the other hand, it approaches very near to
the S. nicaeensis in the latter division, but is far less glutinous, and never has clavate calyces, as in my specimens
of nicaeensis from the south of France. Still I suspect it may be the Californian nicaeensis of Chamisso
and Schlechtendal, which those authors refer, doubtfully, to the plant of Allioni and De Candolle. From both
the species now mentioned ours differs in its remarkably strict habit and small petals.
9. A. multifida; pilosa, foliis ternatim divisis, segmentis cuneatis tripartitis laciniatis,
laciniis linearibus acutis, involucri involucellorumque breve petiolatis conformibus,
sepalis 5-8 subcoriaceis ellipticis extus sericeis.
—
Poir. in Encycl. Meth. Suppl. v. 1. p. 364,
De Less. Ic. v. 1. t 16,
De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 21.
—
A. Hudsoniana. Herb. Banks. Rich. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 22.
β. caule unifloro.
—
A. multifida, γ. uniflora.
De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 21.
De Less. Ic. v. 1. t. 17.
γ. flore sanguineo.
—
A. sanguinea. Pursh, in Herb. Lamb.
—
A. Hudsoniana, β. sanguinea.
Rich. in Frankl 1st. Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 22.
Hab. Gulf of the St. Lawrence. Goldie.
From the shores of Hudson's Bay to the western declivity of the Rocky Mountains,
and from the United States to near the shores of the Arctic Sea : common.
Dr. Richardson. Drummond.
West side of the Rocky Mountains, near the sources of the Columbia. Douglas.
—
Variable in size and in the number of peduncles arising from each stem, from 1 to 3,
and agreeing with the figures of De Lessert (from plants gathered in the Straits of Magellan)
in every particular, except that in those the segments of the leaves are shorter in proportion
to the breadth ; so that their single-flowered variety
has very much the appearance of a large state of A. Baldensis.
Heads of pericarps, as in that species, roundish-oval, woolly.
Flower white, yellow, purple, and deep red.
The species has a very extended range,
from the mouth of the St. Lawrence to the sources of the Columbia,
west of the Rocky Mountains.
It was found at Conception in Chili, during Capt. Beechey's Expedition,
at the Straits of Magellan, and Dr. Gillies has gathered it on the Andes of Chili.
Anemone multifida Poir. var. multifida “Pacific Anemone”
Aquilegia
Literature Cited: - Ray, John, 1686. Ray's (1686) description of Aquilegia.
Latin
Automated Translation to English
My Interpreted English
Aquilegia recens vocabulum est, quasi Aquilina ob florum mucrones aduncos
ut sunt Aquiline ungues.
Anglis Columbine dicitur,
quia florum calcaria recurva columbarum cervicem cum capite &
rostro tum figura tum colore referunt.
An veteribus Graecis vel Latinis cognita, aut quo nomine dicta nondum constat.
Aguilegia recent designation is,
as Aquilina of flowers blades that are AQUILINE hooked claws.
English Columbine called for bits of flowers and
beaks and curved shape and color the dove's neck and head.
Is it known to the ancient Greeks, or to the Latins, the name of which it was said, or not yet been agreed.
… flower petals that are like an eagle's hooked claws …
Notae illius genericae sunt folia Umbelliferarum modo divisa,
flores penduli cum pluribus corniculis recurvis, femina nigra lucida.
Note that the generic Umbelliferarum newspapers are now divided,
with many little flowers hanging bend, female black cloud.
Aquilegiam stellatam, quae caret illis corniculis recurvis in flore, pro specie degenere habeo.
Aquileia the Star, which has no unto them, little curves that bend in the flower,
here standing for species degenerates I have.
Notes:
“aquiline” like an eagle
(of a person's nose) hooked or curved like an eagle's beak.
[July] 11th. [1820] From our encampment, we travelled nearly south,
and, crossing a small ridge dividing the waters of the Platte
from those of the Arkansa, halted to dine on a tributary of
the latter. In an excursion from this place we collected a
large species of columbine, somewhat resembling the common
one of the gardens. It is heretofore unknown to the
Flora of the United States, to which it forms a splendid
acquisition. If it should appear not to have been described, it
may receive the name of Aquilegia coerulea.* Our road,
during the morning, lay for about twelve miles, along ...
* A. coerulea. — Leaves twice ternate; flowers terminal, remote;
nectaries strait and very long. It inhabits sandy woods of pine,
and spruce within the mountains, rising sometimes to the height of three feet.
A.* saximontana, P. A. Rydberg. Much lower, scarcely a span high : stems slender,
several from a scaly rootstock, quite glabrous : leaves small, twice ternate, even the upper
slender-petioled, smooth : flowers much as in the preceding, but carpels glabrous.
—
Rydberg in ms. A. vulgaris, var. brevistyla. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 242 ;
Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 4.
A. brevistyla. Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 10;
Jones, Zoe, iv. 258.
—
Rocky Mountains of Colorado, first collected by Parry.
A. saximontana Rydberg ; Gray, Syn. Fl, i, pt. 1, 43 (1895);
A. vulgaris brevistyla Gray, Amer. Journ. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii, 110,
and Proc. Acad. Phila, 1863, 57 (1863), name only;
Porter, Port. & Coult. Fl. Col. 4 (1874), description;
A. brevistyla Coulter, Man. Rock. Mount. Reg. 10 (1885) ;
Jones, Zoe, iv, 258 (1893). Pl. XIX.
Stem 1 to 2 dm. high, densely tufted, scarcely exceeding the leaves, perfectly
smooth; leaves twice-ternate, all on slender petioles thin, the upper a little smaller;
leaflets 8 to 15 mm. long, with long petiolules, pedicels slender, upright; sepals
greenish and obtuse or blue and acute; limb of the petals yellow, longer than the
blue, curved spur, and the stamens and pistils; ovary smooth; pod 1.5 to 2 cm.,
smooth.
Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Specimens examined : Colorado, Dr. James (labeled
A. caerulea, var. ?); 1861, C. C. Parry, No. 90; 1862, Hall & Harbour, No. 23;
1869, Scoville ; Argentine Pass, 1878, M. E. Jones, No. 875 ;
Gray's Peak, 1895, P. A. Rydberg and C. L. Shear.
Nuttall (1834, p. 7) describes Atragene columbiana from collections by
Nathaniel Wyeth on the Flat-Head river on the return trip between the Falls of the Columbia and the first navigable waters of the
Missouri.
Hab. Flat-Head river.
In flower by the first of March,
forming an intricate mat of branches so as to appear almost like a bush.
Readily distinguishable from A. verticillaris by the flowers,
which are scarcely half as large and of a dull palish blue.
The leaflets are also cuneate rather than cordate at base,
and the lateral ones apparently always entire.
Clark's Fork receives the Flathead and Bitterroot Rivers, but Wyeth, and consequently Nuttall, called Clarks Fork and all its branches the “Flathead” River (Graustein, 1967, p. 261).
James S. Pringle (1993+) writing in Flora of North America places C. columbiana in subgroup Atragene giving Torr. & A. Gray (1838) authorship of the name.
Pursh states that the flower is erect,
as might be deduced from the Lewis & Clark specimen.
However, the flower is nearly always nodding.
This may have led to confusion with Nuttall's Anemone ludoviciana,
for which the flowers are erect.
On the plains of Columbia river. ♃. May.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis. The whole plant is covered with a
close coat of long hairs like Anemone Pulsatilla, which
it very much resembles in several respects. I consider
all the division of Anemones with caudated seeds to
belong to this genus, or at least to one separate from
Anemone.
The original label states, “One of the most common plants on the plains of
the Columbia — May 27th 1806,” see Moulton (1999).
Published in Torrey & Gray (1838-1843, v. 1, p. 9) from a Nuttall manuscript.
Original Text
Comments
8. C. ligusticifolia (Nutt. ! mss.):
“plant somewhat pubescent ;
flowers in paniculate corymbs, dioecious ;
leaves pinnate ternate ;
leaflets oblong, acute, mostly somewhat lanceolate-cuneate,
incisely toothed and trifid ;
petals and stamens equal in length ;
carpels with long plumose tails.
—
C. Virginiana, Hook. fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 1. (in part).
It appears that this entire description is a quote from Nuttall's
manuscript.
“β. brevifolia :
leaves smoother, shorter and broader.
“Plains of the Rocky Mountains, in open and in bushy places,
near streams.
β in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the Oregon.
—
Very similar to C. Virginiana, but the leaves are mostly 5-foliolate,
and almost lucidly coriaceous ;
They are also much smaller,
and in the var. α much narrower and longer.
The tails of the carpels are also longer and more densely plumose in C. Virginiana.
Flowers white and fragrant.”
Nutt.
There are two vouchers of Nuttall collections of Clematis ligusticifolia at NY.
One of them (NY233134) gives the location of “R. Mts. Lewis' River” in Nuttall's hand
and was designated the holotype by Arnold Tiehm, December 1985.
The Lewis River of the time is today's Snake River.
The other (NY233159) is from the Torrey Herbarium and gives the location as the Columbia River.
This has been designated as the holotype of C. ligusticifolia var. brevifolia Torr. & A. Gray
found in the Blue Mountains and on the borders of the Oregon.
5. *virescens.
Perennial, pubescent; lepanthium 4-leaves, shorter than the 5 calicine petals,
interior laminae densely bearded;
leaves 3-parted, segments linear, subtrifid, lower ones divaricate.
Hab.
On the Plains of the Missouri.
Obs.
Stem simple about 8 to 12 inches, pubescent;
leaves upon long petioles, partly digitate or 5-parted, 10 to 15 lines wide;
spike few-flowered, flowers greenish white, petalois calix, 5-leaved,
leaves oblong, spur longer than the flower, nearly straight.
Petals of lenanthium 4; the 2 internal ones irregularly concave,
small, the 2 lateral larger, flat, and unguiculate, bearded,
claw sending out a short spur at the base;
capsules 3.
Flowering in June.
A genus almost equally divided betwixt Siberia and the south of Europe.
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 32) accepted Nuttall's D. virescens.
Original Text
Comments
8. D. virescens (Nutt.):
pubescent ;
petioles scarecely dilated at the base ;
leaves 3-5-parted, the middle division mostly undivided, lateral ones 2-3-cleft ;
lobes lanceolate ; raceme loose, few-flowered ;
sepals oblong or lanceolate ;
spur longer than the sepals, ascending ;
lower petals deeply 2-cleft ;
claw gibbous at the base.
—
Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 14; DC. prodr. 1. p. 53.
Plains of Missouri and Arkansas, Nuttall !
North Carolina, Schweinitz !
Georgia, Le Conte !
June.
—
Stem 8-12 inches high.
Raceme simple.
Pedicels longer than the flowers.
Bracts subulate.
Flowers large, yellowish or greenish white, minutely pubescent.
Sepals marked with a brownish spot near the apex, much longer than the petals.
Spur straight or somewhat incurved.
Lower petals rather densely bearded.
Ovaries 3.
It is possible that the collections of D. virescens
should carry the name D. carolinianum.
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 32) treat D. carolinanum Walt. as a synonym of D. azureum Michx.
Rydberg (1899) supports acceptance of D. virescens, although on somewhat flimsy evidence. Not sure why he did not mention the taxon as found in Colorado or Wyoming.
Delphinium carolinianum Walt. subsp. virescens R. E. Brooks, comb. nov.
Basionym: D. virescens Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 2: 14. 1818.
Warnock (1981) treated virescens as a synonym of D. carolinanum subsp. pernardii (Huth) Warnock.
Field examinations of numerous individuals combined with mor[hological evaluations,
including SEM studies of the seeds,
indicate that virescens is sufficiently distinct from pernardii
to warrant taxonomic recognition of virescens.
Warnock's (op. cit.) concept of subspecies in this group is new,
however, and one with which I agree.
Subsp. virescens has mostly equally distributed cauline leaves with a few basal leaves
and the upper stem and rachis are covered with basally yellow, pustualte (sic) trichomes.
It occurs in the eastern Great Plains and adjacent eastern areas from
North Dakota south to northeast Texas and Missouri.
Subsp. pernardii usually has a distinct basal rosette of leaves with a few cauline leaves,
the upper spem is canescent and sparsely pustulate hairy,
and the rachis is canescent.
The subspecies occurs in the western Great Plains from western Nebraska south to Texas.
Jabbour and Renner (2011) studied the global phylogeny of tribe Delphineae that comprises Aconitum and Delphinium.
The only studied taxon found in Golden s.l. was Delphinium nuttallianum,
so there is nothing to say about D. carolinianum subsp. virescens.
The study showed that some re-arrangement of names in Delphineae is required though none that will affect names in Colorado.
Molecular clock dating suggests that Delphinium arrived in North American from Asia in the Pliocene.
Delphinium Geyeri. Rootl woody-fibrous : stem stoutish,
10 to 20 inches high: leaves mostly near the base of the
stem and forming a considerable tuft, but in taller specimens
many cauline also, these diminishing upwards; the whole
plant, especially the calyx, pedicels, and upper part of stem,
canescently tomentulose: leaves slightly fleshy, cut into
many linear segments, each of these tipped with a white
callosity : flowers rather large, very deep azure, in a narrow
simple and strict raceme; spur stoutish, horizontal or
ascending, curving downwards from near the tip.
Common plant of the very high plains toward the head-waters
of the Platte River in Wyoming and northern Colorado.
First collected by Nuttall, whose specimen (Herb.
Brit. Mus.) is ticketed "D. hicolor? collected in Rocky Mts.
by myself," though it is far enough from being his D. bicolor.
It is also Geyer's n. 163 of “Slopes of undulating plains
between the Kansas and Platte rivers, with Oenothera
serrulata.” It is one of several easily distinguishable plants,
from widely sundered, and very different climatic regions,
which Dr. Gray referred to D. azureum.
One our two common larkspurs in Golden s.l.,
Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz. “Twolobe Larkspur”
in every open space except Schweich Hill.
Found mostly along the base of the Front Range in Jefferson County,
with a few collections up into the foothills.
Colorado state collections are from the Front Range to the west,
sparingly in the large valleys and parks, such as San Luis Valley and South Park.
The first name applied was D. pauciflorum Nutt. From a manuscript by Nuttall in Torrey & Gray (1838-1843).
However, this name was previously used for a larkspur in Nepal and therefore nom. Illeg.
This was corrected by Pritzel in a manuscript published by Walpers (1843).
11. D. Pauciflorum (Nutt.l mss.) : “somewhat hirsutely pilose ; petioles
scarcely dilated ; leaves reniform, lobes bifid or trifid, linear and entire;
bracts simple, minute ; raceme 3-5-flowered ; spur subulate, straight, about
the length of the oblong acutish petals ; stigmas and styles smooth; root
grumous.
“petals” has been crossed out, and “sepals” written in the margin.
“Rocky Mountains and Blue Mountains of the Oregon. — Scarcely a foot
high, slender ; the lower part and the stem more or less minutely and roughly
pubescent. Leaves nearly smooth on the upper surface ; two or three divided
ones on the stem, the uppermost beneath the flowers simple. Flowers 2-3,
large, blue. Lower petals with a central line of pubescence ; upper ones
hirsute externally. Carpels pubescent.” Nutt.
Hab.
Commencing near the confluence of the river Platte and Missouri;
on gravelly hills; flowering about April.
Clematis hirsutissima. Pursh 2. p. 385.
Obs.
A species related to A. patens and A. Pulsatilla,
and much about the size of the latter.
...
While Nuttall was describing Pulsatilla nuttalliana, he placed Pursh's Clematis hirsutissima in synonomy, an error,
thus rendering his name of A. ludoviciana illegitimate.
Bercht. & J.Presl (1823) published Pulsatilla nuttalliana without much comment.
They did, however, establish a specific epithet for our plant as a North American entity.
Observations on a species of Anemone, of the section
Pulsatilla, indigenous to the United States.By Thomas Nuttall. Read October 11, 1825.
That the genus Anemone, as constituted by Linnaeus
and his successors, even after the judicious
separation of Hepatica by Willdenow, still requires
revision, must, I conceive, be apparent to all who have
ever compared the Pulsatillas with such other
assumed species of the genus, as A. virginiana, A.
caroliniana, or A. thalictroides : the last, indeed, with
strict propriety, has been referred by De Candolle to
Thalictrum, and the Pulsatillas are sectioually
divided by Persoon, from his Anemonoides, being
distinguished remarkably from the latter by the long plumose
appendages of their spreading carpelles, in which particular,
though remote in habit, they bear so marked
an affinity to the genus Clematis, that Pursh,
deceived by imperfect specimens of our plant, named it
Clematishirsutissima, (2. p. 385) and by this name
he marked the specimen in Mr. Lambert's herbarium
which I had collected. In the work on the
Genera of North American plants and the rarer species,
Vol. II. p. 20, I have attempted to describe it
as Anemone *ludoviciana, having a 1 -flowered
involucrate scape, remarkably soft and lanuginous (no
ways hirsute) with the segments subulately divided ;
the leaves pseudo-digitate, multifid, and smooth on
the upper surface, the segments entire, linear and
acute; the petals 6, oblong-ovate, and nearly erect.
This species has also been introduced into the
Systema Vegetabilium of De Candolle, by the name
of AnemoneNuttallii ; and the better to illustrate
it, I have now added a figure from a sketch made on
the spot (vid. Pl. viii.) Like most of the section
to which it appertains, it grows on exposed bare
hills, and flowers early in the month of April. The
colour of the flower is a grayish sombre blue. We
found it growing in considerable tufts, on hills near
the confluence of the Missouri and Platte rivers.
It would be highly acceptable to the flower garden
from its early and showy appearance.
Unfortunately, Plate viii is missing from the online volume on Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 4-5) ...
1. A. patens; molliter sericea, foliis serotinis tripartitis ternatisve,
segmentis cuneatis trifidis incisis, lobis lineari-lanceolatis, involucro lineari-multifido,
flore erecto, sepalis 5-6, aristis longis barbatis.
—
Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 759.
Gmel. Siber. v. 4. p. 195.
De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 16.
—
(β. ochroleuca.)
Sims, in Bot. Mag. t. 1994.
—
Clematis hirsutissima. Pursh, Fl. Am. v. 2. p. 285.
—
Anemone ludoviciana. Nutt. N. Am. Fl. v. 2. p. 26.
—
A. Nuttalliana. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 17.
Nutt. in Journ. of Acad. of Nat. Sc. of Philad. v. 5, p, 158. t 8. (A. Nuttallii,) excellent.
Rich. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 21.
Hab. Profusely in the eastern prairie district ; and, more scattered,
in the central limestone tracts from lat. 45° to 67° on the Mackenzie. Dr. Richardson.
Valleys in the Rocky Mountains. Drummond. Douglas.
—
There is no difference whatever between this American plant and the A.patens
which I possess from the Russian Empire, gathered by Dr. Goldbach,
and from Silesia on the borders of Poland, by Professor Treviranus.
Both are liable to vary in the breadth of the segments of their leaves,
and in the colour of their flowers.
Mostly, however, these are purple.
The pale yellow-flowered variety from Siberia, is cultivated in England;
and the fresh juice of that kind, Gmeliu tells us,
is employed by the inhabitants of Irkutsck to cure deafness,
and newly gathered leaves for pain in the head, as vesicatories.
The plant affects sandy soils, and its blossoms appear among the earliest of the season.
The young buds are eaten by the Marmots, inhabitants of the plains of N. America.
—
A. Halleri comes too near to this species.
Its flowers I have often gathered in Switzerland before the leaves have appeared;
but since, in both, the flowers continue a long time,
they and the leaves are sometimes gathered in perfection together,
I possess specimens from Moscow,
in which the former year's leaves are present with the vernal flower ;
quite dead, indeed, and brown, but perfect in form and shape.
§ 1. Carpels with long bearded tails : leaves of the involucre sessile,
palmately divided, with linear lobes. — Pulsatilla, DC.
1. A. patens (Linn.): silky-villous ; leaves 3-parted or ternate; segments
cuneiform, 3-cleft, incised; lobes linear-lanceolate; involucre linearly many-cleft;
sepals 5-6.— DC. prodr. 1. p. 16.
–
(β. ochroleuca); Hook ! f.. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 4.
A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. ! gen. 2. p. 26.
A. Nuttalliana, DC. prodr. l. c. p. 17;
Nutt. in jour. acad. Philad. 5. p. 158. t. 8. and 7. p. 7 ;
Richards. ! app. Frankl. journ. (ed. 2.) p. 21.
Clematis hirsutissima, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 385.
British America as far north as lat., 67° ! Valleys of the Rocky Mountains,
Drummond, Nuttall! On the Missouri and Platte, Nuttall! Galena,
lllinois ! — About a span high. Sepals an inch or more in length, dull blue or
purple. Tail of the carpels nearly two inches long. — Appears to be identical
with the European plant.
Anemone patens var. multifida Pritz., Linnaea 15(6): 581 (1842).
Georg August Pritzel (2 September 1815, Carolath – 14 June 1874) was a German librarian and botanical writer.
He studied in Breslau, graduating with a dissertation titled Anemonarum revisio. In 1851 he began work as a Hülfsarbeiter at the royal library in Berlin, a post which eventually led to curator duties. From 1855 onwards, he served as archivist at the Prussian Academy of Sciences.
Pritzel (1842, v. 15, n. 6, p. 581) …
A. patens L. sp. 759.
…
Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. I. p. 4
Torrey & Gray Fl . Of North-Am. I. p. 11.
…
Anemone Nuttalliana DC. Syst. I. 193. Prodr. I. 17.
Pulsatilla Nuttalliana Spr. Syst. 11. p. 663.
(Clematis hirsutissima Pursh, Anemone Ludoviciana Nutt. Gen. am. Et
Journ. Of the Academy of nat. sc. Of Philadelphia vol. V. (a. 1825.)
p. 158. et icon tab. 8. ex auctoritate Hookeri, Gray et Torrey!
(Hab. as confl. Platt et Missouri, 39° lat. —
secundrum DC., quod tacent Illustr. Viri Hooker, Torrey et Gray,
in Louisiana; 29°-33° lat. (?!) — ad flum. Columbia, 33°
lat. Sprengel!)
…
4. var. multifida, segmento intermedio petiolato,
lateralibus subsessilibus, omnibus bi-tripartitisva ; laciniis
profunde incisis: lacinulis saepe iterum incisis. (var. 3. ft. alt.)
— in Sibiria frequenter.
While Pritzel publishes the the variety name of multifida,
he does not make a connection to the North American plants.
In America boreali copiose in planitiebus orientalibus,
rarius in interioribus regionibus calcareis inter lat. 45-67°
(1) ad Mackenzie flumen, Dr. Richardson! Vallibus montium
rupestrium (Rocky-Mountains, Felsengebirge), Drummond
et Dougas! — ad confl. Platte et Missouri, 39° lat.
Nuttall! — prope Galena civitatis Illinois, Torrey et Gray!
42° 50' lat. — In Louisiana, (29-33° lat.!) DC. Teste
Nuttall! (locus, scriptoribus Americanis non laudatus!). Si recta
res se habet. A. patens in American a lat. 29° (?!) ad lat.
67° distributa est! —
... a nomenclatural and taxonomic update to
the treatment of Anemone in the Flora of North America North of
Mexico (Dutton et al., 1997).
The taxa placed in Anemone in that treatment should not be
placed in at least four genera:
Anemone sensu stricto,
Hepatica,
Pulsatilla,
and Anemonastrum.
That explains the proposed treatment as Pulsatilla.
What about adoption of the specific name of nuttalliana in
preference to multifida.
Mosyakin (2016) summarizes ...
Native North American plants of the
Pulsatilla patens aggregate were recognized by [FNANM]
as Anemone patens var. multifida Pritzel,
which was described from Siberia (Pritzel 1841).
The North American taxon has a very
complicated synonymy and it is definitely not identical
with the typical European–Western Asian
P. patens sensu stricto (subsp. patens).
Its correct name as a species of Pulsatilla
is P. nuttalliana (DC.) Bercht. & J. Presl.
R. acriformis. A foot high, strict, with pubescence in good part
appressed : leaves all palmately or pedately and deeply 3-5-parted or
even divided, and often again 2-3-cleft into narrower lanceolate or
linear segments and lobes : petals orbicular-obovate, one fourth inch
long, hardly double the length of the spreading calyx : akenes over
a line long; beak of half their length.
—
R. acris, Hook. Fl. i. 18, partly, & Lond. Jour. Bot. vi, 66, not L.
—
Northern Rocky Mountains, lat. 58°, Drummond.
Wyoming, Parry (distrib. as R. affinis).
Wind River, Dr. Forwood, and near Cheyenne, Greene.
Ranunculus aquatilis var. diffusus With., Arr. Brit. Pl., ed. 3. 2: 507 (1796).
Withering, William (1741-1799)
An Arrangement of British Plants ..., Edition 3
6. R. glaberrimus ; foliis omnibus petiolatis, radicalibus subrotundis integerrimls vel
grosse tridentatis, caulinis subcuneatis trifidis, calyce patente petalis dimidio breviore,
fructibus globosis. (Tab. V. A.)
Radix fasciculato-fibrosa.
Tota planta hirsutie destituta.
Caulis erectus, subspithamieus, superne uni-bitriflorus.
Folia omnia (nisi supernum quod subsessile,) petiolata, subsucculenta :
radicalia subrotunda, integra, atque oranino iutegerrima vel apice dentibus trlbus grossis obtusis :
caulina cuneata, fere ad medium trifidum :
segmentis lanceolatis, obtusis, integris.
Pedunculus et calyx etiam glaberrimi.
Sepala ovalia, concava, patentia, non reflexa, corolla duplo breviora.
Petala 5, ovalia, flava.
Fructus, vix maturus, globosus.
Hab. Common on the mountains around the Kettle Falls, and on the Rocky Mountains, near the limits
of perpetual snow. Douglas.
—
This differs from all its congeners by its entirely glabrous stem, leaves, and
calyx, by its entire or only 3-toothed, rounded, radical leaves, and by the petiolated, never more than trifid,
cauline ones. The whole plant has a succulent appearance, and turns almost black in drying. I have seen
it in no collection but that of the indefatigable Douglas.
R. ellipticus.
R. glaberrimus, Gray, Am. Journ. Sci. 2d Ser. xxx. 241;
Port. & Coult. Fl. Colo. 7;
Coult. Man. 7;
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 7 mainly;
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 369 in part, not of Hooker.
R. brevicaulis, Hook. Lond. Journ. vi. 66, not of Fl. Bor.-Am. (teste Gray, l. c.).
R. alismaefolius, Gray, Am. Journ. l. c. 404, not of Geyer.
Very glabrous : stems several, 2 or 3 inches. high, from a large
fascicle of perennial fleshy-fibrous roots : radical leaves
elliptical, entire, acutish at both ends, the petiole equalling
the blade ; cauline narrower, often cleft into two or three
linear divisions : petals often wanting, sometimes 1 only, or
5, large, broadly obovate or more rounded, bright yellow :
achenes very numerous, plump, smooth, tipped with a short
curved style and disposed in a large globose head.
Lower and middle mountain districts of Colorado, Utah
and Nevada to eastern California. Very nearly allied to R.
glaberrimus, though a smaller plant, and inhabiting a different
climatic belt. There is a difference in the achenes ; those
of the true glaberrimus having a slender beak. The order of
leaf-division is, moreover, inverted in the two species. In R.
ellipticus the cauline are 3-cleft while the radical are entire
and even acute. In R. glaberrimus the radical ones are
broad and broadly 3-lobed while the cauline are entire. The
herbage of the latter invariably blackens in drying. In the
former it undergoes no change of color.
8. R. glaberrimus, Hook. Fl. i. 12 t. 5. A (1829).
Glabrous, flaccid
but rather fleshy, 3—6 in. high: leaves all petiolate; radical rounded,
3-lobed or coarsely toothed; cauline subcuneate, trifid or entire: fi.
several, large ; sepals spreading; petals 3-4 lines long, obovoid: achenes
plump, smooth, puberulent, with a short curved beak, and disposed in
a large globose head.
Var. ellipticus. R. ellipticus, Greene, Pitt. ii. 110 (1890).
Radical leaves elliptical, acute, entire: stems shorter; fl. fewer,
often apetalous. — The type, a plant of the far north and east, reaches our
borders on the eastern slope of the Sierra northward. The variety, a
plant of different aspect, and with very dissimilar foliage, is found not far
from Truckee, Mr. Sonne, where it appears as if confluent with the type.
Torrey & A. Gray (1838-1840, v. 1, p. 26) worked from Nuttall's manuscript.
7. CYRTORHYNCHA. Nutt. mss.
" Sepals 5, petaloid, narrow, spreading. Petals 5, narrow and unguiculate ;
the claw nearly the length of the lamina, with a projecting scaly callosity
at its summit. Stamens rather numerous: anthers rounded. Stigmas short
and subulate, strongly incurved. Achenia oblong-cylindrical, somewhat
conspicuously grooved (not carinated), collected into a spheroidal head. Seed
suspended. — A small perennial herbaceous plant. Leaves mostly arising
from a short caudex, ternate and bipinnately divided. Panicle loose and
cymose. Calyx petaloid and, like the corolla, bright yellow. In the fruit it
resembles Thalictrum; in the flower, both Anemone and Ranunculus."
C. ranunculina (Nutt.! mss.)
" By the sides of gravelly brooks in the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains,
around the place known by the name of Independence Rock on the
banks of the Sweet Water of the Platte, but not further to the westward.
Flowers in June. — Caudex clothed with numerous brown vestiges of sheathing
petioles. The whole plant quite smooth. Leaves somewhat coriaceous
and shining ; radical ones on long petioles, the subdivisions pinnatifid ;
laciniae entire or 2-3-toothed. Stem, or scape, about a span high, cymosely
branched above ; bearing at the lowest division a single sessile 3-parted
leaf, and at the upper divisions minute and undivided leaves. Sepals
oblong-ovate, spreading but not reflexed. Petals somewhat longer than the
sepals, oblong, obtuse, very conspicuously narrowed below into a long claw,
(almost like the nectaries of Coptis) ; the upper part of the claw thickened
bv a scale-like process. Stamens 20 or more : anthers adnate. Carpels
10-15, quite glabrous, cylindrical-oblong, grooved (as in Thalictrum).
Stigma subulate, shorter than the ovary, inflexed so as to be almost concealed
in the mature fruit."
Rydberg (1984, p. 23) ...
Ranunculus ranunculinus (Nutt.)
Cyrtorrhynca ranunculina Nutt. in Torrey & Gray's Fl. N. Am. I., 26. (1838)
Achenes of Cyrtorhyncha have long triangular hooked
beaks and almost parallel longitudinal veins (Fig. 4H) which
are unique within the tribe. Although there are no obvious
morphological synapomorphic characters shared between
Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina and Beckwithia andersonii, these two
taxa form a clade with 100% BS in tree topologies based on
combined nuclear and chloroplast data (Figs. 1, 2) and have a
similar distribution area.
B. repens; foliis pinnatis 2-3-jugis;
foliolis subrotundo-ovatis opacis spinoso-dentatis glaucis,
fasciculis diffusis, radice repente.
Frutex humilis, ramosus, erectus.
Folia sempervirentia, nunc ternata, saepius bi-trijuga, cum impare ;
foliolis glabris, ovato-subrotundisy spinoso-dentatis,
utrinque glaucis, nulla modo lucidis.
Racemi terminales. fasciculati, diffusi, e gemmis squamaceis orti.
Flores lutei.
A native of the north-western part of North America,
where it was originally found by the party accompanying
Captains Lewis and Clarke in their expedition across the
continent of America.
From seeds procured on that occasion plants were
raised in America, which have lately been sold into Europe
at the rate of twenty-five dollars each. One of these now
growing in the Garden of the Horticultural Society afforded
our figure and the opportunity of examining the species :
it had been purchased of Mr. Michael Floy, Nurseryman
at New York, under the name of Berberis aquifolium.
It appears, however, from the researches of Mr.
Douglas, that this is not the true B. aquifolium. That
species was described by Pursh, in part from an inspection
of specimens in the collection of Captain Lewis, but
chiefly from the Banksian Herbarium, in which it had
been placed by Mr. Menzies, who discovered it on the
north-west coast of America. From this last source the
drawing in the Flora Americae Septentrionalis was also taken.
It is probable that the specimens in Captain Lewis's
Herbarium were of the plant now under consideration;
but it is also certain that those of Mr. Menzies belong
to very distinct species.
Hence it seems that Pursh
founded two plants under the same name
That he intended to call Captain Lewis's plant B. aquifolium,
there can be no doubt; but it is equally certain, that in
consequence of his having figured Menzies' species,
the world now applies the name to the latter. This being
the case, it has become necessary to distinguish the former
by a new name, which has been suggested by its singular
property of creeping at the root; a habit peculiar to this
species among Berberries.
A hardy, evergreen shrub, flowering in April ; propagated,
but with difficulty, by its creeping roots. Branches
short, stiff, erect. Leaves evergreen, sometimes ternate,
more frequently of two or three pairs, with an odd one ;
leaflets ovate, roundish, with spiny teeth, glaucous on each
side, in no degree shining. Racemes terminal, fascicled,
diffuse, arising out of scaly buds. Flowers yellow.
J. L. [John Lindley]
* Berberys, according to Golius, as quoted by De Theis, is the Arabic
name of the fruit.
16. Argemone hispida (sp. nov.) : radice perenni ; caule crasso foliisque profunde
pinnatifidis pube brevi cinerea undique tectis et (nervis marginibusque praesertim)
setosissimis ; calyce aculeato ; corolla alba maxima ; capsula cylindrica (2-unciali) acutata
spinis validis setisque horrida. — Low, sandy places around Santa Fe ; the stems 1 to
2 feet high, growing socially in great numbers ; June, July.
(Also on the Upper Arkansas, &c., Fremont, Wislizenus.)
— The flower is 3 or 4 inches in diameter, and accords
with Dr. Lindley's figure of A. grandiflora, excepting the prickly calyx. That is a glabrous
plant, while ours is not only densely setose, but is hoary throughout with a short
and close hirsute pubescence. The pod is covered with very strong spines, of which the
larger are often branched, and also with smaller prickles and a hoary and bristly pubescence.
A. Mexicana was also collected, in two forms.
Hornemann (1815, p. 489) is the first publication of A. albiflora
Original Text
621. ARGEMONE.
1. A. mexicana Lin.: capsulis sexvalvibus sessilibus, foliis spinosis.
Hab. in Mexico, Charibaeis. ☉ {the Sun}. D.
2. A. albiflora mihi: capsulis 5-6-valvibus pedunculatis, foliis subspinosis.
Hab. — — ☉. D. intr. 1812.
Hornemann does not explain his use of the sun symbol (☉).
However, most publications of this age use it to mean annual, or monocarpic.
Also, it is unclear the meaning of Hornemann's two dashes, whether they mean
“ditto” or “unknown.”
Rafinesque (1817, p. 83, no. 266) is the first publication of Argemone alba.
It is now treated as a synonym of A. mexicana.
So the name was not available to James (1823), see below.
Original Text
Order II.—Papaveracea.
266. Argemone alba Raf.
Caule foliisque spinosis,
foliis runcinatis,
capsulis oblongis pentagonis spinosis semi-5-valvis
Raf.—Argemone Rob. p. 464.
A beautiful plant introduced in the gardens of Louisiana from Mexico,
with snow-white petals,
yellow stamina and violet stigma,
stem three feet high.
The variety of A. mexicana with white flowers mentioned by Pursh,
is perhaps this species.
James (1823, p. 460-1), describes a new prickly poppy encountered just west of the Sand Hills of Nebraska.
Original Text
On Monday [June] 19th, we moved on, and ascending the Platte about 30 miles,
arrived in the evenong at a place where the hills on the north side close in,
quite to the bed of the river.
On both sides they became more broken and elevated,
and on the north, they approached so near to the bed of the Platte,
that we were under the necessity of travelling across them.
We were glad, however, of any change of scene.
The monotony of a vast unbroken plain,
like that in which we had now travelled, nearly one hundred and fifty miles,
is little less tiresome to the eye,
and fatiguing to the spirit, than the dreary solitude of the ocean.
With this change of the surface, some change is observed in the vegetable products of the soil.
Here we first saw a new species of prickly poppy,*
with a spreading white flower,
as large as that of the common poppy of the gardens.
The aspect of this plant is very similar to that of the common poppy,
except that the leaves are covered with innumerable large and strong prickles.
When wounded it exudes a thick yellowish sap, intensely bitter to the taste.
...
* Argemone alba, a large plant very distinct from A. mexicana.
Goodman and Lawson (1995, p. 14) place the Long party camp on June 20th (erroneously dated June 19th) slightly west of
Gothenburg, Dawson County, Nebraska, just beyond the area where the Nebraska Sand Hills
make their easternmost approach to the Platte River.
Fedde (1909, heft (fascicle) 40, p. 283) described polyanthemos as a new variety of A. intermedia Sweet.
Original Text
Var. polyanthemos Fedde nov.var.
—
Herba valde, at noncompacte,
sed diffuse ramosa, non corymbosa.
FOlia obovata vel obovato-oblonga irregulariter et subpinnatim dentata,
ad apicem late cuneata, superiora ad basim semiamplexicaulia.
Flores minores valde numerosi cymis non corymbosis dispositi.
Petala 2-2,5 cm longa.
Oklahoma: Kiowa Reservation (James Mooney 1895!).
Nota.
Sine dubio sepalorum et imprimis fructum conditione A. intermediae
valde affinis, sed differt inflorescentiis multifloria et foliis minus incisis,
quibus notis valde ad var. corymbosam appropinquat.
Fedde also placed A. alba James in Long's Exp. II. (1823) 149 sec. Prain. in synonomy with A. intermedia Sweet.
Ownbey (1958, p. 131) explains why A. intermedia is a confused name
and a new name is introduced for our species.
Original Text
It is regrettable that a new name must be introduced for the well-known plant of the western plains
which for many decades has been called A.intermedia Sweet by American botanists.
The exact identity of A. intermedia has yet to be determined,
but it seems certain that it is not con-specific with A. polyanthemos.
The former was described from plants grown from seeds from Mexico;
the latter is not found outside the United States.
The presence in Mexico of argemones which in the past have been lumped with A. polyanthemos
under the binomial A. intermedia,
even when the original application of A. intermedia was unclear has led to much confusion.
The important fact to be emphasized here is that the name A. intermedia is a nomen confusum
which cannot be applied to any species of Argemone with assurance.
Even though its true identity may ultimately be determined the name cannot be applied,
on distributional grounds, to the taxon native to the western Great Plains and foothills of the Rocky Mountains.
Ownbey (1958, p.131) also considers and rejects A. alba James, placing it in synonomy with A. polyanthemos (Fedde) Ownbey.
Original Text
A. alba James is validly although very casually published.
It applies without doubt to the same taxon as A. polyanthemos.
A. alba James is, fortunately, a later homonym of A. alba Raf.
which in turn is a synonym of A. albiflora Hornem.
We are thereby freed from any eventuality which might require the revival of A. alba James,
a step which would unavoidably lead to confusion.
F. stem branched erectiusculo leaves bipinnatis,
2-5-fringed wings, lobes
linear planes on short stalks oppositifoliis,
pericarpiis spherical subtuberculatus
Scarcely mucronulate monospermis. f lobes
a longer and narrower spread.
Cette plante a par ses caractères principaux
beaucoup de rapports avec la Fumaria parviflora ;
mais ses rameaux redressés au lieu
d'être étales et presque couchés sur la terre ,
les découpures de ses feuilles plus alongées ,
planes et non canaliculées; enfin, ses fleurs
reugeâtres au lieu d'être blanches , la font
facilement distinguer. Je l'ai trouvée cette
année , en herborisant avec M. Merat , entre
Chanteloup et Poissy , à sept lieues de Paris ,
où elle est très - commune dans les champs
sablonneux ; et après l'avoir recueillie ,
examinée et comparée avec la F. parviflora , qui
étoit aussi très-abondante dans ce canton ,
nous reconnoissions sans nous tromper , et
rien qu'au port, les deux plantes à plus de
vingt pas de distance. Cette espèce fleurit en
mai et juin (.).
This plant has by its main characters
many links with Fumaria parviflora;
but its twigs straightened instead
to be spread out and almost lying on the ground,
the cutouts of its more elongated leaves,
flat and not canaliculate; finally, her flowers
red instead of white, make it
easily distinguish. I found this
year, while botanising with M. Merat, between
Chanteloup and Poissy, seven leagues from Paris,
where it is very - common in the fields
sandy;
and after having collected it,
examined and compared with the F. parviflora, which
was also very abundant in this canton,
we recognize without being mistaken, and
in the port alone, the two plants are over
twenty paces away. This species blooms in
May and June (.).
A l'article Fumaria offïcinalis , page 437
de ma Flore , les synonymes de Vaillant doivent
être rayés, puisque je les ai rapportés
aux deux nouvelles espèces que je viens de
décrire.
To the article Fumaria offïcinalis , page 437
of my Flora, the synonyms of Vaillant must
be scratched, since I brought them back
to the two new species that I come from
to describe.
Sébastien Vaillant (1669-1722) was French botanist who was born at Vigny in present-day Val d'Oise.
While a surgeon in 1691, he was in Paris when he took as his master of botany Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708).
Vaillant devoted himself to the study of plants and worked for a time in the Jardin du Roi in Paris.
He became ill and too poor to publish his Botanicon parisiensis (alphabetically or Enumeration of plants that grow in and around Paris) illustrated by Claude Aubriet.
A fruit of 36 years of work, he left his work at Herman Boerhaave's home, Oud Poelgeest.
The work contained engraved illustrations and was published in 1727.
It is a work of particular importance in the history of botany and one of the first to describe the known flora.
The standard author abbreviation Vaill. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Willdenow, Karl Ludwig, 1765-1812.
Caroli a Linné species plantarum exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus secundum systema sexuale digestas.
[Charles Linnaeus's plant species exhibiting plants properly known to genera related with specific differences, trivial names, selected synonyms, and native places sorted according to the sexual system.]
Tomus III. Pars 1. (1800) p. 467
21. ALYSSUM campestre.
A. caule herbaceo, staminibus stipatis pari setarum, calycibus deciduis.
Sp. pl.909.
Pollich pal. n. 618.
Hoffm. germ. 231.
β A. (simplex) caule simplici subramofo, foliis lato-lanceolatis, stylo siliculae brevissimo.
Rudolphi in Schrad. jour. 2. p. 291. *
Houttuyn Lin. Pfl. syst. 8. p. 252.
Feld-Steinkraut. W.
Field alyssum.
Habitat in Gallia, Germania, Helvetia.
☉
(v. v.)
Simillimum A. calycino petalis caule foliis,
sed magis decumbens foliis lanceolato-ovatis.
Filamenta absque dentibus, sed 2 solitaria habent untrique setam filamento non adnatam,
at receptaculo insertam.
Siliculae ovatae, vix compressae, magis tomentosae.
Very similar to A. calyx with petals and stem leaves,
but more decumbent with lanceolate-ovate leaves.
Filaments without teeth, but have 2 solitary setae each not attached to the filament,
but inserted into the receptacle.
Silicules ovate, scarcely compressed, more tomentose.
Alyssum simplex, quod mecum benevole communicavit Clariss. Rudolphi, videtur hujus sola varietas.
Possideo enim plura specimina intermedia ex Hispania, quae transitum demonstrant.
W.
Alyssum simplex, which Clariss. Rudolphi kindly communicated to me, seems to be the only variety of this.
For I possess several intermediate specimens from Spain, which demonstrate the transition.
Einige botanische Beobachtungen. [Some botanical observations.]
Von dem Herrn Dr. K. A. Rudolphi.
[From the Mr. Dr. K.A. Rudolphi.]
Journal fu¨r die Botanik, hrsg. vom Medicinalrath Schrader [Journal of Botany, edited by Medicinal Councillor Schrade]
v. 2 (1799)
pp. 290-291
21. Alyssum simplex mihi aus Portugal ,
eine neue Art , wovon ich eine Menge Exemplare erhielt ,
so dafs ich sicher bestimmen kann ,
da?s es keine Varietät ist .
21. Alyssum simplex, as described by me, from Portugal,
a new species, of which I received a number of specimens,
so that I can determine with certainty
that it is not a variety.
Planta tota vix digitalis, pilis stellatis fecta.
The entire plant is almost digital, covered with stellate hairs.
Radix simplex, subramosa.
Root simple, subbranched.
Caulis bi-triuncialis, ex qualibet radice vnicus, vel simplex,
vel basi subramosus, erectus.
Stem bi-triangular, from each root only,
either simple or sub-branched at the base, erect.
Folia in superiori tantum caulis et ramorum parte sita, obouata vel lato-lanceolata.
Leaves located only on the upper part of the stem and branches,
obovate or broad-lanceolate.
Racemus caulis vel ramorum terminalis, densus, breuis.
Terminal raceme of stem or branches, dense, short.
Silicules orbicular, compressed, scarcely emarginate,
crowned with a very short style, longer than or equal to the pedicels.
Vom Alyssum montanum unterscheidet es sich hinreichend:
a) magnitudine multo minori;
b) caule vnico, nec plurimis ex eadem radice diffusis;
c) foliis et siliculis viridibus, pilis stellatis, nec subtomentosis incanis;
d) foliis breuioribus, latioribus;
e) siliculis maioribus, pedicello longioribus nec breuioribus;
f) stylo silicularum breuissimo, nec siliculis aequali;
g) corollis minoribus, pallidioribus.
It differs from Alyssum montanum in that it is:
a) much smaller in size;
b) a single stem, not spreading out from the same root;
c) green leaves and scutes, with stellate hairs, not subtomentose and inconspicuous;
d) shorter, wider leaves;
e) larger scutes, longer pedicels, not shorter;
f) very short style of scutes, not equal to scutes;
g) smaller, paler corollas.
A. simplex: caule simplici basi subramoso,
foliis lato-lanceolatis, stylo siliculae breuissimo.
A. simplex: with a simple stem with a sub-branched base,
broad-lanceolate leaves, and a very short silicle style.
Sereno Watson in his work on volume 1 of
Gray (1878) Syntopical Flora of North America
described our Boechera fendleri as
Arabis holboellii var. fendleri.
Original Text
164
CRUCIFERAE
Arabis.
A. Holboellii, Hornem.
Biennial …
…
Var. Fendleri, Watson, n. var.
Stems often several and ascending from a biennial root,
a foot high, hirsute below with simple of branched hairs, glabrous above :
lower leaves roughly stellate-pubescent and petioles ciliate ;
the upper glabrous :
pods somewhat curved.
—
From Colorado, Parry, no. 94, Hall & Harbour, no. 36 ;
N. Nevada to New Mexico, Fendler, no. 27,
Palmer, Rusby ;
and California, Tulare Co., Coville & Funston, no. 1388.
(Chihuahua, Wright, no. 1313.)
Fendler no. 27 is not listed in Gray (1849) Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae.
The variety fendleri was repeated in Robinson's edition of Gray (1895-1897, p. 186) Syntopical Flora of North America.
Original Text
A. Holboellii, Hornem. Biennial, …
Var. Fendleri, Watson, n. var.
Stems often several and ascending from a biennial root, a foot high,
hirsute below with simple or branched hairs, glabrous above;
lower leaves roughly stellate-pubescent and petioles ciliate;
the upper glabrous; pods somewhat curved.
—
From Colorado,
Parry, no. 94,
Hall & Harbour no. 36;
N. Nevada to New Mexico,
Fendler no. 27,
Palmer, Rusby ;
and California, Tulare Co., Coville & Funston, no. 1388.
(Chihuahua, Wright, no. 1313.)
Two years later, Greene (1897) published Arabis fendleri
differnentiating it mostly on the different pubescent compared
to A. holbollii
Original Text
Arabis Fendleri.
More slender than the above and less tall,
mostly or wholly destitute of stellate hairs,
only the lowest entire oblanceolate leaves very distinctly hirsute-ciliate,
and with scattered trifurcated hairs on the lower face,
all the upper parts of the plant,
including all but the lower cauline leaves, glabrous and glaucus ;
the sessile cauline leaves barely auricled, not sagittate :
pods mostly less than 2 inches long, scarcely curved, acutish,
on spreading or scarcely deflexed pedicels of 1/2 inch or more :
seeds in 2 rows,
small marginless.
A somewhat variable plant of subalpine situations in the Rocky Mountains
from New Mexico to Wyoming ;
but in none of its phases does it exhibit the pubescence of
A. Holbollii, but always its own,
which is chiefly conspicuous as a ciliation of the leaf-margin.
The description here drawn mainly from Colorado specimens of my own collecting,
which exactly match Fendler's n. 27 from New Mexico,
which is the type of Mr. Watson's A. Holbollii Fendleri,
in Gray, Syn. Fl. i. 164.
Weber (1982) published Boechera fendleri
after taking Rollins to task.
Original Text
Love & Love (1976) proposed the genus Boechera to
accommodate species of Arabis having the chromosome
base number x=7,
the type species of Arabis (alpina) having x=8.
Rollins (1977) certainly had the right to criticize the Love's for not
pointing out morphological evidence to support their
separation on cytogenetic grounds.
But at the same time, the difference in basic chromosome number,
especially when it continues to be borne out on examination of other species,
does represent a divergent phylogenetic line,
and the genetic barrier that it presents to interbreeding
of the units is sufficient justification for thinking in terms of discrete genera.
However, Rollins is not scientifically objective when he says that
“their describing a new genus to accommodate
perfectly ordinary species of Arabis
has no merit and should not be followed.”
Posterity, rather than appeal to authority,
should be allowed to decide the wisdom of this.
Rollins himself says earlier that
“those species of North America most closely to Arabis
of Eurasia have the same basic chromosome number pattern,
i.e., x=8, whereas those species
with a somewhat different circle of close affinity [my italics]
are based on x=7.”
Even a cursory examination of Arabis in the herbarium results
in fairly easy separations:
the loose slender root systems, large and numerous cauline leaves,
most commonly toothed in Arabis, versus the short clustered caudices,
small or absent and almost always entire cauline leaves of Boechera.
The often very dense indument of forked or stellate trichomes
of Boechera is not a characteristic feature of Arabis.
Even with Boechera removed, Arabis in America remains a genus
in need of additional fragmentation.
One group in particular deserving attention is the purple-flowered
species endemic in the ancient Siskiyou area of southwestern Oregon
and northwestern California (cf. Rollins 1977).
At present, however, I am confining transfers to those
taxa in the Colorado flora.
…
BOECHERA FENDLERI (S. Wats.) W. A. Weber, comb. Nov.Arabis holboellii var. fendleri S. Wats. In Gray,
Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1:164. 1895.
Candolle, Augustin Pyramus de, 1778-1841
Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum
[The natural system of the vegetable kingdom, or the orders, genera, and species of plants, digested and described according to the rules of natural method.]
Parisiis [etc.], sumptibus sociorum Treuttel et Würtz, 1818-21
v. 2 (1821), p. 436
...
...
Habitat in ruderatis Tauriae (Bieb. Stev.), in deserto Caspico locis praeruptis et
nitrosis et ad ripas inundatas Wolgae copiose (Pallas), ad lacus salsos Inderienses
(Fisch.), ad Tanaim (Goldb.), usque as Ucraniam, circa Isjum (Bieb.)
Habitat in the ruins of Tauria (Bieb. Stev.),
in the Caspian desert in steep and nitrous places
and on the banks of the Volga in abundance (Pallas),
on the salty lakes of India (Fisch.), on Tanaim (Goldb.),
as far as the Ukraine, around Isjum (Bieb.)
Gray (1849, n.s. v. 4, p. 8) from a manuscript by George Engelmann ...
Original Text
29-31. Sisymbrium incisum (Engelm. Mss.) : "annuum vel bienne ; caule glabriusculo
seu puberulo seu glanduloso-piloso ; foliis pinnatisectis, segmentis lanceolatis vel
lineari-lanceolatis inciso-serratis ; petalis flavis lanceolato-spathulatis calycem superantibus ;
pedicellis calyce ter-quaterve longioribus, fructiferis (racemo fructifero elongato)
patentibus capillaribus siliquas lineari-filiformes erecto-patentes subaequantibus ; valvis
indistincte uninerviis." — Banks of streams in New Mexico ; Santa Fe Creek and Mora
River ; June to August. Plant 1 to 2 feet high, blanching, at length almost glabrous.
Silique about 5 lines long ; the valves with one indistinct middle nerve. Seeds linear-oblong,
yellow, almost smooth, in one row. — Distinguished from S. Sophia by the
longer petals, shorter silique on proportionally longer pedicels, and coarser, much less
divided leaves. No. 29 and No. 31 are forms with large leaves, their lanceolate segments
coarsely serrate or incised. No. 30 is a very imperfect and dubious specimen.
—
From Clear Water, Oregon, by Mr. Spalding, I have another form (β filipes) of
the same species, with the divisions of the cauline leaves narrowly linear, sparingly
incised or incisely pinnatifid, or some of them quite entire, and with fructiferous pedicels
three fourths of an inch long and longer than the pods. The species would appear to
stand between S. Sophia and S. tanacetifolium, L. (Hugueninia, Reichenbach), with
which, like its allies, it accords in the barely one-nerved valves of the silique.
Cette plante, encore peu connue des Botaniftes,
nous paroit devoir etre rapportee a ce genre.
Sa racine eft fibreufe, & pouffe de fon collet quelques
jet fteriles,
feuilles & rampans.
Ses feuilles font ovales-arrondies, retrecies vers leur bafe, tresentieres,
& velues ou hifpides.
Ses tiges font greles, nues, ou chargees d'une ou deux fleurs difpofees en grappes,
auxquelles fuccedent des filiques pedonculees,
d'une longueur mediocre.
Cette plante paroit originaire de la Virginie.
This plant, still little known to Botaniftes, seems to us to be related to this genus.
Its root is fibrous, and its root pod has a few sterile streams, leaves & crawlers.
Its leaves are oval-rounded, narrowed towards their base, presentieres, & hairy or hispid.
Its stems are slender, bare, or loaded with one or two flowers arranged in clusters, to which follow pedunculate threads of mediocre length.
This plant appears to be native to Virginia.
3. E. foliis lanceolatis inferioribus dentatis,
unguibus calyce longioribus,' laminis orbiculato-obovatis,
stigmate sessili.
Ait. Kew. Ed. 2. t. 4. p. 116.
Chieranthus erysimodes. Willd. Sp. Pl. 3. p. 514.
Icon. Jacq. Fl. Austr. 74.
On the banks of the Missouri. ♂. June. v. s.
Calix closed; 2 of the leaves gibbous at the base.
Petals dilated.
Disk of the germ biglandulous.
Silique compressed or terete.
Stigma bilobed.
Seeds flat, sometimes marginated.
Herbaceous or suffruticose;
leaves more or less pubescent, entire or pinnatifid;
flowers yellow or purple, large, and often odorous.
A genus very nearly allied to Hesperis
and to the entire leaved species of Erysimum,
excluding E. Alliaria.
Species.
1. C. Pallasii. Ph.—North West Coast.
2. *asper.
Stem simple, and acutely angular;
leaves canescently polise, sublinear, entire,
margin acculeately and retrorsely asperate,
radical fasciculated attenuated-sublanceolate, acute, retrorsely toothed;
silique very long quadrangular and divaricate;
claws of the petals longer, than the calix.
Cheiranthus erysimoides. Ph.
Hab.
On the plains of the Missouri, commencing near the colfluence of the White river.
Fl. June.
Obs.
Biennial.
Stem 12 to 18 inches high,
mostly simple, but now and then branching towards the summit.
Leaves every where covered with white short, retrorse, strigose and appressed hairs;
margin aculeolate, stem leaves crowded, 2 or 3 lines wide and 2 inches long.
Flowers very similar to those of C. Cheiri, and almost equally odorous.
Calix oblong, 2 of the leaves distinctly gibbous at the base.
Petals dilated, claws long, limb broud obovate, bright yellow.
Stigma bilobed.
Silique 2 or 3 inches long, spreading, 4-sided, 2 of the angles asperate.
A genus of about 40 species,
indigenous to Europe and the temperate and colder parts of Asia and Africa
in both hemispheres.
1. C. capitatus ; subasper,
foliis lineari-lanceolatis magis minusve dentatis vel integris
basi longe attenuatis cauleque pube bipartita arctissime appressa strigosis,
floribus (majusculis) dense corymbosis,
"siliquis pedicello triplo longioribus."
—
Douglas, MSS.
C. asper. Schlecht. et Cham, in Linncaea, v. 1. p. 14.
[Latin diagnosis omitted.]
Hab. Common on rocky places of the Columbia, near the sea; and at Puget Sound, Douglas.Chamisso found it on the coast of California.
—
I regret that I do not possess the fruit of this plant ;
but there can be no
question of the accuracy of Chamisso and Schlechtendal,
who assure us that the cotyledons are accumbent.
It must therefore be separated from Erysimum, with the species of which,
and especially with E. lanceolatum, as is well observed,
it bears a very close affinity.
It is quite a different plant from the Erysimum asperum, De Cand.,
the Cheiranthus asper of Nuttall,
and which is also supposed to be the Erysimum lanceolatum of Pursh;
but I know not upon what authority.
I am indebted for specimens to M. de Chamisso,
which agree in every respect with those from Mr. Douglas :
both are remarkable for the great attenuation of the base of the leaves.
It has been found by no other of our North American travellers :
but is now cultivated in the gardens of the Horticultural Society,
from seeds sent by Mr. Douglas from the Columbia.
2. E. capitatum, Greene. Dougl.; Hook. Fl. i. 38 (1829), under
Cheiranthus. Stout and low, ½ — l½ ft. high, spariugly pubescent with
appressed bifid or 2-parted hairs; leaves narrow, entire, or sinuately or
angularly toothed or lobed: fl. large, cream-color or yellowish, in a
depressed terminal corymb, scarcely fragrant: pods in a short raceme;
valves nearly flat, with a strong midvein, 1½ lines wide, the whole
1½ — 2½ in. long, abruptly and stoutly short-pointed: seeds flattened.
—
Among the sandy or rocky hills of the seaboard only, from Monterey
northward to Mendocino Co.; easily mistaken for E. aspertum, but we
have not seen it with even yellow, much less orange-colored flowers.
The petals are broader than in that species, but at San Francisco they
are invariably almost white. Feb. — May.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Lepidium;
@jgaskin Your point about the possibilities of this observation being of one of three species of Lepidium is well-taken. Unfortunately, it lumps this observation of three very similar invasive, rhizomatous, difficult-to-control, introduced plants into a larger genus that also includes many natives. It seems to me an improvement to iNaturalist observations would be to include an infrageneric section named Cardaria that could be used to encompass all three taxa, citing Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A., Klaus Mummenhoff and Oliver Appel. 2002. Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia Are United with Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Novon, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Spring, 2002), pp. 5-11 as the authority.
There is no such thing as Lepidium Section Cardaria.
There is disagreement as to the number of species recognized in Cardaria.
Mulligan and Frankton (1962) and Czerepanov (1995) recognized as many as five and six species, respectively.
By contrast, other authors (e.g., Hedge, 1968; Al-Shehbaz, 1986) recognized two,
while Rollins (1993) recognized three.
We believe that only two species merit recognition,
and both should be placed in Lepidium.
These are L. draba,
which consists of subspecies draba and chalapense (L.) Thellung,
and L. appelianum Al-Shebaz,
a new name proposed herein because the transfer of Hymenophysa pubescens C. A. Meyer
to Lepidium would crete a later homonym of the South American L. pubescens Desvaux.
Abstract:
Francis A. and Warwick, S. I. 2008. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 3. Lepidium draba L., L. chalepense L.,
L. appelianum Al-Shehbaz (updated). Can. J. Plant Sci. 88: 379401.
This paper updates an earlier paper by Mulligan and Findlay (1974)
on the cruciferous weeds Lepidium draba, L. chalepense and L. appelianum
(treated in the previous paper as Cardaria draba, C. chalepensis and C. pubescens, respectively).
Known collectively as hoary cresses,
these species reached North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries as contaminants in seed or in ballast.
The three species spread extensively in the western
parts of the continent by the mid 20th century, partly through seed dissemination, but also by establishment of clonal
patches and rhizomatous spread.
In the prairie provinces the three species are weeds in grainfields, hayfields and forage
crops, and have been largely under control in those crops since the 1970s.
By the 1970s all three species had spread into
agricultural regions of south central British Columbia and remain a serious problem there.
They have also spread into
forest, range, and riparian areas of Alberta and British Columbia and are among weedy threats to native ecosystems.
Populations in Saskatchewan and Manitoba appear to have stabilized, but remain on noxious weed lists.
In the western
United States, the species have also spread from cultivated areas into rangelands, and L. draba in particular competes
successfully withnative vegetation, resulting in reduced local biodiversity.
Lepidium draba can also reduce forage
production, quality and palatability.
Biocontrol measures for L. draba are under investigation.
Mechanical controls have
proved to be generally ineffective in large populations.
Herbicides are effective in the short term in some agricultural crops,
but do not provide long-term control, and are of restricted use on rangelands and at riparian sites.
Potential beneficial uses
of Lepidium draba in phytoremediation and as a source of disease-fighting chemical derivatives are reported.
CARDARIA Desvaux 1815 [for the heart-shaped fruit of C. draba]. Whitetop
Cardaria latifolia was originally called Ledidium latifolium L.
Spach placed it in Cardaria in 1836, correctly so, we believe.
However, about a hundred years later, Lepidium latifolium was
selected by Britton to be the type species of Lepidium,
an arbitrary and unfortunate choice.
In his key to the genera, Rollins (1993) separates Lepidium (nonrhizomatous)
from Cardaria (rhizomatous),
but includes L. latifolium in the species key as being rhizomatous in one couplet and stoloniferous in another.
Rollins wrote:
“Weber (1989), wants to recognize Lepidium latifolium as Cardaria latifolia (L.) Spach.
What he did not take into account is that L. latifolium is the type of the genus Lepidium.
If his suggestion were followed,
Lepidium would replace Cardaria, leaving most species no known in Lepidium to be re-shuffled to another generic name.
Such as move, in my view, would be irresponsible."
We agree, but for the sake of stability, it might be reasonable to retypify Lepidium.
L. latifolium, in all respects, belongs to Cardaria.
Al-Shehbaz et al. (2002) cut the Gordian knot by submerging Cardaria into Lepidium,
rather than recognizing it as a paraphyletic genus.
Abstract:
Hoary cresses or whitetops, Lepidium draba, L. chalepense and L. appelianum (Brassicaceae),
are deep-rooted, clonal mustards that were introduced from Eurasia to North America in the 19th and early 20th centuries
as contaminants in seed or in ballast.
This chapter presents information on the status of these weeds in Canada,
followed by a comprehensive background on previous studies,
review of the application of biological control in these programmes (using phytophagous arthropod species),
an evaluation of the biological control efforts and future needs in research or implementation activities.
Watson (1888, v. 23, new ser. v. 15, p. 249) published a new genus Lesquerella saying:
Original Text
* The Old World genera of the Vesicaria and Alyssum group are variously
understood by European botanists and are very troublesome.
The species of
Vesicaria upon which all are agreed
(V. utriculata, V. Graeca and V. glabrescens,
the first being one of the two original species)
have stout erect leafy stems from
a suffrutescent base, glabrous, or pubescent below with appressed 2-parted or
somewhat stellate hairs, with large Erysimum-like flowers, very large globose
coriaceous pods, nerveless septum, and wing-margined seeds. This is the genus
as it is generally accepted on the continent, …
… [text omitted.] …
The American species differ from them all, more or
less positively.
In all our species there is a distinct nerve extending from the
apex to the middle of the septum or beyond. The filaments are never toothed
or appendaged; the petals are never narrowly unguiculate, and, except in one
or two species, are yellow ; the ovules are never solitary in the cells, and the
pubescence is always more or less stellate or lepidote.
… [text omitted.] …
To the species that have hitherto been placed in Vesicaria, I would, therefore,
now give the generic name Lesquerella (in preference to reviving Lesquereuxia,
the former name of a genus now merged in Siphonostegia),
in honor of our venerable and in every way worthy veteran palaeontologist and bryologist,
Leo Lesquereux. Our one flat-podded species that has been referred to Alyssum
(A. Lescurii) appears to differ in no other respect than its less convex valves from
a somewhat distinct group of species which can be separated, however, only as
a section from the rest.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Lunaria annua;
Gray (1849, p. 10) referred Fendler's collection to Thlaspi cochleariforme
Original Text
44. Thlaspi cochleariforme, DC. Syst. 2. p. 381 ;
Deless. Ic. Select. 2. t. 52.
Santa Fe Creek, in the mountains ; March to June.
The image of the original publication, which came from George Engelmann's library,
has several pencilled notations, such as “No!”
and “Th. Fendleri Agr / Pl Wrightii 2. 14.”
Gray (1853, part 2, p. 14) published Thlaspi fendleri as a correction to his identification ...
Original Text
Thlaspi Fendleri:
foliis carnosulis subintegerrimis, radicalibus petiolatis ovalibus,
caulinis sagittato-oblongis amplexicaulibus ; racemo etiam fructifero brevi conferto ;
floribus majusculis ; petalis calyce triplo longioribus; siliculis lato-obovatis
subalatis basi acutis apice immaturis sinu aperto leviter obcordatis maturis truncato-subintegris,
loculis 3-4-ovulatis ; stylo filiformi fructu dimidio breviore.
—
T. cochleariforme, Gray, Pl. Fendl p. 10, non DC, nec Hook.
—
On the Organ Mountains, northeast of El Paso ; May : mostly in fruit.
(1322.)
—
Plant a span high, or lower ;
the raceme an inch, or, even in full fruit, not over 2 inches, in length ;
the pedicels closely approximate, spreading, in fruit 5 or 6 lines long.
Petals (in Fendler's specimens) 4 lines long.
Ovary obcordate by a broad and shallow sinus ;
the cells 3 - 4-ovulate.
Ripe silicles 4 lines long, with sharp but slightly winged edges,
obscurely emarginate or even truncate at the broad summit ;
the style a line and a half or two lines long.
—
The specimens of Fendler were mostly in flower only :
mine with young fruit have the raceme more loose than in those gathered this
spring by Mr. Wright ; which, being in fruit, plainly show that I was wrong in
referring the New Mexican plant to T. cochleariforme.
The latter has the fructiferous raceme long and loose,
and has likewise smaller flowers, narrower pods, with
a deep and narrow apical sinus, and a short style.
Our plant is more like T. praecox ;
which also has smaller flowers, and winged pods, with a very deep notch.
Holub (1998, v. 70, n. 2, p. 108) published some names in Noccaea for American taxa
to complete the genus. This is explained in a note to the first name proposed.
Original Text
N o t e : F. K. Meyer ( 1973) undertook a generic reform (or rather a radical revolution)
of the earlier standing concept of the genus Thlaspi .
It was shown, that - especially on the basis of the anatomical structure of the seed testa
- the small group Thlaspi s.s. with the type species T. arvense L.,
differs substantially from other groups of
Thlaspi s.l., including many species.
In Central Europe (s.l.) a few representatives of Microthlaspi F. K. Meyer
and numerous species of Noccaea Moench occur.
F. K. Meyer's classification has not been followed very much by other authors.
The present author (Holub 1983: 205). accepted the genus Noccaea in circumscription proposed
by F. K. Meyer.
Most recently Kerguelen and Cerepanov also supported this classification by some new
proposals of nomenclatural combinations with Noccaea.
Justification of the generic exclusion of Thlaspi s.s.
from the remainder of that genus (Thlaspi s.l.) and by this the acceptance of the genus Noccaea,
are indicated by the most recent studies based on modern methods of molecular research
(Mummenhoff et al. 1997; chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation - Mummenhoff & Koch 1994, Zunk et al. 1996;
isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco - Mummenhoff & Zunk 1991).
Nomenclatural combinations for taxa of the genus Noccaea were proposed especially
for European and Oriental species of that genus.
Here also some new nomenclatural combinations for taxa from the American continent are proposed.
The perennial basal part of stem rather freely branched,
herbaceous stems simple and erect, 6-10 inches high; radical leaves
broadly to narrowly elliptical, entire or obscurely repand-denticulate;
cauline deltoid-auticulate entire. It also differs from the
species in the glaucus hue of the leaves, the laxer inflorescence
and will marked notch at the apex of the capsule as well as in its habitat.
The species flowers in early speint on open hillsides; the
variety was collected in the forest almost at timber line, growing in
the thick beds of Spruce needles. La Plata Mines, August 21,
1895 (No. 1777).
Thlaspi alpestre glaucum A. Nelson, First Rep. Fl. Wyo. 84. 1896.
The perennial, basal part of stem freely branched, the several
or many herbaceous stems simple, erect or ascending, 1-3 dm.
high ; root leaves numerous, petioled, from oval to oblong or obovate,
entire or obscurely repand-denticulate ; cauline leaves deltoid-auriculate
or oblong, entire, 10-20 mm. long, smooth or even
glaucous ; raceme dense in flower, much elongated in fruit (5-15
cm.) ; sepals greenish, thin, ovate ; petals white, spatulate, about 6
mm. long ; pods obovate, obtuse or emarginate ; pedicels divaricate,
10-14 mm - long.
In 1897 an abundance of material of this form was secured,
an examination of which leads me to think that it is worthy of
specific rank. Its habitat is sub-alpine in open parks or among
open spruce timber. It is separated from T. alpestre by its uni-
formly larger size, numerous stems, numerous and larger stem
leaves, longer pedicels and raceme (in fruit), longer, greenish
sepals, etc.
Type specimen in Herb. University of Wyoming, no. 4176,
Battle Lake, August 16, 1897. Prof. Henderson's no. 2893 from
Kendrick, Idaho seems to be nearly the same.
Holub (1998, v. 70, n. 2, p. 108) published some names in Noccaea for American taxa
to complete the genus. This is explained in a note to the first name proposed.
Original Text
Noccaea glauca (A. Nelson) Holub, comb. nova.
—
Bas.: Thlaspi alpestre glaucum A. Nelson, First Report Fl. Wyoming, 84, 1896 (n.v.).
–
Syn.: Thlaspi glaucum (A. Nelson) A. Nelson, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 275, New York 1898.
The taxonomic world knew for a long time that keeping Physaria and
Lesquerella separate was very tenuous.
More recently molecular data clearly showed that Physaria is nested within Lesquerella.
Also, the data showed that Physaria evolved more than once from Lesquerella.
Regardless of how many times Physaria evolved from Lesquerella,
Physaria is polyphyletic and Lesquerella definitely paraphyletic.
The two genera could no longer be maintained separately on either molecular,
morphological, cytological, biogeographic, or ecological grounds.
Therefore the two genera should be combined.
Physaria is the older of the two names and thus has priority,
but there are far more species in Lesquerella.
It might make more sense to conserve Lesquerella
and transfer the Physaria thereto.
An proposal to conserve the name Lesquerella against Physaria
was made to the Committee for Spermatophyta (2000).
However, the proposal was denied.
Therefore, names in Physaria were proposed for most of the former Lesquerella
(Al-Shehbaz & O'Kane, 2004).
One of the taxa transferred to Physaria was P. montana a bladderpod found in Jefferson County,
including Golden.
Seven taxa of Physaria have been reported for Jefferson County.
Four of the taxa are unlikely to occur here,
as the collections are misidentified or otherwise quesitonable data.
The three confirmed Jefferson County taxa are:
P. bellii G. A. Mulligan
P. montana (A. Gray) Greene
P. vitulifera Rydb.
The four spurious reports of Physaria in Jefferson County are:
P. acutifolia Rydb. — there may be two collections of P. acutifolia from the
Evergreen - Kittridge - Parmalee Gulch area. They are old records and a bit sketchy.
Otherwise this is an western slope taxon.
P. didymocarpa (Hook.) A. Gray — misidentified, two vouchers at YU, duplicate at CS9266 determined P. vitulifera.
P. floribunda Rydb. — western slope taxon.
Data point from NY showing P. floribunda in Golden is misidentified.
P. rollinsii G. A. Mulligan — generally known only from the Gunnison River basin,
except for Rollins No. 5151, July 6, 1951, 2 miles west of Deckers, GH 01691383,
which has been annotated P. rollinsii, date and name of annotator unknown.
The following key is abstracted from Ackerfield (2015).
(1b.) Fruit (and ovary) pubescent with stellate hairs … 4
(4b.) Plants not present in the alpine, found below 11,000 ft in elevation … 6
(6b.) Inflorescence usually obviously exceeding the leaves,
or if included then the plants otherwise unlike the above;
plants sometimes mound-forming,
but the mounds usually not small and button-like … 8
(8b) Mature fruiting pedicels S-curved (sigmoid), ascending, or sometimes horizontal … 12
(12a) Plants of the eastern slope … 13
(13a) Fruit entire at the apex, not or only slightly inflated; ovules 4-20 per ovary … 14
(14a) Basal leaves suborbicular, obovate, or elliptic,
mostly over 4 mm wide (rarely narrowly elliptic and 2-3 mm wide),
usually with a well-defined petiole; stem leaves usually secund;
ovules (8) 12-24 per ovary … P. montana
(13b) Fruit notched at the apex (didymous), usually inflated; ovules 4 per ovary … 16
(16b) Plants of the foothills, absent from the northeastern plains;
fruit not conspicuously broader at the apex or appearing flared from the base … 17
(17a) At least some basal leaf margins deeply and broadly incised,
rarely almost entire … P. vitulifera
(17b) Basal leaf margins shallowly dentate or entire … 18
(18a) Basal leaves gradually tapering to an ill-defined petiole;
fruit 2-8 mm wide … P. bellii
Jim Borland collected Physaria bellii and P. vitulifera twice: 12 May 1988 and 22 June 1988.
Collections of P. bellii were:
Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, On north road cut as Deer Creek Canyon road enters the canyon.
Habitat: Road cut.
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848645
Verbatim Date: 22 June 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, 100 ft. S of junction of West Ute Ave. and Owens Street, west side of road.
Habitat: On limestone/shale outcrop.
Reproductive Condition: Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848646
O'Kane, Steve L.
(Colorado Natural Areas Program),
Colorado's Rare Flora.
Great Basin Naturalist.
v. 48, n. 4, p. 433-484. 31 October 1988.
Original Text
Comments
Physaria bellii Mulligan, Canadian J. Bot. 44:
1662-1663. 1966.
Map 66
Family. — Brassicaceae (Cruciferae).
Federal status. — Category 2.
Bells twinpod, endemic to the Niobrara
Formation, grows on fine-textured soils
derived from black shale high in calcium in
the southern part of its range and from light-
colored, limey shale in the north. The species
is scattered along the foothills and hogbacks
from Fourmile Canyon near Boulder to Box
Elder Creek north of Owl Canyon. One old
collection, however, exists from Cheyenne
Mountain near Colorado Springs (Churchill
s.n. MO), and a 1988 report (J. Borland,
personal communication, specimen verified by
W. A. Weber) places the species southwest of
Denver in Jefferson County on a small outcrop
of Niobrara shale at the mouth of Deer
Creek Canyon. As Cheyenne Mountain is
composed of Pikes Peak Granite, it is likely
that the collection locality is in error unless a
disjunct population occurred at the foot of the
mountain on Pierre Shale. Bells twinpod is
usually found in shrub communities dominated
by Rhus trilobata and Cercocarpus
montanus at elevations of 1,580 to 1,750 m.
Oryzopsis and species of Stipa are common
associates. Although not threatened everywhere
in its range, threats to individual populations
can be significant. Some populations
are threatened by road construction and
maintenance. The populations near LaPorte
could be impacted by mining for cement
products. The effects of grazing are not
known.
Two vouchers of J. Borland collections are
at COLO.
Gray (1863, v. 15, p. 58) article titled,
“Enumeration of the Species of Plants collected by Dr. C. C. Parry, and Messrs. Elihu Hall and J. P. Harbour,
during the Summer and Autumn of 1862, on and near the Rocky Mountains, in Colorado Territory,”
Original Text
Comments
… 49. Vesicaria montana, n. sp.*
from the middle mountains ; also collected last year at Eureka by Mr. Howard,
but without fruit. …
The asterisk (*) refers the reader to a footnote that is reproduced below.
The number 49 corresponds to a Hall & Harbour collection number 49 that is designated the holotype at GH
(https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=23018520&clid=0)
I assume the Eureka place name is Eureka, San Juan County, Colorado, a former mining town 19 miles northeast of Silverton.
*Vesicaria Montana (sp. nov.): argenteo-incana : caulibus e radice perenni diffusus foliosis:
foliis spathulatis, radicalibus subovatis petiolatis nunc 1-2-dentatis; racemo fructifero elongato;
silicula ovali seu ellipsoidea cano-pubescente stylo gracili longiore pedicello patente sursum
curvato paullo breviore.
Habit of V. Ludoviciana, argyrea, and argentea; well-marked by the oval
or oblong silicle (which is. in some specimens, 3 lines in length, but of scarcely half that breadth,
while in others it is shorter and broader, barely oval in outline,) hoary, with a fine stellular
pubescence, one-third longer than the style, commonly one-third or one-half longer than the pedicel,
nearly terete; the valves of the same rather firm texture as those of V. Ludoviciana, more convex
than those of V. alpina. Seeds four or six in each cell, wingless. Petals spatulate, light yellow.
Filiments filiform.
Watson (1888, v. 23, new ser. v. 15, p. 249) placed V. montana A. Gray in Lesquerella saying:
Original Text
10. L. Montana. Pubescence often evidently stellate; caudex rarely branched:
leaves oblanceolate, the radical often subovate on slender petioles and obscurely
toothed: petals spatulate: pods 3 lines long, with long slender style; cells
4-8-ovuled. — V. montana, Gray. Northern Colorado and southern Wyoming,
near and on the mountains.
Greene (1891, p. 249) in his Flora Franciscana ...
Original Text
Comments
3. PHYSARIA,A. Gray. Low herbs (our species perennial) silvery-
canescent with a dense close stellate pubescence, entire or pinnatifid
leaves, and racemose yellow flowers of middle size; calyx more or less
persistent as in Alyssum. Pods globose or ovoid, or the valves more
inflated and distended, nerveless. Style long, persistent. Seeds few, in
2 rows, flattened, rarely somewhat margined: cotyledons accumbent.
* Pods didymous. — Typical Physaria.
1. P. didymocarpa, Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 162 (1849); Hook. Fl. i. 49. t. 16
(1829), under Vesicaria. Leaves rosulately crowded on a short crown
or caudex, broadly spatulate, occasionally somewhat lyrate, those of the
decumbent flowering branches oblanceolate, entire: racemes short: pods
2 — 6 lines broad, i. e., more or less widely didymously-inflated, the partition
narrow or nearly obsolete. — East of the Sierra, thence common
to Colorado.
While there are collections from Colorado, including Jefferson County,
that are determined P. didymocarpa, I think they are mis-identified
specimens of P. vitulifera.
The species is known to occur in Wyoming.
* * Pod globose or ovate. — Genus Lesquerella, Wats.
2. P. montana, Greene. Gray, Proc. Philad. Acad. 58 (1868), under
Vesicaria. Habit of the preceding: rosulate radical leaves orbicular or
obovate, long-petioled, those of the branches oblanceolate or spatulate,
entire, or with few teeth : fl. 3 lines long: pods oblong-ovoid, 2½ lines
long, on slender recurved pedicels; style a third shorter. — On Lassen's
Peak, Lemmon, thence eastward and northward.
It appears to me that, in addition to Rydberg's type with two vouchers, there are two “approximate topotypes:” Ripley & Barneby (1950) #10475 (GH 1691622, CAS 303257) and Mulligan (1963, GH 1691620).
Mulligan's collection was likely in connection of his study of the genus (Mulligan, 1966).
The oldest known collection of P. vitulifera was made by C. C. Parry,
in his first expedition to the Rocky Mountains.
We know that he collected in upper Clear Creek and traveled in the direction of Pikes Peak,
but he did not keep a diary or detailed itinerary.
Clear Creek Headwaters, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
United States of America, Colorado, From the head-waters of Clear Creek, and the alpine ridges lying east of "Middle Park," Colorado Territory.
C. C. Parry
101.
1861
There are three existing vouchers of Parry's collection.
They were all initially determined P. didymocarpa Gray.
Several indicate that they may be an undescribed variety.
One of them, GH1639631, was annotated P. vitulifera by Rollins in 1938.
Mulligan agreed in 1966 and stamped the voucher “STET.”
The other two vouchers, PBRU39332 and YU137402, remain determined P. didymocarpa.
Rydberg (1901) described a new Physaria that he called P. vitulifera from a collection he made
at Idaho Springs.
An image of this specimen at NY is available through SEINet.
Rydberg (1895) also cited a collection by Parry made in 1861 in the headwaters of Clear Creek.
An image of this voucher at GH is also available through SEINet.
Original Text
Interpretation
Physaria vitulifera sp. nov.
A densely tufted finely stellate-pubescent perennial with deep tap-root.
Basal leaves numerous, fiddle-shaped, the larger 4-5 cm. long ;
terminal lobe nearly orbicular to broadly obovate, subentire, obtuse ;
upper sinuses rounded : lateral lobes 1-2 pairs, much smaller :
stems ascending, or decumbent, 1-2 dm. high :
stem-leaves 1-2 cm. long, obovate or oblanceolate, entire :
pedicels short, usually curved in fruit :
sepals about 4 mm. long, oblong, acute :
petals clawed, 8-9 mm. long :
fruit obtuse at the base, deeply divided above ;
cells much inflated, round-obovate, divergent, about 5 mm. in diameter :
style about 5 mm. long.
This species, as well as the two following,
differs from P. didymocarpa in the smaller fruit,
which is divided only above,
not at the base.
In this respect they resemble P. Newberryi ;
but the fruit is much smaller and not flattened on the sides.
P. vitulifera differs from the following in the form of the leaves and the curved pedicels.
It grows in dry places at an altitude of about 2500 m.
The "following" are Physaria floribunda and
Physaria acutifolia.
Colorado : Idaho Springs, 1895, P. A. Rydberg (type);
Middle Park, 1861, C. C. Parry, 101.
Rydberg's (1901) description of P. floribunda cites
“Hills about Golden, 1892, Crandall, 53.”
This collection can be found by searching SEINet for collections
of Physaria by Crandall in 1892.
Vouchers at CS and GH have been determined P. vitulifera.
A voucher at YU has two specimens, determined as P. didymocarpa, one labelled as
“Hills about Golden” and
the other as “Hills about Dolores.”
The Golden specimen looks more like Physaria montana
than either P. vitulifera, P. floribunda, or P. didymocarpa.
Physaria vitulifera, Ripley & Barneby, 1950
On July 14, 1950, Ripley and Barneby made 9 collections from Breckenridge, Dillon, Loveland Pass, and Idaho Springs.
Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
United States of America, Colorado, Clear Creek County, Idaho Springs
Habitat: steep banks of granite gravel. (approx. topotype)
H. D. Ripley & R. C. Barneby
10475.
14-Jul-1950
The label notation of “(approx. topotype)” suggests they were looking for P. vitulifera at its type location of Idaho Springs.
While there, they also collected two Astragalus, A. flexuosus and A. parryi.
Voucher: GH16911622, CAS303257.
Physaria vitulifera, Mulligan, 1963
Brassicaceae
Physaria vitulifera Rydb.
Roundtip Twinpod.
Idaho Springs, Clear Creek County, Colorado.
United States of America, Colorado, Clear Creek County, Northwest outskirts of Idaho Springs
Elev. 2178 m.
Collected by permit: Permit Unspecified, issued: , to: .
The Higgins collection is probably not an “approximate topotype.”
There is one voucher of P. vitulifera that incorrectly implies that Higgins collected the plant at or near Idaho Springs.
The label of RM343593 states the collection was made in Clear Creek County, 4 miles south of Black Hawk.
However, Higgins other collections on this day were made 7 miles west of Boulder and 4 miles south of Black Hawk.
Of the collections 4 miles south of Black Hawk, only RM343593 gives the county as Clear Creek County,
whereas the other seven vouchers of collections at that location give the county as Gilpin County.
I think it is far more likely that Higgins was 4 miles southwest of Black Hawk on CO Highway 119.
This would place his collection in Clear Creek Canyon approximately at the mouth of Russell Gulch.
This location is 4 miles northeast of Idaho Springs.
Clear Creek Canyon, Gilpin County, Colorado.
U.S.A., Colorado, Clear Creek, Ca 4 mi S of Black Hawk.
Reproductive Condition: flowering and fruiting
Habitat: Sandy soil; growing in the bottom of creek bed with Astragalus parryi.
This Mellichamp and Nesom collection is not an “approximate topotype”
Being made 2.3 miles east of the junction of US Hwy 40 and US Hwy 6, it would be very close to the junction with CO Highway 119, and thus about 7 miles east of Idaho Springs.
Jim Borland collected Physaria bellii and P. vitulifera twice: 12 May 1988 and 22 June 1988.
Collections of P. vitulifera were:
Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Along west Alameda Ave. (rte. 26) above Rooney Road.
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848718
Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Across street from coke oven along Rooney Road.
Habitat: On mineralized soil.
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848800
Verbatim Date: 12 May 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Becket Street, ¼ mi. E of junction Rte. 26.
Habitat: On mineralized soil (not shale).
Reproductive Condition: Flr & Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13848801
Verbatim Date: 22 June 1988.
Locality: United States, Colorado, Jefferson, Becket Street, 1/4 mi. E. of junction Rte. 26 (W. Alameda Parkway) and Becket Street.
Habitat: On mineralized soil (not shale).
Reproductive Condition: Frt.
https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/collections/individual/index.php?occid=13849334.
Jennifer Ackerfield, with assistance from
Sami Naibauer (population genetics lab coordinator
and field botanist at the University of Northern
Colorado’s (UNC’s) School of Biological Sciences),
updated the group on a collaborative effort to
elucidate the taxonomic status of a plant referred to as
Physaria ×1, a suspected hybrid of Bell’s twinpod
(Physaria bellii) and fiddleleaf twinpod (Physaria
vitulifera). The suspected hybrid has now been
determined to be within the species concept of
Physaria vitulifera.
In his second edition of Flora Halensis, Leysser (1783, p. 166)
treated our plant at the rank of species without comment
regarding why he elevated it to that rank.
Original Text
Interpretation and Comments
679. Sisymbrivm paluftre filiquis declinatis oblongo-ouatis,
foliis pinnatifidis ferratis,
(petalis calyce breuioribus.)
L. f. 3. p. 250. n. 3. α.
In this edition,
Leysser seems to have interchanged the letters ‘u’
and ‘v.’
For example, the description of the silique as “oblongo-ouatis,”
would otherwise be written as
“oblongo-ovatis.”
Ad foffas, aquas, pifinas paffim, rarior tamen praecedente;
Maio et feqq.
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 73) proposed Nasturtium sinuatum from a manuscript by Thomas Nuttall
describing plants he had seen in Oregon Territory and in the Arkansas.
Original Text
Comments
5. N. sinuatum (Nutt.! mss.):
“ decumbent ; leaves pinnatifid ;
segments lanceolate, subserrtat or toothed on the lower margin ;
pedicels spreading or recurved, longer than the oblong acute silique ;
style nearly one-third the length of the silique.
“Banks of the Oregon and its tributaries ;
also in Arkansas.
—
Glabrous.
Leaves all rqually pinnatifid ;
the terminal segments more or less confluent.
Flowers rather large, bright yellow.
Sepals ovate.
Petals oblong-ovate.
Silique about one-tird of an inch long, slightly curved.”
Nutt.
Cotyledons o==
“… the Oregon …” is a synonym for the Columbia River.
Greene (1895b, v. 3, p. 46) published R. tenerrima
from collections in Modoc County, California by Mrs. R. M. Austin.
Original Text
Roripa tenerrima.
Annual, weak and decumbent, very
sparingly branching, 6 to 10 inches high, of delicate texture
and glabrous: leaves few, lyrate-pinnatifid, the terminal lobe
acutish: rachis of the few racemes almost capillary: pods
rather distant, subconical, slightly curved, the tapering apex
surmounted by a considerable beak-like style; valves and
septum both very thin: seeds many, in 2 rows under each
valve.
Collected sparingly, in Modoc Co., California, 1894, by
Mrs. R. M. Austin.
Thlaspi L. “Pennycress”
Thlaspi L. s.s. is not known from Colorado, the only representative being Thlaspi arvense L. “Field Pennycress,” an introduced species.
Mummenhoff, et al. (1997) examined phylogenetics of Thlaspi s.l.
using primarily European material.
The main lineages recognized are Thlaspi s.s., Noccaea (Raparia) included,
and Microthlaspi.
Noccaea includes by far the highest number of species formerly classified in Thlaspi s.l.
It will be up to Holub to propose names for the American Noccaea.
There is really nothing specific about Cleomella serrulata in this paper that focuses on the North American cleomids,
except perhaps, that it fits into alternatives of Peritoma s.l., Peritoma s.s., and Cleomella s.l.,
along P. jonesii and P. lutea.
Desc. Stem a little branched at the base, creeping. Leaves about half
an inch long, rather crowded, oblong-lanceolate, obscurely 3-nerved,
smooth, except on the margin, which is glandularly serrate under a lens.
Cyme corymbose, the branches spreading, or reflexed. Flowers white ?
decandrous ? Segments of the calyx lanceolate. Petals 7, lanceolate,
acute. Stamens — .
James could have collected the type (NY) of S. lanceolatum in early July
along his route from the chasm of the Platte, Jefferson County,
south to Manitou Springs and Pikes Peak, El Paso County, Colorado.
8. Jamesia Raf. differs from Psoralea,
calyx not glandular, hairy, 5 subulate clefts nearly equal,
stamens Monadelphous, pod acuminate by style,
stigma smooth.
J. obovata Raf. Psoralea jamessi T. Sp. 75.
Psoralea jamesii is now treated as a synonym of Dalea jamesii (Torr.) Torr. & A. Gray.
Jamesia obovata is treated as nom. superfl,
whereas Jamesia Raf. is treated as nom. rej.
Torrey & Gray (1840, v. 1(4), p. 594) published Jamesia americana
with a tribute to the work of Dr. Edwin James.
They placed our plant in Order LXVI. Saxifragaceae Juss., Suborder III. Hydrangeae DC.
J. Americana.
Dr. James !
—
Shrub erect? With terete branches.
Leaves, including the petioles,
1-2 inches long, ovate, simply serrate with broad mucronate teeth.
Cymes shorter than the leaves : bracts subulate.
Calyx persistent, cleft rather below the middle ;
the segments mostly acute, two of them somewhat narrower ;
one of the broader ones sometimes minutely 3-toothed at the apex.
Petals twice or more the length of the calyx. Stamens deciduous.
Styles more than twice the length of the ovary, much exserted beyond the calyx.
Ovary free, except the base, the parieties rather thick and firm ;
the dissepiments very short ;
the placentae lunate, at first distinct, many-ovuled.
—
We much regret that we have not more adequate materials for describing this plant.
Our specimens were collected by Dr. Edwin James (in Long's Expedition),
but the particular locality is not recorded.
It is probably rare or very local, as no other botanist seems to have met with it.
It appears to be an entirely distinct genus, to which we have applied the present name in
commemoration of the scientific services of its worthy discoverer,
the botanist and historian of ‘Major Long's Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in
the year 1820,’ and who, during that journey, made an excellent collection of
plants under the most unfavorable circumstances.
Porter and Coulter (1874) treat Jamesia americana as a member of the Saxifrage family (Saxifragaceae).
Jamesia1Americana, T. & G.
Cymes often longer than the leaves, 5-10 flowered;
petals white, 3"-5" long, glabrous or slightly hairy within;
calyx-lobes shorter than the petals, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit.
—
Hll & Harbour, 568;
Parry.
Georgetown, Dr. Smith;Canby.
Chiann Cañon and Glen Eyrie, Porter.
James's Peak and Clear Creek Cañon, Coulter; Redfield.
Genus Jamesia, Torr. and Gray ;
—
(Benth. & Hook. f. Gen. Plant., vol. i. p. 643).
JAMESIA americana ; ramulis junioribus petiolis foliis subtus et inflorescentia
laxe villosis, foliis ovatis obtusis crenato-dentatis supra glabris,
paniculis brevibus terminalibus basi foliosis, calycis lobis rotundatis, petalis
oblongis.
JAMESIA americana, Torr. & Gray Flor. N. Am., vol. ii. p. 593;
Walp. Ann., vol. ii. p. 614;
A. Gray Plant. Fendl., p. 55 in nota ;
Carriére in Rev. Hortic., October, 1874, p. 389 cum ic xylog.
First described from imperfect specimens by Torrey and
Gray, in 1540, and named by them “in commemoration of the
scientific services of Dr. Edwin James, its worthy discoverer,
the botanist and historian of Major Long’s expedition to the
Rocky Mountains in 1820, and who during the journey made
an excellent collection of plants under the most unfavourable
circumstances.”
Those were the days when every traveller
in the Rocky Mountains carried his life in his hand, and
when to hold it fast required the subtlety of the savage, plus
the pluck of the white man. Little was known of this plant
for many subsequent years, not until it was gathered by
Fendler in 1847, and after another long interval by C. C.
Parry, in 1861, in the very spot where James had discovered
it – namely, the head-waters of Clear Creek, and on Alpine
ridges east of Middle Park, in the Colorado territory,
lat. 40° N. Considering the numerous collections that have
been made in other parts of the Rocky Mountains, and that
do not contain the Jamesia, it is evident that it is a very
rare and local plant.
Though so much more like a Rosaceous plant in habit and
inflorescence, Jamesia is truly saxifragaceous, and closely
allied to Hydrangea ; it is quite hardy, and was raised at Kew
about twelve years ago, from seed received, I believe, from
Dr. Asa Gray, where, however, it has not flowered.
For the
plant here figured I am indebted to the Rev. Mr. Ellacombe, of
Bitton, near Bristol, who flowered it in October last.
Descr.
A branching shrub; branches opposite, covered
with a loose, papery bark ; branchlets, petioles, leaves beneath,
and inflorescence clothed with soft villous pubescence.
Leaves opposite, petioled, one to two inches long, ovate, obtuse,
crenate-toothed, glabrous, but not shining above, with impressed
veins; petiole one-quarter to one-third inch long.
Cymes terminal, erect, shortly pyramidal, many-flowered, the
lower branches leafy at the base.
Flowers half an inch diameter ;
white, pedicels one-sixth inch long.
Calyx villous, turbinate, 5-lobed, lobes rounded or broadly ovate, acute, white.
Petals 5, spreading, oblong, obtuse.
Stamens 10, the alternate shorter; filaments linear, flattened;
anthers broadly oblong.
Ovary conical; styles 3-5, stout, erect, stigmas subcapitate.
—
J. D. H.
Fig. 1, Flower ; 2, the same, with the petals removed ; 3, long and short
stamens; 4, ovary : — all magnified.
Coulter (1885) published his
Manual of the Botany of the Rocky mountain Region.
By this time the known distribution
of Jamesia americana
has expanded to include Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico.
10. JAMESIA, Torr. & Gray.
Calyx-lobes sometimes bifid. Petals 5, obovate. Alternate stamens shorter;
filaments linear, flattened acuminate. Capsule included. Seeds striate-reticulate.
—
Low, diffusely branching, 2 to 3 feet high: leaves ovate, mucronately
serrate, canescent beneath, as well as the petioles, calyx, and branchlets, with
a soft hairy pubescence : flowers cymose, in terminal panicles.
1. J. Americana, Torr. & Gray. Cymes often longer than the leaves,
5 to 10-flowered : petals white, glabrous or softly hairy within : calyx-lobes
shorter than the petals, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Fl. i. 593. Utah,
Colorado, and New Mexico.
Heller (1897, v. 24, n. 10, pp. 477-478) proposed a new genus, Edwinia, because the genus name Jamesia had been previously used by Rafinesque.
Heller also noted that Fendler found our plant to be plentiful along Santa Fe Creek (now Santa Fe River).
No higher rank was specified.
EDWINIA nom. Nov.
[Jamesia T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 593. 1840. Not Raf. 1832.]
Edwinia Americana (T. & G.).
Jamesia Americana T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 593. 1840.
The specimen upon which the genus was founded was imperfect
and scanty, and the exact locality from which it was obtained
is not known, but it is supposed to have come from “along the
Platte or the Canadian River.” Fendler re-discovered it on the
“banks of Santa Fe Creek, near the water, where the stream is
walled in on both sides by high rocks.” It is plentiful along
Santa Fe Creek in favorable situations, usually growing on rocks
or on talus. No. 3710.
Heller also listed Edwinia Wrightii (Engelm. & Gray),
placing in synonomy,
Fendlera rupicola var. Wrightti Engelm. & Gray,
Pl. Wright. 1:77, pl. 5.f. 2. 1852.
Rydberg (1906, p. 176) placed our plant in the family Hydrangeaceae Dumort., though still as Edwinia.
2. EDWINIA Heller
1. Edwinia americana (T. & G.) Heller.
(Jamesia americana T. & G.)
On cliffs, mountain sides and in cañons, from Wyo. And Utah to N. M.
—
Alt. 5000-7000 ft.
—
Rist Cañon; Minnehaha; Pikes Peak; Rock Mountain Pass, Ward;
West Spanish Peak; Central City; Engelmann's Cañon; North Cheyenne Cañon;
Green Mountain Falls. Foorthills, Larimer Co.;
Georgetown; Cañon City; headwaters of Clear Creek and alpine ridges east of Middle Park;
Manitou; Graymont; Narrows, Moon's Ranch;
Horsetooth Gulch; Soldier Cañon; Howe's Gulch; Pennock's mountain ranch;
Mountains between Sunshine and Ward; Eldora to Baltimore.
Fernald & Weatherby (1929).
Proposed Amendments to the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature
Rhodora. v. 31 (1929).
...
II. To add to the list of Nomina Generica Conservanda the following,
in case the amendment to Art. 50 proposed by Dr. A. S. Hitchcock
(“Eliminate the words: or because of the existence of an
earlier homonym which is universally regarded as non-valif”) is
adopted:
No.
Fam.
Nomina conservanda
Nomina rejicienda
...
3209
Saxifragac.
Jamesis T. & G. Fl. N. Am. i. 593 (1840);
not Raf. Atl. Journ. (1832), 145.
Standard-species: J. americana T. & G.
Jamesia Raf. (1832) was based on Psoralea Jamesii Torr., which is generally
kept in the genus Dalea Juss. (1789) or Parosela Cav. (1802)
—
see No. 3709.
Rafinesque's Jamesia has been taken up by no subsequent author; but Jamesia
T. & G. (1840) is a generally used name for a genus of shrubs of North America
with one species widely known in cultivation as Jamesia. If Jamesia T. &
G. is to be maintained it will be necessary specially to conserve it, at least if
Dr. Hitchcock's amendment as to homonyms is adopted. In that case we
should move the conservation of Jamesia T. & G.
Jamesia, an easily distinguished of Hydrangeaceae,
is endemic to western North America from the southern Rocky Mountains in southeastern Wyoming,
south through Colorado, New Mexico, and the mountains further south
to southeastern Arizona, Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon,
and west across the Great Basin to southern Sierra Nevada.
…
Fernald and Weatherby's (1929) proposal to conserve Jamesia Torr. & Gray
over Jamesia Raf. was accepted by the Nomenclatural Section
of the Cambridge International Botanical Cogress in 1930 (Briquet, 1935).
…
Jamesia has been identified by Axelrod (1987) from Oligocene fossil floras in
southwestern Colorado (Creede flora, 26.5 million years ago) and southwestern
Montana (Ruby flora, 29 million years ago).
The fossil beds near Creede, Mineral County, Colorado, consist of shales that were
produced from sediments deposited in a caldera lake.
The Jamesia leaves are found in thin-bedded, tuffaceous, silty shales and fine sandstone.
The Creede lake was a moat circling a large dome (today's Showshoe Mountain);
it was surrounded by steep caldera walls 900 to 1200 meters high.
The Creede formation has been exposed by erosion by the Rio Grande.
Axelrod based his description of J. caplanii on 15 leaf specimens from
four different sites.
Five of these are pictured in his monograph (1987, pl. 30, figs. 12-16).
The venation, margins, and petiole are a good match for modern-day
J. americana var. americana;
the only noticeable different is a proportionally slightly narrower blade with a
more acute tip.
…
Axelrod and Raven (1985) suggested that Jamesia originated in the southern
Rocky Mountains in the late Eocene along with the monotypic and small rosaceous
genera Chamaebatiaria (Porter) Maxim., Fallugia Endl.,
Holodiscus (K. Koch) Maxim.,
and Peraphyllum Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, giving it a Madrean affinity.
That all Jamesia taxa seem to have a fine-tuned adaptation to cliff and rock
habitats suggests that the ancestral form giving rise to them very likely did as
well.
Another possible explanation for today's spotty occurrence could be that under
present climatic conditions Jamesia survives the dry summers better where it is
exposed to the cold moist air that descends nightly from the higher mountain
peaks.
Selected Literature
Briquet, J., editor. 1935. International rules of botanical nomenclature
(Cambridge Rules). Gustav Fischer, Jena.
Fernald, M. L. & C. A. Weatherby. 1929. Proposed amendments to the international
rules of botanical nomenclature. Rhodora 31: 91-96.
Holmgren & Holmgren (1989) accept the following taxa:
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. americana
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. zionis N. Holmgren & P. Holmgren
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. macrocalyx (Small) Engl.
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. rosea Purpus ex C. Schneider
One species, J. americana Torrey & Gray.
Common in canyons of the foothills, up to the subalpine on warm, southern exposures.
Some years ago while visiting Boulder, Guido Pontecorvo, a famous geneticist,
was taken by this species as a potential cultivar and took seed to Glascow,
where he patiently germinated them.
One day in 1957 I visited him and he proudly showed me these plants,
which he was to be the first yo introduce to Scottish gardens,
growing nicely in his lath-houses.
Shortly afterward, we walked across the campus to lunch
and, turning a corner, we discovered a beautiful bush, many years old,
in full flower!
Embarassing, yes,
but a tribute to the fact that very little escaped the Scottish gardeners of the last century.
Jamesia is evidently a Tertiary (Oligocene) relict, for it occurs as a
fossil in the Creede formation. (See Axelrod 1987.)
Axelrod, D. I. 1987.
The late Oligocene Creede flora, Colorado.
Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 130: 1-235.
Freeman (2017) in Flora of North America followed Holmgren & Holmgren (1989) in accepting the following taxa:
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. americana
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. zionis N. Holmgren & P. Holmgren
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. macrocalyx (Small) Engl.
Jamesia americana Torr. & Gray var. rosea Purpus ex C. Schneider
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 581) published H. parvifolia in the section Heucherella.
§ 4. Filaments and styles subulate, very short : calyx obconic at the base, rotate, equal :
petals small, fugacious : flowers small : panicles narrow, loose. — Heucherella.
13. H. parvifolia (Nutt.! mss.):
scabrous-puberulent ;
scape naked ;
leaves forming a small radical cluster, roundish-cordate,
crenately 5-7-lobed, at length glabrous, ciliate ;
the lobes short and rounded ;
panicle racemose, rather loose ;
bracts small, laciniate-ciliate ;
flowers very small ;
limb of the calys flat, dilated ;
petals minute, caducous ;
stamens shorter than the lobes of the calyx ;
styles very short, conical.
Typically when quoting a Nuttall manuscript, Torrey & A. Gray will place double quotes around the description.
They did not do so in this case.
I assume that was a printer's oversight in this case, and is not significant.
Rocky Mountains, Dr. James!
Blue Mountains of Oregon, Nuttall!
—
Caudex somewhat ligneous, thick.
Leaves an inch or more in diameter ;
the lobes with one or two crenatures, not mucronate.
Scape 8-12 inches : panicle branching below.
Calyx-tube obconic, adherent nearly to the summit of the ovary.
Filaments very short and thick, subulate :
anthers large for the size of the flower.
Seeds hispid.
—
Mr. Nuttall supposes this species to be nearly allied to H. Richardsonii.
It seems to us, however, to form, with the succeeding species,
a very well-marked section.
Saxifraga rhomboidea. Stem leafless and scapiform,
stoutish, 5 to 10 inches high, pubescent : leaves all in a
radical tuft, usually depressed and rosulate, the earliest ones
rhombic-ovate, the later more oval, 1 to 2½ inches long
including the broad short petiole, variously toothed, often
crenate, sometimes repand-dentate, glabrous or the margins
short-hairy: flowers small, white, in a commonly dense
ovoid capitate-terminal cluster, but this in fruit becoming
somewhat obviously branched and thyrsiform : petals white,
spatulate-obovate, usually emarginate.
Common species of dry open slopes, chiefly in the belt of
Pinus ponderosa, in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, thence
northward to Montana and southward to New Mexico;
long referred to the Old World S. nivalis, a very different
alpine or subarctic species. Mr. Holm, who has independently
made a careful anatomical study of S. nivalis and its
allies, informs me that this Rocky Mountain plant bears
internal evidence of a closer relationship to S. integrifolia
by far, than to S. nivalis. S. rhomboidea has an American
but high-northern ally in S. radulina of page 308 preceding.
Leaves spreading or ascending, 2-6 cm. long, the blades mainly ovoid or rhombic-
ovoid, sometimes oblong-ovoid, obtuse, crenate or dentate-serrate, nearly glabrous except
the more or less ciliate margins, mainly green, sometimes purplish beneath, abruptly or
gradually narrowed into petiole-like bases which are occasionally longer than the blade
itself; scapes mainly erect, 8-31 cm. high, green, copiously glandular-pubescent, simple or
Sparingly paniculate above ; cymules aggregated into a terminal head or in several heads
terminating the short branches of the inflorescence; bracts subtending the peduncles
narrow, green; sepals ovate to triangular, 1.5-3.5 mm. long, barely if at all ciliate, 3-
veined; petals white, obovate to oblong-obovate, 2.5-4 mm. long, longer than the sepals,
commonly notched at the apex, often contracted into broad claw-like bases ; filaments subulate ;
follicles 3-3.5 mm. high, green or purple-tinged, the stout tips widely spreading.
Type locality : Mountains of Colorado.
Distribution: Montana, Wyoming and Colorado.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Ribes aureum;
On the banks of the rivers Missouri and Columbia
M. Lewis.
♄
April, v. s. in Herb. Lewis. ;
v. v. in Hort.
Flowers in close racemes, beautiful golden-yellow ;
berries red or brown, of an exquisitely fine taste,
and considerably larger size than any of garden currants.
The shrub before flowering has the appearance of a species of Crataegus.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Ribes cereum;
I brought seeds of this species to England in October 1827.
The plants flowered last April, in the Garden of the Society,
but rather weakly, being only one year old.*
This bush is of more humble stature and slender habit than
the one last mentioned, growing erect, about five or six feet
high, with white smooth bark on the old branches. The
young shoots which are curved and flexible, are covered with
a brown viscid scentless glutinous substance, which when
exposed to the sun, acquires a rough, hardened, waxy, warty
appearance. The leaves are nearly round, bluntly three-lobed,
crenate, scarcely an inch long, of a leathery texture
and almost veinless, clothed on the upper surface with white
and (in dry weather) hardened waxy minute granulations,
quite smooth below ; footstalks somewhat longer than the
leaves. The clusters are dense, of the same length as the
leaves, three or five-flowered, slightly pubescent, hanging in
great profusion below the branches, with scarcely any partial
footstalks ; bracteas wedge-shaped, glandular and toothed at
the apex. The calyx is tubular, imperfectly four-sided, white,
pink at the base, three-fourths of an inch long, with rounded,
short, reflected segments double the length of the minute
somewhat kidney shaped petals. Filaments, same length as
the petals ; style slightly cloven. Berry spherical, small,
red and glossy, thin-skinned, rarely containing more than
three large seeds and a great quantity of insipid, viscid,
red juice.
This species in point of beauty cannot be compared to the
fragrant flowered R. aureum, and its varieties, nor can it vie
with the gaudy inflorescence of R. sanguineum. It blossoms
at the same season and with equal profusion, is equally hardy
and as readily cultivated.
On dry exposed decayed granite rocks or schist, throughout
the chain of the river Columbia from the Great Falls 45° 46'
17" N. Lat. to the source of that stream in the Rocky Mountains,
52° 07' 09" this is a common shrub, flowering in March
and April, and ripening its fruit in June.
Calix 5-toothed.
Petals 5.
Berry inferior 5 to 10-celled; cells 1 or 2-seeded.
Seeds cartilaginous.
Shrubs without spines, having alternate undivided leaves,
and flowers which are corymbose or racemose, generally white;
fruit a small black purple or scarlet pomois berry,
containing seeds similar to those of apples.
Species.
1.
…
6. * Alnifolia.
Smooth: leaves roundish, upperpart toothed, pinnately nerved,
under side somewhat glaucous;
raceme simple, elongated;
fruit black and sweet.
Habitat.
In ravines and on the elevated margins of small streams from Fort Mandan to the Northern Andes.
Observation.
A shrub 4 or 5 feet high;
leaves roundish and retuse, somewhat attenuated at the base, toothed towards the summit;
fruit dark purple, somewhat pruinose, very agreeable and saccharine;
ripening about July and August.
Literature Cited: - Nuttall, Thomas, 1834a. Nuttall (1834) use of the name Amelanchier alnifolia
In 1834, Nuttall referred to Amelanchier alnifolia in his review of plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth:
37. Amelanchier alnifolia. Source of the Missouri.
Unfortunately this possible publication of a new name for the taxon is invalid because
there is no reference (either direct or indirect) to the intended basionym Aronia alnifolia Nutt. (1818).
Literature Cited: - Roemer, M. J., 1847. Roemer (1847) description of A. alnifolia
Roemer validly published Amelanchier alnifolia in 1847, referring to Nuttall's 1834 use of the name.
3) prope apicem tantum serrata, subrotunda v. late elliptica, utrinque obtusissima v. retusa ;
racemi densiflori ;
petala lineari-oblonga, calyce 3–4plo longiora;
stamina brevissima.
18. A. alnifoliaNutt. In Joun. Acad. Philad. VII. 22
A. ovalis β semiintegrifolia Hook. L. c. 201. – G.Don l. c.
A. canadensis δ alnifolia Torr. & A.Gr. l. c.
Aronia alnifolia Nutt. gen. I. 306
Pyrus alnifolia Ser. l. c. 637. 39. – G.Don l. c. 649. 56.
Ad flum. Columbia pr. Fort Vancouver et ad “the grand Rapids,”
in editoribus ad flumen Multnomah.5 5.
There is one collection of A. utahensis made June 1, 1913 on Lookout Mountain.
The name of the collector is unknown.
This is one of 13 collections made that day on Lookout Mountain or at its base.
The Lookout Mountain Road was under construction on that day, and opened to public use August 21, 1913,
but not completed until December 1913 (Colorado Transcript, multiple dates).
J. H. Ehlers collected A. utahensis on a rocky slope of a hogback near Golden (COLO662346).
There are three possible hog backs which may be this location.
There is Dakota Ridge (North Hogback) at the very north of Golden.
There is a small hogback informally named Eagle Ridge near the intersection of US Highway 6 and Heritage Road.
Finally, at the very south end of Golden is Tin Cup Ridge, the northward extension of Dinosaur Ridge into Golden.
There are three other vouchers of Ehlers collections made the same day, though none of them give any more details on the actual location.
Some authors, such as Ackerfield (2015), treat A. utahensis as a variety of A. alnifolia,
explaining that the two taxa overlap in morphology and distribution, and that
it can be difficult, if not impossible, to assign one name or the other to some specimens.
Then we would have:
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roem. var. alnifolia “Saskatoon Serviceberry” and
Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. Ex M. Roem. Var. utahensis (Koehne) M. E. Jones “Utah Serviceberry”
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Cercocarpus montanus; • Field Notes:
Coll. No. 2270.1, 9 May 2020; Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus) on South Table Mountain.
Coll. No. 2184, Cercocarpus montanus in fruit.
Fallugia paradoxa is native to Colorado, primarily in the San Luis Valley, but cultivated as a landscape plant elsewhere.
Literature Cited: - Don, David, 1824. Don, D (1824) Tab XXII illustrating Fallugia paradoxa.
Don, David.
1824.
Description of Cowania, a new Genus of Plants ; and of a new Species of Sieversia.
Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 14(3).
pp. 573-577.
XXVIII. Description of Cowania, a new Genus of Plants ; and
of a new Species of Sieversia. By Mr. David Don, Libr. L.S.
Read November 2, 1824.
In an extensive Mexican collection, forming part of the Herbarium
of the Spanish botanists Sessè and Mocinno, which has
lately come into Mr. Lambert's possession, are specimens of two
remarkable plants belonging to the family of the Rosaceae : one of
them forms a very singular new genus, and the other has all the
essential characters of Sieversia, but widely different in its habit.
I have named this new genus Cowania, a name which is intended
to commemorate the botanical zeal and acquirements of James
Cowan, Esq., who, as a merchant, had several times visited
Mexico and Peru; from whence he has introduced many new
plants, some of which have now become common in our gardens,
— such as Cineraria Petasites and Inula glauca. The showy
Solanum amazonium, Russelia multiflora, Chrysiphiala flava, and
Allium Cowani were first introduced by him. Mr. Lambert received
from him in 1823 a rich collection of seeds and bulbs:
among the latter were Chrysiphiala urceolata and Amaryllis
candida. A number of plants, some of them apparently new,
have been raised in the stoves at Boyton from the seeds, and
are likely soon to produce flowers. Much was still to be expected
from Mr. Cowan's exertions in the advancement of his
favourite pursuit; but alas! death deprived science of his labours.
He died at Lima in the autumn of 1823, deeply regretted
by all his acquaintance. …
Habitat in Mexico. Sesse et Mocinno.
♄. (v. s. sp. in Herb. Lamb.)
[Long Latin description omitted.]
The habit of this plant, so widely different from that of the
species of Sieversia hitherto recorded, led me at first to suspect
it might prove a distinct genus ; but after a careful examination
of the parts of fructification; I could discover nothing material
to confirm my suspicion. A comparison of the description of
this plant with Mr. Brown's excellent character of Sieversia,
given above, will show how nearly they coincide in every essential
point. The other species of Sieversia are all herbaceous
plants, with the habit of Geum.
EXPLANATION. OF TAB. XXII.
Fig. 1. A Branch of Cowania Mexicana.
2. A Leaf, magnified.
3. Calyx laid open to show the inside of the tube, and the
situation of the ovaria.
4. An Achenium surmounted by the persistent Style.
5. The Embryo — natural size.
6. The same magnified.
7. A Branch of Sieversia paradoxa.
8. A Leaf of the same magnified.
9. Achenium of the same.
10. Embryo of the same magnified.
Endlicher, Stephan, 1804-1849
1840
Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita
Vindobonae, Apud F. Beck, 1836-1840
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14572
Torrey, John.
1848
Appendix No. 2.
Notes of a military reconnoissance, from Fort Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in California, including part of the Arkansas, Del Norte, and Gila rivers [House Report: Ex. doc. no.: 41]
p. 139
Fallugia paradoxa, Endl. gen. 6385,
Sieversia paradoxa, Don. in Linn., trans. 14, p. 576, t. 22.
A remarkable resaceous shrub, with white flowers,
and very long slender plumosa tails to the carpels.
It differs, in some respects, from Endlicher's character of the genus;
but I have not had an opportunity of comparing it with Don's
description and figure.
It was found in various parts of the valley of the Del Norte.
Can it be Geum dryadoides, DC.?
Gray, Asa.
1849.
Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae :an account of a collection of plants made chiefly in the vicinity of Santa Fe´ New Mexico, by Augustus Fendler.
p. 41
193. Fallugia paradoxa,Torr.! in Emory’s Report, t. 2.
(F. Mexicana, Walp. Repert. 2. p. 46.
Sieversia paradoxa, Don in Linn. Trans. p. 326. t. 22.
—
Rayado Creek, between Bent’s Fort and Santa Fé : and on the Rio del Norte, on steep banks ;
May, in flower ; October, in fruit. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high.
Hooker, William Jackson.
1849.
Notes on California Plants.
Hookers journal of botany and Kew Garden miscellany
p. 94
Several new species of plants are described by Dr. Torrey.
Among the more remarkable we may mention the little-known Fallugia paradoxa
of Endlicher (Sieversia paradoxa, Don, in Linn. Trans, vol. xiv. p. 376.
t. 22).
We possess what we consider the same plant in Fendler's
Plantze Novo-Mexieanae, n. 193 ; but there the flowers are about as
large as those of our Dog-rose. In Don’s figure they are rather
more than half that size; while in Dr. Torrey's plate they are not so
large as those of Potentilla reptans. Dr. Torrey queries if it be not
the Geum dryadoides of De Candolle: it sufficiently accords with
the brief character; and G. cercocarpoides does not appear to differ
either.*
* A still more remarkable shrubby Rosaceous (Dryadeous) plant than this, will be
described by Mr. Bentham from Hartweg's Californian plants, n. 1712, the most
singular plant perhaps of that collection. Its leaves are decompoundly pinnate
with leaflets exceedingly small and resembling those of Azolla.
There are two collections of Holodiscus discolor in the Lewis & Clark herbarium both collected May 29, 1806 on the Clearwater (Kooskooske) River, Camp Chopunnish, Kamiah, Idaho County, Idaho (Moulton, 1999).
5. SPIRÆA. Linn. ; Gærth. fr. t. 69 ; DC. prodr. 2 p. 541.
...
§ 2. Flowers perfect : disk free at the margin, mostly crenate or with glandular teeth or lobes :
carpels distinct, not inflated :
ovules mostly several, pendulous :
seeds mostly with a loose membranous testa, attenuate at each end :
shrubs with entire or serrate exstipulate leaves.
—
Euspiraea.
...
* * * *
Flowers in large and loose compound panicles :
calyx deeply 5-cleft, spreading :
disk sholly coherent, entire ;
ovules 2, collateral !
8. S. ariæfolia (Smith):
leaves broadly ovate, petioled, obtuse, pinnatifidly incised or somewhat lobed,
dentate with mucronate teeth, almost glabrous above,
canescently hairy or tomentose beneath ;
panicle large and loose, much branched, and, with the calyx, tomentose-pubescent ;
segments of the calyx acute, apreading ;
carpels 5. broad, compressed, margined, very hirsute.
—
Smith ! in Rees, cycl. ;
Seringe in DC. l.c. ;
Lindl.! bot. reg. t. 1365 ;
Hook.! fl. Bor-Am. 1 p. 173 ; &
bot. Beechey, suppl. p. 338.
β
discolor :
leaves much smaller, cuneiform at the base,
the serratures scarcely mucronate, silvery-tomentose beneath.
—
S. discolor, Pursh. ! fl. 1. p.342 ;
Seringe, l. c. ; Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New York, 2. p. 195.
S. dumosa, Nutt. ! mss.
N. W. Coast ! Oregon ! and California !
(Menzies ! Douglas ! Dr. Scouler ! Nuttall!)
β. In the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James ! Nuttall ! and on the
Kooskoosky River, Lewis !
June-July.
—
The ordinary forms is frequently somewhat arborescent, according to Nuttall,
with a stout trunk, rising to the height of 12-14 feet.
His S. dumosa is said to tbe a low shrub, confined to mountain regions.
Douglas's Californian specimens are quite intermediate between the two,
and probably came from the back country :
the young leaves agree well with the description of Pursh.
Hooker (1847, v. 6., p. 217) published Nuttall's H. dumosa
in his Catalogue of Geyer's collections of plants in the upper Missouri,
Oregon Territory, and the intervening portion of the
Rocky Mountains.
IPNI judges this name as illegitimate.
Original Text
4. S. dumosa, Nutt.
—
S. discolor, Ph. (fide Torr. et Gr.)
—
S. ariæfolia, β. discolor, Torr. et Gr. Am. 1. p. 416.
Hab.
Stony and sandy places of Platte River;
a shrub, from 2-10 feet high :
and at the mouth of Walla-Walla River, Upper Oregon.
June.
(n. 228.)
—
These are specimens of a dwarf shrub,
with leaves smaller than those of a gooseberry,
and the foliage and panicles very different from those of
S. ariæfolia, with which Torrey and Gray unite it.
Nuttall's, Geyer's and Gordon's specimens
(the latter from the Upper Platte) are uniform.
Geyer (1846) published an account of his travels in Hooker's London Journal of Botany.
188. S. dumosa, Nutt ! Mss. ; Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. 6. p. 217.
Steep mountain-sides, upper part of Santa Fé Creek ; July.
Shrub about 4 feet high.
—
This is the S. discolor of Torrey in Ann. Lyc. New York (James's Collection),
and a good species ;
but the original S. discolor, Pursh, I believe to be only S. ariæfolia ;
as certainly is a plant of Menzies so named by Pursh in Herb. Lambert.
Remarks in the International Plant Names Index
A. Gray used: S. Dumosa, Nutt! Mss.; Hook. Land. Jour. Bot. 6. p. 217. … This is the S. discolor of Torrey in Ann. Lye. New York (James's Collection), and a good species; but the original S. discolor, Pursh, I believe to be only S. ariaefolia; as certainly is a plant of Menzies so named by Pursh in Herb. Lambert. S. dumosa Nutt. ex Hook. (1847) is an illegitimate superfluous name for S. discolor Pursh (1813). Since A. Gray used S. dumosa Nutt. ex Hook., but excluded its illegitimacy causing synonymy (i.e., S. discolor Pursh), he created a later homonym (see Vienna Code Art. 48.1).
Maximowicz (1879, p. 219) is credited with publishing Physocarpus,
though he credits "Camb." for the name,
and notes Neilliae sectio Physocarpus Hook. F. Gen. pl. I 612.
Names published were Ph. opulifolia L. Cod. 3724. (sub Spiraea),
Ph. Torrey Wats., and Ph. Amurensis Maxim.
Desc.
Fruticose.
Branches alternate, covered with a loose bark as in S. opulifolia.
Leaves roundish-ovate, broad and subcordate at the base, somewhat 3-lobed,
incisely toothed, slightly pubescent beneath, smooth above ;
petioles without stipules.
Umbels corymbose, few-flowered, on short peduncles ;
pedicels filiform, about half an inch long.
Flowers perfect.
Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed ; lobes ovate-obtuse, somewhat spreading, pubescent.
Petals —.
Stamens 20 ;
filaments inserted on a torus, which is free at the margin.
Germen solitary, stipulate, ovate, compressed, villous, 3-seeded,
acuminate with the persistent filiform style ;stigma small, capitate.
Hab. On the Rocky Mountains.
Obs.
This species, so far as I have examined it, is constantly monogynous.
In many respects if resembles the genus Neillia of Don prod. fl. Nep.
Maximowicz (1879, p. 219) ... chooses to use Watson's name over Torrey's basionym.
2 Ph. Torreyi Wats. in Proceed. Amer. Acad. New ser. XI.
136. (sub Neillia). Foliis parvulis obtuse trilobis; corymbis plurifloris;
staminibus 30 petala glabra, carpellis 1-2 stellatotomentosis calycem
vix superantibus.
Spiraea monogyna Torr. in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. II. 194.
S. opulifolia var. γ. pauciflora Torr. et Gray l. c.
Hab in America boreali occidentali : montibus Colorado et occidentem
versus ad Sierram Nevadam, ex Watson. Vidi specc. Fendler pl.
Neo-Mexic. n. 187. et Parry pl. Colorado .207
Staminum circiter 30 series 3 : 10 per paria sepalis, 10 paulo
breviora petalis et sepalis opposita, cum praecedentibus igitur alterna, 40
intima omnium breviora cum serie secunda alternantia. Ovula suturae
ventrali prope apicem inserta, summa horizontalis, infima pendula.
John M. Coulter (1891, p. 104) published P. monogyna from the
Guadalupe Mountains of west Texas.
Original Text
4. PHYSOCARPUS Maxim.
Diffuse shrubs, with palmately lobed leaves, corymbose flowers,
and 1 to 5 divergent inflated membranaceous dehiscent 2 to several-seeded carpels.
1. P. monogyna.
A small shrub :
leaves ovate or often cordate, 3-lobed and toothed, sometimes densely white-tomentose beneath :
flowers on short pedicels in simple umbel-like corymbs :
ovaries densely tomentose and but 1 or 2.
(Spiraea monogyna Torr.
Neillia Torreyi Watson.
Physocarpus Torreyi Maxim.)
—
In the Guadalupe Mountains.
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, 446) published Potentilla fissa from Nuttall and Wyeth collections
on the plains of the Rocky Mountains towards Oregon.
Original Text
34. P. fissa (Nutt.! mss.):
“viscidly pubescent ;
stem erect, branching, leafy ;
leaves pinnately 9-11-foliolate, on shory petioles ;
leaflets unequal, roundish or oval,
deeply incised or incisely toothed, the teeth entire ;
stipules entire or toothed ;
flowers rather crowded ; segments of the calys ovate,
acute, shorter than the roundish (sulphur-yellow) petals.”
β. major : larger in all its parts ; flowers more crowded.
—
P. arguta, Nutt.! in jour. acad. Philad. 7.
p. 21, not of Pursh.
P. glutinosa, Nutt.! July.
Plains of the Rocky Mountains towards the Oregon, Nuttall! July.
β Headwaters of the Oregon, Capt. Wyeth!
—
“Stem about a span high.
Leaflets small, the lower ones roundish ;
those of the upper cauline leaves ovate.
External sepals much smaller, often toothed.
Flowers rather large.” Nutt.
—
The plant which we have joined as a variety of this species seems to be
a larger plant, and bears more resemblance to P. arguta.
Descr.
Root perennial, with many brown scales at its
summit, from which arises a stem, a foot to a foot and a
half high, rounded and slender in the wild specimens, more
robust when cultivated, every where clothed with rather
long, more or less patent, soft and silky hairs, pamculato-
corymbose upwards. Leaves few upon the stem, the upper
ones sessile and ternate, the uppermost ones laciniated
and bracteiform, the rest, and especially the radical ones,
upon long hairy stalks, quinate : the leaflets three to tour
inches long, cut into very deep pinnatifid segments or
serratures, pointing upwards, varying somewhat in breadth,
dark green above with a few scattered hairs, beneath
clothed with a dense, white, somewhat downy substance,
mixed with silky hairs. The stipules are particularly large,
lanceolate, acuminate, hairy, especially at the margin and
beneath, where they are whitish. Flowers in the wild state
almost corymbose, in the cultivated plant paniculated, but
still nearly level-topped, peduncles forked, with generally
a single flower between the forks. Cal. of five
broadly-lanceolate, and five alternate, smaller, almost subulate
segments, all of them clothed with rather long and silky
hairs. Petals broadly obcordate, wavy, longer than the
calyx.
This is a handsome, and, in our gardens, a strong-growing
species of the Genus, but much better deserving the
name of gracilis, as seen on the banks of the Columbia and
the plains of the Multnomah rivers, where it was discovered
by Mr. Douglas, than as it appears after cultivation. I
cannot refer it to any described species, nor does it appear to
have been gathered by any other Naturalist, except by Dr.
Scouler, who accompanied Mr. Douglas as far as Fort
Vancouver ; unless it be the same as a Rocky Mountain
species, collected by Mr. Drummond, as I suspect it will
prove to be.
The seeds were introduced to the Horticultural Society,
and the plants, from which the annexed figure was taken,
flowered there in the month of July, 1829.
Fig. 1. A Panicle, with the upper part of the Stem. 2. An upper Stem-leaf.
3. A radical Leaf, nat. size. 4. Petal, and 5. Calyx. — Slightly magnified.
15. P. gracilis, Dougl. (P. Blaschkeana, Turcz.) Villous and
more or less tomentose ; stems 2-3° high ; stipules ovate or lanceolate,
entire or subincised ; leaflets mostly 7, sometimes 5, very rarely
but 3, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, incisely serrate or pinnatifid, tomentose
beneath, green above and subvillous or appressed-silky, 1 - 2½' long ;
flowers in a loose subfastigiate cyme, the pedicels at length elongated
and slender ; calyx with the narrow bractlets shorter than the broad
acute or lanceolate sepals ; petals broadly obcordate, 3 - 4" long, a
little exceeding the calyx; carpels very numerous (40 or more). —
From the Saskatchewan to Southern Alaska, and southward to New
Mexico, Utah, and California. The leaflets occasionally show a tendency
to a pinnate arrangement, and the species is distinguishable from
the digitate form of P. Hippiana, var. pulcherrima, only by the more
numerous carpels and the usually fewer and more deeply incised leaflets.
Specimens like 159 Hall & Harbour tend to unite the two
species.
...
Var. fastigiata (P. fastigiata, Nutt., P. olopetala, Lehm.) is a
form, often low, with a shorter and more crowded cyme, the pubescence
more dense and silky, especially upon the calyx and short pedicels.
Torrey & A. Gray (1838, v. 1, p. 437) published P. rivalis from a Nuttall manuscript.
Original Text
2. P. rivalis (Nutt.! mss.) :
“clothed with soft somewhat viscous pubescence ;
stem erect, much branched ;
radical leaves pinnately 5-foliate ;
the leaflets crowded, and the 3 upper ones confluent ;
those of the cauline leaves 3, often confluent, oblong, cuneiform at the base,
coarsely serrate ;
stipules ovate, nearly entire ;
flowers numerous, small, on rather short pedicels ;
calyx-segments acute ;
petals inconspicuous;
achenia smooth and even.
“In alluvial soil along the Lewis River.&rdquo
July.
—
A very distinct species, allied to P. Norvegica.
Cauline leaves small.
Flowers inconspicuous.
This generally rifes to the height of twelve or fifteen
feet, fpreading into many ftiff branches. The
leaves are oblong, oval, acute pointed, fharpiy fawed
on their edges and much veined. The flowers
generally come out very thick round the branches,
often upon thick fhort fpurs; and are fucceeded by
large oval fruit, with a fweet fucculent pulp. We
have a great variety of thefe, growing naturally in
a good, moift foil, with reddifh and yellowifhi fruit,
but differing much in fize, tafte, and confiftence.
This appears to me a Rose quite distinct from any
American one, although it is past flowering; the germen
being manifestly not globose, (which is the case with all
the rest except laevigata,) nor do I find any European
one sufficiently agreeing. I describe it thus:
Germen oblong ovate, perfectly smooth, and proportionably
large, crowned by erect calyx leaves, exceeding
it in length, which are villous, and expand at summit.
Peduncle smooth, or somewhat glandularly hispid, rigid.
Common petiole villous and aculeate on the back, with
three pairs of ovate, sessile, deeply serrate, small leaflets,
and a single one on the lengthened petiole, furnished at
base with clasping, glandulosely villous stipules. Upper
side of the leaflets smooth, the underside glaucously villous.
The young branches thickly set with thin, unequal,
hispid spines.
Rosa Arkansana, Porter (n. sp.) Stem stout, erect, leafy, 1° high,
glabrous and glaucous, armed with weak, deciduous, bristly prickles ;
leaflets 9-11, ovate and oblong-ovate, 1' or more in length, acute or obtuse,
glabrous, sharply serrate; midrib and long stiipules somewhat prickly
and minutely glandular; flowers numerous, termmal, corymbed, on
peduncles about 1' long; fruit globose, smooth, glaucous; calyx-segments
ovate, reflexed in fruit, with terminal and sometimes lateral
appendages, more or less glandular and tomentose pubescent on the
margins; petals broadly obcordate or emarginate, longer than the
calyx-segments, rose-color; flowers 2' in diameter.
—
This rose may possibly be an extreme form of R. blanda,
but it differs in so many points that I have ventured to describe it as new.
—
Banks of the Arkansas near Cañon City, Brandegee.
Raton Mountains, Dr. Bell.
Texas, Wright.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Rosa woodsii;
R. stipulis sepalisque conniventibus, foliolis oblongis obtusis glabris.
R. lutea nigra Promv. nomencl. 24.
Hab. juxta flumen Missouri Americae septentrionalis (v. v. c hort. Sabine.)
In honorem cel. Josephi Woods qui primus veris Rosarum
characteribus ad species distinguendas usus est.
A low shrub with upright, dull, dark branches,
having very numerous, straight, slender, scattered
prickles, with a few setae at their base, the former becoming
stipulary towards the extremities ; branchlets
often unarmed. Leaves without pubescence ; stipules
very narrow and acute, convolute and fringed with
glands ; stalks armed with straight unequal prickles ;
leaflets 7-9, shaped like those of R. rubella, shining,
flat, simply serrated, paler beneath. Flowers pink,
appearing in the spring. Fruit naked, ovate, with
short, connivent, entire sepals which are free from
glands as is the peduncle.
As it is scarcely probable that any new British rose
will be detected, worthy of bearing the name of Mr.
Woods, of whose high merit I have already had occasion
to speak, the present species has been selected by
Mr. Sabine and myself for that purpose. That it is
essentially distinct from every other is very evident
even from the incomplete account I have been able to
give of it. I first saw it growing in Mr. Sabine's garden
at North Mimms late in the month of November ;
most of the leaves had fallen, but a few heps still remained
on the bush. Its habit without foliage bears
more resemblance to that of a stunted cinnamomea than
to any thing else. In character it approaches R. carolina,
particularly in the remarkable convolution of stipulae.
From this its numerous ramifications, weak
prickles and short shining leaves sufficiently distinguish
it. It moreover flowers in the spring and has naked
fruit with conniving sepals.
I am assured by Mr. Sabine that this is the plant
which was sent to France from a nursery here as a new
American Rose with black and yellow flowers, and noticed
as such in Promvillie's book.
Said to be a native of the country near the Missouri.
Desc.Shrub much branched ; branches flexuous, terete, pubescent.
Leaves suborbicular-cordate, 2-2½ inches in diameter, villously pubescent,
rugous beneath, 3-5-lobed and serrate ; texture firm; petioles half an inch
in length, terete, pubescent ; stipules lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than
the petioles, with a single tooth near the base.
Flowers 4-6 in a terminal corymbose panicle, rather smaller than those of R. odoratus, purple.
Pedicels 6-8 lines long, not glandular.
Calyx about two-thirds as long as the corolla, pubescent ;
sepals ovate-oblong, acuminate, somewhat foliaceous at the extremity.
Petals ovate, obtuse.
Hab. On the Rocky Mountains.
Obs. This species resembles R. odoratus, but is more
nearly allied to R. nutkanus. It differs from the latter, particularly
in not being glutinous, and in the smooth calyx,
which is longer than the petals. Dr. James states, that the
fruit is large and delicious.
Pinnarum paria (ad 12).
Flores feminei fuperiores digyni.
Hermaphrodidi plures, ftaminibus longis (ad 40), pariter digyni.
His addit HAMMERUS Mafculos, etiam a me vifos.
Don, George [1798-1856]
A general history of the dichlamydeous plants :comprising complete descriptions of the different orders...the whole arranged according to the natural system.
London : J.G. and F. Rivington, 1831-1838.
p. 258
64. A. agrestis (Dougl. mss.) stem erect, smooth ;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, beset with adpressed hairs ;
peduncles elongated, longer than the leaves ;
spikes of flowers capitate ; calyx villous ;
breacteas lnceolate, not half so long as the calyx.
♃
H.
Native of North America, near the Columbia river in fields.
Flowers purple.
Hab. First, I believe, gathered by Mr. Wright, very many years ago, in Hudson's Bay. (Herb. nostr.)
Eagle and Red-Deer Hills of the Saskatchawan. Douglas.
Carlton-House. Dr. Richardson.
—
The present
very fine species, which Mr. Douglas wishes should bear the name of the indefatigable Drummond, has been
long known to me from a specimen gathered more than thirty years ago, by Mr. Wright, son of the late
eminent Dr. Wright of Edinburgh, in Hudson's Bay, but which, from its habit, (and being destitute of
fruit,) I was led to refer to the genus Phaca.
Its nearest affinity seems to be with the A. galegoides, Nutt.,
(A. racemosus, Pursh and De Cand.) : but that, besides being an inhabitant of more southern latitudes, is
described as only subpubescent, whereas our plant is so remarkable for its hairiness, that Mr. Douglas
in his MSS. has aptly compared it to the Oxytropis pilosa of the Old Worid.*
Tab. LVII Astragalus Drummondii. Fig. 1, Flower; fig. 2, Alae and carina, including the stamens and
pistil; fig. 3, Pistil ; fig. 4, Raceme, with fruit: —natural size. Fig, 5, Section of a legume; fig. 6, Seed :
— all but fig. 4 more or less magnified.
33. A. flexuosus (Doug. mss.) plant erect, flexuous, downy
in a young state ; stipulas distinct ; leaflets distant, linear, obtuse,
beset with close-pressed hairs beneath ; flowers distant, racemose;
calyx smoothish ; beateas not much longer than the pedicels.
♃
H.
Native of North America, near the Columbia river.
Flowers purple.
Plant with the habit of Vicia cracca.
Jacquin, Nicolaus(Nicolaas) Joseph von (1727-1817), Hort. Bot. Vindob. 3: 22 (t. 37) (1776).
[Botanical Garden of Vienna.]
Original Text
Comments
TABULA TRIGESIMA SEPTIMA.
Plate Thurty Seven
ASTRAGALUS LAXMANNI
Astragalus Laxmanni
Numerofas inter planta Imperii Ruffici, quas hortus acceptas referre debet liberalitati
illuftris Erici Laxmanni, etiam hicce Altragalus eft, ex feminibus Sibiricis enatus.
Ex radice perenni ... [Latin diagnosis omitted] ... nitida. Floret Junio & Julio.
Ad latus feorfim vexillum, ala, carina, legumen & femen fifuntur.
Among the numerous plants of the Russian Empire,
these gardens must be appreciated for your generosity
the illustrious Eric Laxmannus, who is also here Astragalus,
sprung from the seeds of the Siberians.
Perennial root ... [Latin diagnosis omitted] ... sharp.
Flowers June & July.
The flag, wing, keel, pod and seed are presented separately.
(Syn: Astragalus adsurgens Pall. )
Pallas, Peter Simon von, 1800-1803,
Species Astragalorum Descriptae et Iconibus Coloratis Illustratae a P. S. Pallas, Eq... cum Appendice.
Lipsiae [Leipzig].
p. 40. and Tab XXXI.
Original Text
Translation
XLIV. ASTRAGALUS adfurgens. Tab. XXXI.
XLIV. ASTRAGALUS adsurgens. Tab. XXXI.
Latin diagnosis omitted. I don't see any reference to attachment of the hairs,
i.e., dolabriform or medifixed.
Crefcit hic Aftragalus tantun in regionibus Trans-Baicalenfibus, cim A. Laxmanni promifcue,
frequens ad Selengam, Ononem, circa Tarei-noor
et ufque in Mongoliae defertum.
Planta tota, etiam foliis, duriufcula, ut Glycirrhizae, minunque tenera cum generibus plerisque.
Astragalus grows here only in the regions of the Trans-Baicalans,
and promiscuously to[with] A. Laxmannus,
frequent to the Selengam, Ononem, around the Tarei-noor,
and it was carried all the way into Mongolia.
The whole plant, including its leaves, is quite hard, as in most species of Glycirrhiza and less tender.
Transbaikal, Trans-Baikal, Transbaikalia, or Dauria is a mountainous region to the east of or "beyond" (trans-) Lake Baikal in Far Eastern Russia.
Hooker (1831, v. 1, -. 149-150) ... publication of vaeirty robustior
Original Text
† Leguminibus rectis.
4. A, adsurgens; elongatus, adscendens vel prostratus, glabriusculus, foliolis 8-12-jugis
oblongis, stipulis ovatis acuminatis membranaceis, pedunculis folio longioribus, spicis
oblongis ovatis rotundatisve, floribus densis erectis, vexillo alis vix 1-3 longiore,
leguminibus erectis compactis oblongis subtriquetris hinc sulcatis appresso-pubescentibus vix
calyce nigro-hirsuto longioribus.
—
“Pall. Astr. n. 44. t 31.”
De Cand, Prodr, v. 2. p. 287.
—
A. Laxmanni. Pall. Astr. t. 30? (fide DC.)
Jacq. Hort. Vind. v. 3. t 37? (sed spicis elongatis et foliolis angustioribus.)
De Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. 287.
—
β. robustior ;
calycibus albido-pilosis, pilis nigris perpaucis.
A. nitidus. Douglas, MSS. in Herb. Hort. Soc.
Hab.
α. Plains of the Assinaboin and Saskatchawan Rivers, as for as the mountains.
Dr. Richardson; Drummond; Douglas.
β. Common in the mountain-vallies, from the Kettle Falls to the sources of the
Columbia, on the West side of the Rocky Mountains. Douglas.
—
l possess the Asiatic A. adsurgens and A. Laxmanni from Dr. Fischer and Mr. Prescott ;
but I am unable to distinguish them specifically.
Our specimens from America seem to be identical with them.
Flowers purple-blue.
12. A. Shortianus (Nutt. m.s.): “ " stemless, canescent with appressed shining hairs;
leaflets 5-7 pairs, roundish-elliptical or ovate, very obtuse ; stipules
ovate, obtuse; peduncles shorter than the leaves ; raceme oblong ; calyx
clothed with white hairs, with rather long subulate teeth ; legume large and
turgid, cymbiform, with a short curved point, black and tranversely wrinkled.
“Rocky Mountains, towards the plains of the Oregon.
—
Almost entirely
silvery white. Leaflets nearly as broad as long, twice as large as in the preceding
species, which it nearly resembles. Flowers ochroleucous ?” Nuttall.
Named for Charles Wilkins Short, friend of Nuttall and Gray (Weber & Wittmann, 2012).
Plante herbacee, vivace, remarquable par l'elegance de son port et par l'eclat de ses fleurs,
decouverte par Michaux dans le pays des Illinois.
Elle a ete introduite chez Cels en l'an 5, et elle fleurit en fructidor.
Herbaceous plant, perennial, remarkable for the elegance of its habit and the brilliance of its flowers,
discovered by Michaux in the Illinois country.
It was introduced to the garden of J. M. Cels in year 5 [1794?],
and it flowers in Fructidor [late August to early September].
45 *Liquiritia lepidota.
‡
Met from the source to the confluence of the Missourie ;
and is probably the liquorice mentioned by Sir Alexander M'Kenzie,
as found on the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean.
Pursh (1814, v. 2., p. 480) validly published Glycyrrhiza lepidota
indicating Fraser's Catalogue as a source of the name
and that he had seen it dried, alive, and in flower.
Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 106) also published Glycyrrhiza lepidota.
He does not indicate it is a new name.
Nevertheless, it is treated as an isonym.
Nuttall does give credit to Bradbury for first detecting the species around St. Louis.
Original Text
506. GLYCYRRHIZA. L.
Calix mostly bilabiate, gibbous at the base.
Vexillum including the wings and carina.
Legume subovate or oblong, compressed, and mostly hispid, 2 to 6-seeded.
Herbaceous; leaves pinnate, stipules cauline; flowers capitate, spiked or racemose.
Species.
1. G. lepidota. T. N. in Fras. Catal. Ph. 2, p. 480.
Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, acute, everywhere squamulose, under surface covered with glandulose atoms;
spikes axillary, acute, flowers crowded;
legume oblong, many-seeded, echinate, setæ uncinate.
Hab.
Abundant around St. Louis, where it was first detected by Mr. John Bradbury, F. L. S.;
it is also common on the alluvial banks of the Missouri to the Mountains,
and is in all probablity the Liquorice mentioned by Sir A. Mackenzie
as indigenous to the coasts of the North Pacific Ocean.
Obs.
Roots flagelliform, creeping, and very long,
possessing in no inconsiderable degree the taste of liquorice.
Stem erect, 3 to 5 feet high;
spikes pedunculate; flowers whitish, dense, sessile;
calix almost equally 5-parted, segments subulate.
Vexillum ovate-oblong, nearly straight.
Legume oblong, compressed, hispid, 5 or 6-seeded,
much resembling the fruit of Xanthium spinulosum,
not spontaneously opening.
Nearly allied to G. foetida,
and like that species emitting a somewhat disagreeable resinous odor.
This plant appears to destroy the artificial distinction
by which Glycyrrhiza and Liquiritia have been separated;
as it can be equally referred to either one or the other.
The South of Europe, Tartary and the Levant furnish the other 6 species of this genus.
Calix 5-cleft.
Carina transversely obtuse.
Loment of several articulations: joints i-seeded,
compressed, and mostly hispid.
Herbaceous or suffruticose; leaves simple, ternate, or
pinnate; stipules cauline, often bath general and partial;
flowers mosth racemose, rarely solitary, racemes axillary
or terminal, often paniculate; flowers (in all the North
American species) by pairs, or by 3's, each pair or aggregate
subtendtd by 3 unequal and deciduous bractes, the
2 lateral ones minute, calix naked at the base, the lowest
segment of the border often elongated; flowers violaceous,
rarely, white, the carina often expanding and ejecting
the stamina; the leaves in a few species exhibit a
spontaneous motion.
...
18. * boreale. Caulescent, subdecumbent, leaves pinnate
(7 or 8 pair), leaflets oblong-obovate, partly villous;
racemes long pedunculate, axillary, stipules sheathing,
subulate; articulations of the loment nearly round, and
rugose. H. alpinum? Mich. Fl. Am. 2. p. 74.
Hab. In arid and denudated soils around Fort Mandan, on the
banks of the Missouri. Flowering in June and July.
Flowers of a fine red and numerous; common petiole very
short; calix subulate, wings of the corolla short.
Syn: Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydberg (1919, v. 24, p. 13)
Original Text
1. Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydberg.
Psoralea lanccolata Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 475. 1814
Psoralea elliptica Pursh. Fl. Am. Sept. 741. 1814.
Psoralea arenaria Nutt. Gen. 2: 103. 1818.
Psoralea laxiflora Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 299. 1838.
? Psoralea scabra Nutt.; T. & G. Fl. N. Am. 1: 300. 1838.
Lotodes ellipticum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 193. 1891.
Lotodes ellipticum angustissimum Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 193. 1891.
A perennial, with a creeping branched rootstock; stem 1.5-4 dm. high, aromatic, glandular-
punctate throughout, sparingly strigose; leaves palmately 3-foliolate; stipules linear-lanceolate
to subulate, 3-10 mm. long; petioles 1-2 cm. long; leaflets 1-4 cm. long, oblanceolate to linear
or those of the earlier leaves obovate-oblanceolate, acute to rounded and mucronate at the apex,
sparingly strigose, especially along the veins beneath, and conspicuously punctate; peduncles
2-5 cm. long; racemes short, 1-2.5 cm. long; bracts minute; calyx campanulate, sparingly
strigose, 2 mm. long; lobes nearly equal, obtuse, glandular-punctate; corolla white or slightly
purple-tinged, 5-6 mm. long; banner almost orbicular; blades of the wings obliquely oblong-
oblanceolate; keel-petals scarcely lobed at the base and usually purple-tipped; stigma capitate;
pod globose, 5 mm. long, conspicuously glandular-warty, sparingly strigose or glabrate, the
beak short, erect.
Type locality: Banks of the Missouri [probably Montana]
Distribution: Missouri to Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Arizona
Illustrations: Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. pl. 51; Britt. & Brown, Ill. Fl. f. 2086; ed. 2. f. 2491.
1. Ladeania lanceolata (Pursh) A. N. Egan & Reveal, comb. nov.
Basionym: Psoralea lanceolata Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 475. 1814 [actual date, Dec. 1813].
Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydbergm N. Amer. Fl. 24: 13. 1919.
TYPE. U. S. A. Along the Missouri River, 1811, T. Nuttall s.n. (lectotype, designated by Grimes, 1989:
22, PH-LC 182; duplicate, NY [PH-LC fragm.]). Figure 1.
Although traditionally the type was considered to have been collected by Meriwether Lewis in 1804,
Reveal et al. (1999:42) showed that this sheet could only have been gathered by Thomas Nuttall in 1811.
If indeed Pursh had Lewis 42 prior to 1813,
that specimen is now lost and Grimes' typification is an effective lectotypification (Barbeby, 1989).
...
Butters, Frederick K., and Harold St. John,
Studies in certain North American Species of Lathyrus
Rhodora. 19(224): 156-163. August, 1917.
Lathyrus eucosmus, n. sp. — L. polymorphus of Torrey and Gray
in part, and of later American authors, not of Nuttall; L. decaphyllus
of Britton, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club. v. 207 (1894), not of Pursh or
Hooker — humilis, ramosus saepe decumbens pilosus vel saepius basim
versus glabratus, 1.5-3.5 dm. altus; caule 1-3 mm. crasso striato
4-angulato haud alato; stipulis lineari-lanceolatis attenuatis semi-
sagittatis 5-22 mm. longis, 1-4 mm. latis, nervosis; foliolis 4-12
subalternis elliptico-lanceolatis mucronatis 1.5-6 cm. longis, 3-13 mm.
latis, nervosis; cirrhis simplicibus vel 2-3-fidis; ramis cum pedunculis
1-3 folia superantibus 2-5-floriferis instructis; floribus magnis pulchris
purpureis 1.8-3 cm. longis; calyce campanulato oblique 5-dentato,
dentibus superioribus brevibus adscendentibus, inferioribus
attenuatis patentibus.
Plant low and branching, often decumbent, pilose, or more frequently
glabrate towards the base, 1.5-3.5 dm. tall: stem striate and
4-angled, not at all winged, 1-3 mm. in thickness: stipules linear-
lanceolate, attenuate semisagittate, 5-22 mm. in length, 1-4 mm. in
breadth, with prominent raised nerves; leaflets 4-12 in number,
sub-alternate, elliptic-lanceolate and mucronate, the longitudinal
nerves raised and prominent, leaflets 1.5-6 cm. long, 3-13 mm. wide;
tendrils unbranched, or 2-3-parted: branches of the stem bearing
1-3 peduncles, which are 2-5-flowered, and exceed the leaves : flowers
beautiful, large and purple, 1.8-3 cm. long; calyx campanulate
obliquely 5-toothed, the upper teeth short and ascending, the lower
elongate and divergent.
Specimens examined: Colorado: Rocky Mountains, 1862, E.
Hall & J. P. Harbour, no. 111; low lands by streams on the plains,
Golden City etc., May 25, 1870, E. L. Greene, no. 94; Gunnison,
altitude 7680 ft., July 7, 1901, C. F. Baker, no. 355; Sapinero, altitude
7250 ft., June 19, 1901, C. F. Baker, no. 181; clay hillside, altitude
5400 ft. Naturita, May 16, 1914, Edwin Payson, no. 312; Gato,
June 18, 1899, C. F. Baker, no. 432; roadsides below Mancos, July 8,
1898, C. F. Baker, F. S. Earle and S. M. Tracy, no. 413; collected on
Long's 1st expedition, Dr. James. New Mexico: altitude 7044 ft.,
Santa Fe, June, 1874, J. T. Rothrock, no. 3; altitude 7200 ft., Santa
Fe, May 4, 1897, A. A. & E. Gertrude Heller, no. 3658 (type in
Gray Herb.); 1847, A. Fendler, no. 115; Gray, altitude 6000 ft., June
13, 1898, Josephine Skehan, no. 24; Fort Wingate, 1882, W. Matthews,
no. 18. Arizona: Little Colorado, Dr. Newberry; 1880, Mr. & Mrs.
J. G. Lemmon.
Lathyrus lanszwertii Kellogg, Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences,
v. 2, p. 150 (1863). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24102#page/164
Note the title of this journal includes “Natural” which was dropped in 1869.
Ackerfield (2022, p. 395) key to Lupinus,
showing how L. caudatus is distinguished from L. argenteus.
7a. Calyx tube shortly spurred on the upper side at the base (0.5-3 mm long),
at least on open flowers (flowers in bud may not have a developed sur yet);
banner usually hairy dorsally near the middle (this is easiest to see on unopened flower buds)
... L. caudatus
7b. Calyx tube symmetrical,
or sometimes gibbous at the base on the upper side but the sac less than 1 mm deep;
banner usually glabrous or rarely hairy dorsally near the middle
... L. argenteus
Harrington (1954) and Ackerfield (2022) do not use keel decoration as a key character nor do they describe the decoration of the keel.
California floras, e.g., Munz (1965) and Baldwin (2012), use a ciliate keel, as a key character to identify L. argenteus.
Welsh, et al. (1993) note that the keel can be glabrous or variously ciliate.
The first use of the name argophyllus was by Gray (1848) in Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae.
Original Text
166. Lupinus decumbens, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. New York, 2. p. 191.
Var. argophyllus;
caule foliisque argyreo-sericeis, supra viridiusculis.
&mdash:
A foot high, a silvery white species;
more so than in the original specimens of L. decumbens, which imperfect as they are,
I am confident belong to the same species with ours.
It is a very handsome plant, with flowers as large as in L. perennis, and apparently light blue.
A characteristic of the species is the saccate, almost spurred base of the calyx,
which is quite a conspicuous as in L. laxiflorus, next to which it should be placed.
The same plant was gathered near the sources of the Platte in the first expedition of Col. Fremont,
and forms part of what was called L. ornatus in the Botanical catalogue of that expedition.
Kellogg, Albert. 1863.
Lupinus caudatus.
Proceedings of the California Academy of Natural Sciences.
v. 2 (1858-1862), p. 197.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/24102#page/211/
Dr. Kellog does not write the locations of his collections, nor are there any collections of the lupine listed in either CCH2 or SEINet.
Original Text
Lupinus caudatus (Kellogg). Fig. 61.
Stem persistent, somewhat decumbent ; leafy and branching,
silvery or satiny, appressed pubescent throughout.
Leaflets five to seven, linear-lanceolate, acute, mucronate,
narrowed towards the base, about as long as the petiole.
Stipules persistent, small lance-acumuinte.
Flowers blue, scattered and sub-verticillate, floral portion about
twice the length of the peduncle, or two or three times the length
of the petioles.
Bracts caducous, twice the length of the pedicels ; calyx tubular
campanulate, upper lip straight, two-toothed, (not colored) short
and somewhat subulately spurred at the base, (spur erect nearly
half the length of the pedicel) ; lower lip entire, elongated, carinate ;
linear bracts conspicuous ; banner satiny pubescent on the
back, chiefly along the middle portion ; wings with an erect claw.
Keel, silky-ciliate.
Stigma, naked.
Legumes (embryo) linear, silky ; seeded.
Closely allied to L. calcaratus (Kellogg). But the general
appearance is quite distinct, being very silvery sericeous, with blue
flowers. The calyx is not colored ; the upper lip straight ; the spur
short, sharp and erect ; the leaflets straight and radiating, only
five or six in number ; the flowers also fewer, and the spike less
crowded. Found in the same localities, but more rare.
Cockerell, T. D. A., 1902.
Notes on Southwestern Plants.
Torreya. v. 2, n. 3 (March 1902)
Original Text
Lupinus Helleri Greene, Pittonia, 4 : 1 34. Santa Fe, N. M.
This name may be objected to on account of the prior L. Hellerae
Heller, though I do not consider the names identical. However,
it appears to me that L. Helleri is L. decumbens argophyllus, A.
Gray (Pl. Fendl. 37. 1849), so its proper name will be Lupinus
argophyllus. The type locality of argophyllus is “around Santa
Fe,” where, in fact, it is abundant.
Lupinus caudatus var. argophyllus (A.Gray) S.L.Welsh, Great Basin Naturalist 38(3): 327 (1978).
Original Text
...
Three rather weak varieties are known from Utah.
They are separable only arbitrarily, but seem to represent at least trends within variation.
...
Var. argophyllus (A. Gray) Welsh stat. nov. based on
Lupinus decumbens var. argophyllus A. Gray Mem. Amer. Acad. 4:37. 1849.
[L. caudatus ssp. argophyllus (A. Gray) Phillips;
L. argophyllus (A. Gray) Cockerell;
L. laxiflorus var. argophyllus (A. Gray) M. E. Jones;
L. helleri Greene;
L. aduncus Greene].
Pinyon-juniper, mountain brush, ponderosa pine, and grassland communities at 1570 to 2430 feet
in Beaver, Garfield, Kane, and San Juan cos.; Wyoming south to New Mexico; 7 (iii).
Ackerfield (2015) accepts two varieties of Lupinus caudatus in Colorado:
var. argophyllus (A. Gray) L. Philips (sic), and
var. utahensis (S. Watson) S. L. Welsh.
Ackerfield (2022) is the same.
If Ackerfield accepts var. argophyllus then the authors should be “(A. Gray) S. L. Welsh” in Great Basin Naturalist 38:327 (1978).
However, if Ackerfield accepts ssp. argophyllus then the authors should be “(A. Gray) L.Li. Philips” in Res. Stud. State Coll. Wash. 23:200 (1955)
Allred (2020) treats L. caudatus var. argophyllus (A. Gray) S. L. Welsh and ssp. argophyllus (A. Gray) Philips as synonyms of L. argenteus Pursh var. argophyllus (A. Gray) S. Watson.
Sholars & Riggins (date unknown) writing in Flora of North America do not accept Lupinus caudatus,
placing it instead in L. argenteus var. heteranthus (S. Watson) Barneby in A. Cronquist et al.
L. caudatus var. argophyllus (A. Gray) S. L. Welsh is treated as a synonym of
Lupinus argenteus var. argophyllus
(A. Gray) S. Watson.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Medicago;
Medicago L.
Please summarize the phylogeny of medicago and the development of alfalfa as an agricultural crop.
ChatGPT:
Medicago is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, which includes more than 80 species, some of which are used as forage crops. Alfalfa, also known as lucerne, is the most widely cultivated species in the genus and is a major forage crop in many parts of the world.
Alfalfa is believed to have originated in central Asia, and its cultivation dates back at least 2,000 years. It was introduced to Europe by the Arabs in the eighth century and was later brought to the Americas by Spanish colonizers in the sixteenth century. The plant was valued for its high protein content, drought tolerance, and ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it an important crop in areas with poor soils.
In terms of phylogeny, Medicago is a member of the tribe Trifolieae, which also includes clovers and other forage legumes. Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the genus Medicago is monophyletic, meaning that all species in the genus share a common ancestor, and that it is most closely related to the genus Melilotus.
Alfalfa is a tetraploid species, meaning that it has four sets of chromosomes, and its genome is quite large, with an estimated size of around 800 million base pairs. This complexity has made genetic improvement of alfalfa a challenge, but recent advances in genomics and molecular breeding techniques are helping to overcome some of these difficulties.
Overall, the development of alfalfa as an agricultural crop has been a long and complex process, but the plant's many useful characteristics have made it an important component of many farming systems around the world.
Medicago lupulina L. “Black Medick” is a common little weed
found on North and South Table Mountains and Tin Cup Ridge.
It is also adventive in gardens.
Prosperi, et al., 2014 summarize current thought on the domestication of alfalfa.
It is difficult to identify the first traces of
alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) domestication.
Different authors suggested that alfalfa was
cultivated 9,000 years ago in some rare
locations in its centre of origin (Near East to
Central Asia). Sinskaya in 1950 suggested
that its distribution spread throughout the
Middle East by 1,000 BC, and from there, to
China and India. But actually, we have no
element to validate these assumptions. The
first written references mentioned the
introduction of alfalfa to Greece by the
Medes armies, its spread into Italy and then
all over the Roman Empire in Europe.
During the Middle Ages, the interest in
alfalfa regressed considerably in Europe.
Alfalfa was reintroduced into Spain through
North Africa with the Moors. It then crossed
the Pyrenees around the fifteenth century.
Thereafter, it was introduced to South
America (Mexico, Peru, Chile) by the
Spanish in the sixteenth century, and then to
the United States through California at the
beginning of the nineteenth century as
“Chilean clover.”
Medikus, Friedrich Kasimir (1736-1808), [May] 1786.
Versuch einer neuen Lehrart die Pflanzen nach zwei Methoden zugleich, nehmlich nach der künstlichen und natürlichen, zu ordnen, durch ein Beispiel einer natürlichen Familie erörtert.
[Attempt at a new method of classifying plants according to two methods at the same time, namely according to the artificial and the natural, explained by an example of a natural family.]
Vorlesungen der Churpfälzischen physicalisch-öconomischen Gesellschaft.
[Lectures of the Churpfälzische Physical-Economic Society.]
Mannheim. 2: 382 (1787).
http://ds.ub.uni-bielefeld.de/viewer/fullscreen/2241757_002/392/
The following excerpt is taken from the image at left.
4. Melilotus albus.
Trifolium M. officinalis c L.
The German letter “c” in the text at left corresponds with the Greek letter “γ” in the Linnean description above.
Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., Flore Françoise, ou Descriptions Succinctes de Toutes les Plantes qui Croissent Naturellement en France...Paris (Lamarck) 2: 595 (1779).
Original Text
III. Epi de fleurs pointu , lache , & ayant un ponce ou plus de longueur.
6. O. sericea (Nutt. ! mss.): “stemless, somewhat caespitose, shining and
whitish with appressed silky hairs; leaflets linear-oblong or lanceolate (those
of the primary leaves elliptical and obtuse) ; scapes longer than the leaves;
spikes short, elongated in fruit ; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than
the calyx; teeth of the calyx short and subulate ; legumes somewhat cylindrical,
acuminate, 2-celled, canescently pubescent.”
Rocky Mountains. Nuttall! — Leaflets about ¾ of an inch long. Wings
emarginate. Scapes stout and rigid in fruit. Legumes (including the beak)
nearly an inch long, coriaceous, compressed contrary to the sutures.
—
Nearly related to O. Lamberti.
Egan, Ashley N., and James L. Reveal (2009, v. 19, 310-314) ...
Original Text
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydberg was first
collected on the historical expedition of Meriwether
Lewis and William Clark on 21 September 1804 at the
Big Bend of the Missouri River, which would later become
Lyman County, South Dakota, U.S.A. (Moulton, 1999).
...
Frederick Pursh (1813) later described it as
Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh. Since then, the species has
experienced a murky taxonomic history. Rydberg
(1919) designated Psoralea tenuiflora as the type of a
new genus, Psoralidium Rydberg, wherein he
recognized 14 species.
… the variation across this species is great,
but with no distinct segregation as
to definitely allow specific designation, an ascentainment
that the authors of this paper share.
…
Pediomelum tenuiflorum (Pursh) A. N. Egan, comb. nov.
Basionym: Psoralea tenuiflora Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 475. Dec. 1813.
Lotodes tenuiflorum (Pursh) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 194. 1891, nom illeg.
Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydberg. N. Amer. Fl. 24: 15. 1919.
TYPE: U.S.A. South Dakota: Lyman Co., Big Bend of the Missouri River, 21 Sep. 1804, M. Lewis s.n. (lectotype, designated by Grimes, 1990: 36, PH-LC 184; duplicated, NY [fragm.], PH-LC 183).
Conf. Pfeudo-Acacia hifpida, floribus rofeis.
Catesb. car. 3. p. 20. t. 20.
POWO (2022) states the tree is native to Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Vermont; not Virginia. Of course at Linnaeus' time, Virginia was a colony, not a state. USDA Plants maps its nativity as US.
Black locust has a disjunct original range, the extent of which is not accurately known.
The eastern section is centered in the Appalachian Mountains and ranges from central Pennsylvania and southern Ohio, south to northeastern Alabama, northern Georgia, and northwestern South Carolina.
The western section includes the Ozark Plateau of southern Missouri, northern Arkansas, and northeastern Oklahoma, and the Ouachita Mountains of
central Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma
(https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/robinia/pseudoacacia.htm, 16 March 2022).
Fraser's (1813) Catalogue, most likely written by Nuttall, is the first reference to T. rhombifolia.
Original Text
Comments
26. *Cytisus rhombifolius. ‡ Fl. not seen.
I am a little surprised this is not marked by an “M” from the Missouri
because in Nuttall (1818), two paragraphs down, Nuttall will tell us that he collected this plant at Fort Mandan.
Symbols used by Fraser (Nuttall).
* – New Species.
‡ – Perennial.
M. – from the Missourie.
;
Pursh (1814) published Cytisus rhombifolia in the supplement to Vol. 2 of his Flora Americae Septentrionalis.
Many of the entries in the supplement were Bradbury collections or from Nuttall descriptions in Fraser's Catalogue.
C. rhombifolius. Fraser. Catal. 1813.
In Upper Louisiana.
Bradbury. v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
The stipulae are large and foliaceous ;
the specimen I have seen was in fruit,
and Mr. Bradbury has seen only one plant in flower.
Nuttall (1818) published it as Thermia rhombifolia eschewing the
Thermopsis of R. Brown.
Original Text
401.THERMIA. Thermopsis. R. Brown. Hort. Kew. 3. p. 3.
Calix subcampanulate, half 4-cleft, the supper segment truncate and emarginate.
Corolla papilionaceous, petals nearly equal in length;
vexillum reflected at the sides;
carina obtuse.
Legume compressed and falcate, attenuated at the base, many-seeded.
Herbaceous; leaves ternate petiolate,
stipules large and foliaceous;
spikes terminal, interrupted, subverticillate, erect; flowers yellow.
Very distinct in habit from Cytisus but requires further comparison with that genus?
Species.
1. *rhombifolia.
Leaflets rhombi-ovate …
… raceme interrupted.
Cytisus rhombifolius T. N. in Fras Catal. 1813.
Pursh, Flor. Am. Sept. 2. p. 741. Suppl.
Obs. Roots perennial …
…
—
On denudated argillaceous hills near Fort Mandan.
This plant is very closely allied to Sophora lupinoides of Pallas,
Thermopsis lanceolata of Brown,
and they appear inseparable in genus,
that species when in perfection produces a long verticillated spike of flowers;
some of Pallas's specimens, however, in the herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq.,
have a single verticill of flowers only as in the starved specimen
figured in the Botanical Magazine,
in this species the leaves are on both sides closely covered with a silky villous;
the primary leaves it appears occur sometimes simple
but always accompanied by the stipules after the manner of Baptisia.
Richardson (1823) wrote the botanical appendix for Franklin's (1823)
report of the voyage to the polar sea.
Original Text
Comments
No. VII.
—
BOTANICAL APPENDIX,
BY
JOHN RICHARDSON
—
…
The collections of Pallas and Pursh,
now belonging to Mr. Lambert,
rendered the power of referring to his valuable Herbarium
an object of the utmost importance to me ;
and the desire of promoting the science,
whoch so eminently distinguishes his character,
induced him cheerfully to accord it.
I include this note because it confirms that Lambert had collections made by Pallas.
Pallas and Lambert must have been frequent correspondents.
This is possibly relevant to explanation of how a Pallas'
manuscript describing Chrysocoma nauseosa might have been seen
by Pursh.
…
137. Thermopsis rhombifolia: Nuttall. Am. 1. p. 282. (C.)
(C.) Denotes the sandy plains in the neighborhood of Carlton,
strongly resembling the plains of the Missouri,
upon which the American botanists have lately made extensive collections.
The species of this region, as they now appear to be,
are T. montana, T. rhombifolia, and the two proposed species.
The fruits of these are very characteristic,
a fact shown in the accompanying plate.
The four fruiting racemes are all from the Wyoming material,
are mature and typical each of its species
They were photographed on one plate,
hence the size is relatively correct (about one-third natural size).
Thermopsis rhombifolia n. sp.
—
… …
It is found near streams, preferring the moist, rich soil among the open underbrush.
Type specimens in Herb. Univ. of Wyo., no. 3424 by Elias Nelson, Pole creek, July 22, 1897 ;
and no. 3903 by the writer, Johnson's ranch, Big Laramie river, August 8, 1897.
Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) treated the Colorado taxa at the rank of species, saying, “… The mature or nearly mature fruit is necessary to be sure of the species. Even then some intergradations occur in Colorado plants.”
Isely (1978) proposed var. divaricarpa despite recognizing
that infraspecific divisions and those with T. macrocarpa
are not that well-defined.
Original Text
Comments
Thermopsis rhombifolia var. divaricarpa (A. Nels.) Isely, Comb. Nov.
.
Thermopsis divaricarpa A. Nels. Bot. Gaz. 25:275. 1898.
Type: United States. Wyoming, Albany Co.: Johnson Ranch, 8 Aug 1897, A. Nelson 3902
(Holotype: RM!; Isotypes: GH!, NY!).
I view Thermopsis of the western states as one vast complex,
but have divided it into two “convenience” species,
T. macrophylla of the Pacific states,
and T. rhombifolia, which extends east to the high plains.
These combinations provide the needed names.
Isely also proposed var. montana based on a Nuttall type, and
var. ovata based on T. ovata Robinson ex Piper.
This is a polymorphic species with considerable variation
and is often divided into three species (T, divaricarpa, T. montana, and T. rhombifolia).
However, when one examines all three species together,
considerable overlap in morphology is evident.
…
Intermediates between all three taxa can be seen where their ranges overlap.
There is one collection of Vicia ludoviciana in Golden s.l. that was made under the south side of Castle Rock.
In Jefferson County, there is just one other collection, from Chatfield Farms.
Otherwise, in Colorado there are collections along the northern Front Range,
along the Arkansas River between Canon City and Pueblo,
and then in scattered locations in other parts of Colorado.
The flowers of Vicia ludoviciana are quite small, (4.5)6-8(9) mm., and mostly white,
compared to those of V. americana that are (12)15-22(25) mm. and mostly colored.
Nuttall left Philadelphia on 2 October 1818, arriving at Fort Smith 24 April 1819.
In mid-May he set off with a small Army detachment and several Cherokees for the Red River,
traveling up the Poteau River and down the Kiamichi River.
Nuttall collected on the Red River for three full days before time for the detachment to return to Fort Smith.
He lost his companions and stayed in the area until mid-June.
During this time he made many collections of new species, including Vicia americana
(Graustein, 1967, p. 144).
8. V. Ludoviciana (Nutt. mss.):
glabrous (except the young shoots) ;
leaflets 10-12, elliptical or obovate, obtuse or emarginate ;
stipules subulate, simple or semisagittate ;
peduncle 2-6-flowered, at length longer than the leaves ;
flowers (minute) closely approximated ;
teeth of the calyx broad, acuminate, shorter than the tube ;
legume broadly sabre-shaped, glabrous, 5-6-seeded ;
seeds compressed, dark brown.
Grassy places on the Red River, and in Texas, Dr. Leavenworth !
“In Louisiana, Mr. Tainturuer,” Nuttall.
—
♃
Stem 2-3 feet long, rather stout, strongly angled, climbing.
Leaflets 6-8 lines long, 2 lines wide, commonly emarginate.
Stipules very small.
Flowers blue, smaller than in V. Cracca, rarely solitary, often 2-6 on a peduncle.
Legume ¾ of an inch long and 3 lines wide.
—
Mr. Nuttall in his manuscript describes the peduncles as 1-2-flowered,
which is the case in some of our specimens ;
but the peduncles are more commonly at least 4-flowered.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Vicia villosa;
Vicia villosa Roth “Hairy Vetch”
Roth, Albrecht Wilhelm, 1757-1834
Tentamen florae Germanicae; continens enumerationem plantarum in Germania sponte nascentium.
[The German flora containing a listing of plants that grow naturally in Germany.]
Lipsiae, In Bibliopolio I.G. Mlleriano, 1788-1800.
Volume 2, part 2, page 186.
“In locis limosis prope Vegesack ante aliquot annos inveni plantam, quae quotannis in horto sterilliori culta non mutavit habitum.
[A few years ago I found a plant in muddy areas near Vegesack,
which has not changed its habit of being cultivated every year in a more sterile garden.]&rduo;
Vegesack is located about 20 km (12 mi) north from the centre of Bremen-city at the mouth of the river Lesum.
About the sandstone ledges we collected a geranium † intermediate
between the crane's bill and herb robert,
the beautiful calochortus, [C. elegans, Ph.] and a few other valuable plants.
The party was at the mouth of Platte Canyon.
† G. caespitose, sub-erect, pubescent, sparingly branched above.
Radical leaves reniform deeply 5-7 cleft.
The flower is a little larger than that of G. robertianum,
and similarly coloured,
having whitish lines towards the base of the corrolla.
We also saw here the Campanula decipiens. Pers. Lysimachia ciliata, Ph.
Troximon glaucum, N. with two or three belinging to genera
with which we were unacquainted.
Campanula decipiens = ?, maybe Campanula rotundifolia L
Lysimachia ciliata Ph. !, except author was L.
Troximon glaucum N[utt.] = Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.
Goodman and Lawson (1995, p. 199-201) have a long account about this specimen
and its proper name, reaching the conclusion that it should be G. intermedium James.
Aedo (2001) acknowledges the name but accepts our G. caespitosum James.
Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 116) … Parts 2 and 3, pages 49-144 of Hooker's Flora of North America were issued in 1830, so even though the flora was not sonsidered complete until 1840, the pages including G. albiflorum Hook. were published in 1830.
Meanwhile G. albiflorum Ledeb., of the Russian flora, was published in 1829, giving it priority.
Original Text
2. G. albiflorum ; caule subangulato erecto dichotomo inferne glabro superne piloso-
glanduloso, foliis profunde 5-partitis ovato-acuminatis inciso-subpinnatifidis subpilosis,
radicalibus longe petiolatis, superioribus oppositis breve petiolatis 3-partitis magis acurainatis,
calycibus glanduloso-pilosis, petalis integris (albis) intus filamentis que basi hirsutis, (Tab. XL.)
Long Latin description omitted.
Hab. Vallies in the Rocky Mountains. Drummond. — This fine species of Geranium seems to hold a
middle rank between the American G. maculatum and the Europaean G. pratense: yet it is, I feel assured,
truly distinct from both. In the former, G. maculatum, the leaves are much less divided, the segments
broader, and the peduncles are quite destitute of glandular hairs : in the latter, the leaves are much more
deeply divided, the segments greatly narrower, and more truly pinnatifid. In both, the blossoms are purple ;
in ours, the flowers are constantly white, even when cultivated, as the plant is in our gardens, and of a firmer
texture. The G. longipes of De Candolle, according to his description, also approaches our plant.
Tab. XL. Fig. 1, Root-leaf: — natural size. Fig. 2, Petal; fig. 3, Stamen; fig. 4, Calyx and pistil, with
the filaments of the stamens : — slightly magnified.
Parts 2 and 3, pages 49-144 of Hooker's Flora of North America were issued in 1830.
948. Geranium Richardsonii Fisch., Trautv.
G. albiflorum Hook. fl. bor. amer. tab. 40, Bot. mag. tab. 3124. (non Ledeb.).
Nomen erat mutandum ob G. albiflorum Ledeb.
“The name was to be changed because of G. albiflorum Ledeb.”
In the valleys of the Rocky-mountains and on the banks of the Missouri.
M. Lewis.
♃.
July.
v. v.
Flowers large, blue; a very good perennial,
and it probably might become an useful plant if cultivated.
Phylogeny …
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Linum perenne;
Torrey & Gray (1857) described Euphorbia fendleri in their report on the botany of the Pacific Railroad Survey.
The collector was Dr. J. M. Bigelow.
Dr. Gray, though, had already seen this plant among Fendler's collections.
Original Text
Comments
Euphorbia Fendleri, (n. sp.): branching and diffuse from a somewhat woody caudex. smooth ;
leaves stipulate, opposite, broadly ovate or orbicular-ovate, on very short petioles, subcordate
and oblique at the base; involucres solitary, on short peduncles; gland transversely oval, with
a narrow entire somewhat 2-lobed border; capsule smooth; seeds obovate, a little rugose transversely,
gelatinous when moistened. Big Springs of the Colorado; April. This species is No.
800 of Fendler's New Mexican collection. It is a small plant, throwing off many branches that
spread on the ground, forming a little patch from three to six inches in diameter. The leaves
are 3-4 lines long, and are often of a purplish tinge, especially underneath.
Big Springs of the Colorado is now Big Spring, Howard County, Texas. The creek is now called Beals Creek, and
it joins the Colorado River some 35 miles to the southeast.
In Torrey, John (1859), the section on Euphorbiaceae was written by George Engelmann, M.D.
That would explain why Dr. Engelmann is considered the author of a name published by Dr. Torrey.
The botanist on the Mexican Boundary Commission was Dr. Charles Parry.
Original Text
Euphorbia glyptosperma (nov. spec.) : erecto patula seu demum decumbens ; foliis e basi
valde obliqua (latere inferiore producta) aequilatis oblongis s. oblongo-linearibns obtusis versus
apicem subserratis s. integriusculus ; stipulis setaceis laciniatis, anthodiis alaribus demum in
glomerulos laxos laterales confertig ; appendiculis brevibus integris seu crenatis ; stylis brevibus
apice bilobis, stigmatibus subglobosis ; seminibus ovatis argute rugosis ad angulos acutos
crenatis. E. polygonifolia, Hook. FL Bar, Am. fide spec. auctoris non Linn.
β. tenerrima : foliis parvulis angustis apice vix crenulatis ; involucri minuti glandulis vix
seu non appendiculatis. On the Rio Grande ; also on the Arkansas, and extending to the
upper Missouri. (No. 1853, 1855, and 1856, Wright.) From a few inches to a foot high. The
larger northern forms have leaves 3 to 6 lines long and 1 to 2 lines wide. In β the leaves are
1 to 3 lines long and ½ to 1 line wide ; involucrum in the latter only 0.3 line long. Seed very
sharply cross-ribbed, similar to that of E. prostrata, and notched at the angles.
Wright is Charles Wright, a friend of Asa Gray, who collected in Texas and New Mexico in 1849 and 1851-53.
George Engelmann described E. brachycera in Torrey (1859) citing a collection by Charles Wright
in western New Mexico.
Original Text
Euphorbia brachycera (nov. spec.): annua (?), multicaulis, ramosa, erecta, glaberrima; foliis
in petiolum brevissimum angustatis lanceolatis seu lineari-lanceolatis acutis mucronatis ; umbella
3-fida seu rare 4-5-fida; ramis pluries bifidis; bracteis inferioribus ovato-Ianceolatis superioribus
rhombeo-orbiculatis mucronatis; glandulis brevissime obtuseque cornutis; seminibus majusculis
ovatis maculis irregularibus saepe confluentibus leviter impressis. Western New Mexico; Wright,
(No. 1821.) Many stems a foot high from a stout but apparently annual or biennial root;
leaves 6-9 lines long, about 2 lines wide, patulous (not erect as in E. esulaeformis) regularly
lanceolate ; upper part of the stem quite ramose ; horns shorter than in any of our species, and
sometimes almost rudimentary. Seed 1 line in length, similar to those of E. esulaeformis,
montana and Roemeriana.
This plant has low severity poison characteristics. The sap contains diterpine esters in milky latex which is toxic on ingestion and highly irritant externally, causing photosensitive skin reactions and severe inflammation, especially on contact with eyes or open cuts. The toxicity can remain high even in dried plant material. Prolonged and regular contact with the sap is inadvisable because of its carcinogenic nature.
Linnaeus (v. 1, p. 461) notes that the plant is native to Germany, Belgium, and France.
On the Yellow-stone river. M. Lewis. ☉. July.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
A very handsome species ;
the white margin of the involucre and white petal-like appendices
have a fine contrast with the elegant soft green leaves.
Linnaeus does not mention toxicity of the species.
Locations given by Linnaeus are Calabria (Italy) and Montpellier (France).
POWO shows the native distribution to be Italy south and east to Iran. Nativity or distribution in France is not mentioned.
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de [1744-1829]
and
Jean-Louis-Marie Poiret, Jean-Louis-Marie [1755-1834],
1786.
Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique .
Paris,Liège : Panckoucke;Plomteux, 1783-1808.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/15260
Original Text
Translation
56. Euphorbe fpatule,
Euphorbia fpathulata. Euphorbia umbella trifida , dichotoma : foliis alternis oblongo-fpathulatis fubferratis. N.
56. Euphorbe spatule,
Euphorbia spatulata. Euphorbia umbellum trifid, dichotomous: leaves alternate oblong-spathulate with subserrate. N
Euphorbia caule dichotomo , foliis ovato-oblongis , floribus fingularibus in fingulo dichotomiae finu feffilibus.
Commerf. Herb.
Euphorbia dichotomous stem , ovate-oblong leaves, flowers singular in each dichotomous branch, sessile.
Plante glabre , dont les tiges hautes d'un pied ou un peu plus ,
font munies de rameaux petits & alternes.
Ses feuilles font aiternes , feffiles , oblongues-fpatulees , legerement dentelees , glabres , & a peine longues d'un pouce.
L'ombelle eft compofee de trois rayons deux ou trois fois bifides.
Les trois folioles de la collerette font ovales-oblongues ; les bractees leur reffemblent ,
mais elles font un peu plus petites & asuminees.
Les capfules font glabres.
M. Commerfon a trouve cette plante pres de Monte-Video.
Elle paroit herbacee.
( v. f. )
Hairless plant, whose stems a foot or a little more high,
are provided with small & alternate branches.
Its leaves are alternate, thin, oblong-spatulate, slightly serrated, glabrous, and barely an inch long.
The umbel is composed of three rays two or three times bifid.
The three leaflets of the collar are oval-oblong; the bracts resemble them,
but they are a little smaller & asuminees.
The capsules are glabrous.
Mr. Commerfon found this plant near Monte-Video.
Herbaceous.
(Seen in the dried state.)
Desc. Stem about a span high, much branched, slender, hairy.
Leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, with acuminate serratures,
base acute or subcordate ; under surface hirsute, upper with a few appressed hairs;
petioles one-third of an inch long, with subulate stipules at the base.
Racemes axillary towards the upper part of the stem.
Sterile flowers superior, 6-8, on short, filiform, bracteate pedicels.
Calyx 4-parted, segments lanceolate, recurved, apex inflexed.
Stamens 4.
Pistil abortive.
Fertile flowers.
Calyx 5-parted.
Stigmas 3, large, recurved.
Capsule tricoccous, hispid.
Seeds perfectly spherical, smooth.
Hab. Sources of the Canadian?
Obs. Resembles T. urticifolia, but differs in its narrow
leaves, much branched, and smoother stem.
TRAGA RAMOSA, Torr. in Ann. Lyc. New York, 2, p. 245.
T. angustifolia, Nutt. l. c.
T. scutellariaefolia, Scheele^ l. c. Gravelly hiills of the Limpio; Bigelow.
Ravines of the Organ mountains, April ; Parry.
On the upper Rio Grande, New Mexico; Fendler, No. 776.
Perhaps only a var, of the last. It differs chiefly in being much smaller and erect, with the leaves
scarcely at all cordate. Var.? leptophylla : foliis linearibus integris vel remote denticulatis. —
Near Howard's Springs; Bigelow; No. 1796, Wright. Plant woody at the base, about a span
high, and branched from the base. Stem and branches sparingly hirsute. Leaves 1-1¼ inch
long and 1-2 lines wide. Spikes few-flowered ; the lowest flowers fertile. Flowers as in T.
ramosa, etc.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Rhus glabra;
Rhus glabra L. “Smooth Sumac”
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Rhus trilobata; Rhus trilobata at the southern end of the Survey Field.
Rhus trilobata Nutt. Squawbush.
Rhus L. is a Linnean name published in his Species plantarum in 1753,
although the name had been previously used in six other works that Linnaeus cites.
The genus is native to temperate and tropical Asia, Europe, Africa, the Pacific region, and North and South America.
There are ten other names that are synonyms for Rhus including Lobadium Raf.
that is now treated as a group within Rhus and contains our R. trilobata.
Other articles: • Glossary:
♄; Aiton (1789) description of Rhus aromatica
Since Rhus trilobata is sometimes reduced to the rank of variety or subspecies under Rhus aromatica Ait. we need to understand the source of that name and its distribution.
R. aromatica was described from a plant growing in the Kew Gardens, in 1789.
The plant was provided to the garden in 1772 by John Bartram.
The source of the plant was “Carolina,” which we now separate into North and South Carolina.
Aiton's description is:
Mixed Latin and English
My Interpretation of the Mixed Latin and English
11. R. foliis ternatis :
foliolis sessilibus ovato-rhombeis inciso-serratis pilosiusculis.
Aromatic Sumach.
Nat. of Carolina. Mr. John Bartram. Introd. 1772.
Fl. May. H. ♄.
aromati- cum.
11. R[hus] leaves in three parts : leaflets sessile, ovate-rhomboid, serrate, puberulent(?).
Aromatic Sumac.
Native to Carolina. [Collected by] Mr. John Bartram.
Introduced (to Kew Garden) in 1772.
Flowers in May. Hardy. Shrubby.
aromatica
As was common at the time, Aiton used the astrological sign for Saturn to indicate shrubby plants.
Rhus trilobata was published by Torrey & Gray (1838-1843) from a manuscript written by Nuttall.
From the location “Rocky Mountains” and the date of publication — 1838 —
it is likely Nuttall made his collection on the Nathaniel Wyeth expedition of 1834-1836 (Graustein, 1967, pp. 277-304).
It seems as though the author should be “Nutt. ex Torrey & A. Gray,”
but no one seems to spell it out that way.
Rhus.
ANACARDIACEAE
219
§ 3.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous :
disk glandular, deeply 5-lobed (lobes opposite the petals) :
drupe globose, villous :
nut smooth, compressed:
flowers in short aments, preceding the leaves.
Leaves 3-foliolate.
— Lobadium, Raf.
8. R. aromatica (Ait.) …
9. R. trilobata (Nutt ! Mss.) :
“leaves glabrous, small ;
lateral leaflets obovate, obtuse, 3-lobed at the apex or nearly entire ;
terminal leaflet cuneiform, 3-lobed at the summit, the middle lobe sometimes 3-toothed.
“In the central chain of the Rocky Mountains.
—
A low leafy shrub ;
the leaves much smaller than in R. aromatica :
terminal leaflet broad, ½–1 inch in length ;
lateral ones smaller.
Drupes scarlet, acid ;
the nut flat, scarcely striate.”
Nutt.
Graustein (1967), Nuttall's biographer, does not mention Rhus trilobata or Nuttall's collection of it.
The Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel was a geological survey made by order of the Secretary of War
under the direction of Brig. and Bvt. Major General A. A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, by Clarence King, U. S. geologist.
More commonly known as the Fortieth Parallel Survey, the survey conducted field work from 1867 to 1872, exploring the area along the fortieth parallel north from northeastern California, through Nevada, to eastern Wyoming.
Volume 5, Botany, was written by Sereno Watson (1871) with the assistance of Drs. Gray and Torrey and others.
Asa Gray reduced R. trilobata to the rank of variety, which was published in this volume by Watson.
Rhus aromatica, Ait., Var. trilobata, Gray.
(R. trilobata, Nutt.)
Leaves small, rarely exceeding 1' in length, usually glabrous ; leaflets lobed, the divisions entire or sparingly crenate.
—
Growing in dense leafy clumps, 3-6° high, and having a heavy disagreeable odor,
It is the prevalent western form, extending from Western Texas to Southern California,
and throughout the Rocky Mountains to the Upper Missouri.
Found on the foot-hills around Salt Lake Valley and at the north base of the Raft River Mountains, Utah. (219.)
The Raft River Mountains are just northwest of the Great Salt Lake. The number (219) is the collection number that Watson applied when he distributed the specimens.
Gray's description of Rhus aromatica var. trilobata in Watson (1871).
Barkley (1937) treats both Rhus aromatica and R. trilobata at the species rank.
R. aromatica var. trilobata Gray (in Watson, 1871) is placed in synonomy with R. trilobata.
No comment is made regarding the treatment of either species, except that R. trilobata is an
... extremely variable assemblage of plants probably best treated taxonomically as a single polymorphic species running into
several more or less consistent geographic variations…
Barkley also recognizes eight varieties of R. trilobata.
Weber, et al. (1981) published Rhus aromatica Ait. subsp. pilosissima (Engelm.) W. A. Weber,
without the similar new combination for R. trilobata.
This will be corrected in Weber (1989).
Miller, et al. (2001) paper about the phylogeny and biogeography of Rhus based on ITS sequence data
is hidden behind a paywall.
Abstract.
Rhus L. (sensu lato) has been considered the largest and most widespread genus in the Anacardiaceae.
Controversy has surrounded the delimitation of the genus.
Historically, seven segregate genera have been recognized:
Actinocheita, Cotinus, Malosma, Melanococca, Metopium, Searsia, and Toxicodendron.
These genera, together with Rhus s.str., are commonly referred to as the Rhus complex.
Rhus s.str. Includes two subgenera, Lobadium (ca. 25 spp.) and Rhus (ca. 10 spp.).
Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were employed to examine the monophyly of Rhus s.str.
And to provide insight into the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of the genus.
The ITS data set indicates that Rhus s.str. Is monophyletic.
Actinocheita, Cotinus, Malosma, Searsia, and Toxicodendron are distinct from Rhus s.str.,
although the relationships among these genera of the Rhus complex are not well resolved.
Rhus subgenus Rhus is paraphyletic; the monophyletic subgenus Lobadium is nested within it.
The ITS data set indicates that, for Rhus, the Madro-Tertiary floristic element (subgenus Lobadium) had a single origin within the Arcto-Tertiary floristic element (subgenus Rhus).
Yi, et al. (2007) published a similar paper on phylogeny of Rhus based on sequences of nuclear and chloroplast genetics found that
(1)Species of Rhus form a monophyletic group … (9) R. aromatica and R. trilobata are sister taxa.
With two notable exceptions … species of subgen. Lobadium were resolved into two clades: …
and (2) R. aromatica–R. trilobata and R. integrifolia–R. ovata.
The present distributions of R. microphylla, R. aromatica–R. trilobata, R. lanceolata, and R. copallina
indicate that the opportunity for hybridization between some or all of these species exist (and likely existed)
in the southwestern U. S. and northern Mexico.
This is one of several phylogeny of Rhus papers that treat both R. aromatica and R. trilobata at the rank of species,
although the relative rank of those two entities is not central to the purpose of those papers.
Andres-Hernandez (2009) published their analysis of leaf architecture of Rhus.
This was part of their PhD thesis, and will be integral to a later paper (2014) on phylogeny of Rhus
using structural and molecular data.
In their publication on wildfire risk reduction in Arizona's interior chaparral, Schalau & Twaronite (2010) list Rhus trilobata as suitable for use in eildfire survivable space.
Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept R. aromatica Aiton ssp. trilobata (Nuttall) W. A. Weber,
which Weber published in 1989,
and one subspecies, ssp. pilosissima (Engelmann) W. A. Weber,
which Weber published in 1981.
For R. aromatica, the leaf texture is described as membraneous and the aureole is described as imperfect.
For R. trilobata, the leaf texture is described as chartaceous and the aureole is described as incomplete.
This is another of several phylogeny of Rhus papers that treat both R. aromatica and R. trilobata at the rank of species,
although the relative rank of those two entities is not central to the purpose of those papers.
Ackerfield (2015) accepts Rhus trilobata Nutt.,
placing R. aromatica Aiton in synonomy,
and accepts three varieties: var. simplicifolia (Greene) Barkl., var. pilosissima Engelm., and var. trilobata.
The Flower confifts of five Leaves,
which are placed orbicularly, and expand
in form of a Rofe ; out of whofe
Flower-cup rifes the Pointal, which
afterward becomes a roundifh, dry,
and, for the moft part, furrowed
Fruit, in which is contained one comprefs'd Seed.
The Species are ;
1. Toxicodendron triphyllum
glabrum. Tourn. Three - leav'd
fmooth Poifon-tree.
2. Toxicodendron triphyllum,
folio finuato pubefcente. Tourn. Three-
leav'd Poifon-tree, with a finuated
hairy Leaf.
6 Toxicodendron foliis alatis,
fructu rhomboide. Hort. Elth. Poifon-tree
with wing'd Leaves, and a Fruit
fhap'd like a Rhombus.
The two firft Species were brought
from Virginia, many Years fince,
where they grow in great Plenty, as
it is probable they do in moft other
Northern Parts of America. The
firft Sort feldom advances in Height ;
but the Branches trail upon the
Ground, and fend forth Roots, by
which they propagate in great Plenty.
The fecond Sort will grow upright,
and make a Shrub about four
or five Feet high, but rarely exceeds
that in this Country. This may be
propagated by Layers, and is equally
as hardy as the former.
The third Sort here mention'd
grows erect to the Height of five or
fix Feet : the Leaves of this Kind are
much fmaller, than thofe of the
common Poifon-oak ; but the Branches
of this are flexible, fo that it
will never make a Shrub of any great
Height or Strength.
The fourth Sort was found in
Maryland, from whence the Seeds
were fent to England. This grows
more upright than the former, and
by the Appearance of the young
Plants, feems to be a Shrub of much
larger Growth.
The fifth Sort is a Native of Virginia,
from whence I received the
Seeds : this puts out Roots from the
Branches, which faften themfelves
to the Stems of Trees, or the Joints
of Walls, by which the Branches
are fupported.
The fixth Sort is a low Shrub,
feldom rifing more than five Feet
high. All the Sorts of Toxicodendron
differ in Sex, the Male never
producing any Fruit, having fmall
herbaceous Flowers, without any
Embryoes.
Thefe Plants are preferv'd by the
Curious in Botany, for the fake of
Variety ; but as there is little Beauty
in them, they are not much cultivated
in England. The Wood of thefe
Trees, when burnt, emits a noxious
Fume, which will fuffocate Animals
when they are fhut up in a Room
where it is burnt : an Inftance of
this is mention'd in the Philofophical
Tranfactions by Dr. William Sherard,
which was communicated to him in
a Letter from New-England by Mr.
Moore, in which he mentions fome
People who had cut fome of this
Wood for Fuel, which they were
burning, and in a fhort time they
loft the Ufe of their Limbs, and became
ftupid ; fo that if a Neighbour
had not accidentally open'd the
Door, and feen them in that Condition,
it is generally believ'd they
would foon have perifh'd. This
fhould caution People from making
ufe of this Wood.
All thefe Sorts are hardy Plants,
which will thrive in the open Air in
this Country ; but they love a moift
Soil, and fhuld be planted under
Trees in Wilderneffes, where they
will thrive very well, and endure the
Cold better than where they have a
more open Expofure. They may
be propagated by Seeds, or from
Suckers, which fome of the Sorts
fend forth in plenty, or by laying
down the Branches of thofe Sorts
which do not put forth Suckers ;
which in one Seafon will be fufficiently
rooted to tranfplant ; when
they mould be planted where they
are defign'd to remain. The beft
Time to remove thefe Shrubs is in
March, becaufe then there will be
no Danger of their fuffering by
Froft.
When a Perfon is poifoned by
handling this Wood, in a few Hours
he feels an itching Pain, which
provokes a Scratching, which is followed
by an Inflammation and Swelling.
Sometimes a Perfon has had his Legs
poifon'd, which have run with Water.
Some of the Inhabitants of
America affirm, they can diftinguifh
this Wood by the Touch in the
Dark, from its extreme Coldnefs,
which is like Ice : but what is mention'd
of this poifonous Quality, is
applicable to the fixth Sort here
mention'd ; which, by the Defcription,
agrees with this Species.
This Sort of Poifon-tree is not only
a Native of America, but grows
plentifully on the Mountains in Japan,
where it is called Fafi No Ki ;
and from this Tree they extract one
Sort of their Varnifh or Lacca, which
they ufe for japanning their Utenfils :
but this is not their beft Kind of Varnifh,
that being made of the Juice of
another Tree, which is alfo very
poifonous, and nearly allied to this ;
and from which fome Writers think
it differs only by Culture.
The Juice of this Tree is milky,
when it lffues oat of the wounded
Part ; but foon after it is expofed to
the Air, it turns black, and has a very
ftrong fetid Scent, and is corrodeing :
for I have obferved, on cutting
off a fmall Branch from one of thefe
Shrubs, that the Blade of the Knife
has been changed black in a Moment's
time, fo far as the Juice had
fpread over it ; which I could not get
off without grinding the Knife.
As this Tree is very common in
Virginia, Carolina, and New-England,
it would be well worth the Inhabitants
Trial, to make this Varnifh.
Greene (1905, p. 114) segregated Toxicodendron from Rhus, again.
Segregates of the Genus Rhus
No taxonomic problem is easier, no fact more thoroughly
established, than the identity of the original species, i.e., the
type species of the genus Rhus ; because during more than a
dozen centuries before even Tournefort, the species was but one,
and that familiar to all writers about plants as the variously
useful shrub of the whole Mediterranean region commonly
called Rhus, but also long before Linnaeus written of under the
binary name of Rhus coriaria, which name he also adopted.
The genus was all this while supposed to be monotypical ;
Rhus coriaria, the only Rhus. This fact is so easily apparent
in bibliography, that there is no room for any controversy as to
what is the type of the genus; and neither Tournefort nor
Linnaeus, with the genus in view, could well have done otherwise
than they did in placing it first in the list of species ; placing
it as the type.
In the seventeenth century the genus received two indubitable
accessions from North America in the shrubs now known as
Rhus hirta and R glabra. Nobody questioned or doubted that
these were of that genus. But along with these importations
from our shores came the Poison Ivy ; a type which no authority
did at first, or for a long time after, think of as possibly to
be associated with Rhus congenerically.
Tournefort, before the end of the seventeenth century, proposed
for the two forms known to him the rank of a genus,
which he very fitly named Toxicodendron. Linnaeus suppressed
the genus; but Philip Miller promptly restored it; and several
more since Miller's time have insisted on its validity as a proper
genus, so that now it bids fair for permanent recognition in the
taxonomy of coming years.
A recension of the species of Toxicodendron is no easy
task; so far from easy, I find it one of the most difficult I have
hitherto undertaken. The best treatment of the genus extant,
as to the early and typical species, is that of Dillenius in 1732.
Linnaeus twenty years later, as his custom was, reduced the
genus to Rhus and confused the species. Philip Miller sixteen
years after this restored the genus, and also the Dillenian
species of it, adding excellent descriptions of two or three new
ones. In these two classic revisions of Tournefort's
Toxicodendron, and not at all in Linnaeus, lie the means of
identifying all the species early recognized.
The following represents my present understanding of the
names and principal syonymy of the known species.
Greene goes on to nominate T. vulgare Mill. as the type of Toxicodendron.
Rydberg (1900, pp. 268-269) first recognized Western Poison Ivy as a distinct species in his
Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and Yellowstone National Park.
* Rhus Rydbergii Small.
A single-stemmed shrub, less than a meter high, with grayish,
somewhat striate bark ; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate with petioles
6-12 dm. long; leaflets 3-10 cm. long, broadly ovate, often somewhat
rhomboid, rather thick, bright green, strongly veined beneath,
glabrous except the veins on the lower surface, with wavy or sinuately
toothed margins ; flowers in small conical axillary panicles,
which are much shorter than the petioles, their branches short ;
flowers yellow; petals about 3 mm. long, ovate, whitish yellow with
greenish streaks; fruit when ripe white and shining,' a little
depressed-globular, 5-6 mm. in diameter.
It has been invariably mistaken for R. Toxicodendron, which has
pubescent sinuatelv lobed leaflets, and is confined to the southeastern
United States. From R. radicans (R. Toxicodendron var. radicans),
it differs in never being a climber, but always an erect shrub, in the
thicker, somewhat glaucous leaves, the smaller and denser panicles,
and the larger flowers and fruit. Both grow together in Nebraska,
and they always remain distinct. The present species occurs on hillsides
and in open woods, from Kansas to Arizona and British Columbia.
Montana: Great Falls, 1885, R. S. Williams, 291;
northern Montana, F. W. Anderson.
Greene (1905, p. 117) provided a name for Rhus Rydbergii in Toxicodendron.
Original Text
T. Rydbergii.Rhus Rydbergii, Small, in Rydb. Fl. Mont.
268, in part. Well distinguished by Mr. Small, for the plant
of Montana, occurring in Wyoming, mountain districts of Colorado,
southward even to New Mexico, apparently, but hardly
including that of Washington and Oregon.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Acer glabrum;
Obs.Leaves in long petioles, green on both sides,
very smooth on every part, slightly cordate at the base, 5-7-lobed ;
the sinuses acute.
Umbels on peduncles about a half an inch long.
Fruit with very broad diverging wings.
There was but one specimen of this plant in the collection,
which was in fruit.
The flowers remain to be examined.
First published as Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge, although the current preferred orthography is X. sorbifolium Bunge,
probably something to do with proper Latin.
“In a quiet alley of Golden, Colorado, nestled between a fence post and a telephone pole,
lies a wondrous collection of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, more commonly known as the "Yellowhorn" tree. The remarkable discovery of this tree was made in 2023, despite it being several years old. The homeowner was surprised to find it there, as they had not planted it themselves nor were they even aware of its existence.
“Interestingly, this particular Yellowhorn tree is not the only one of its kind in Colorado. Two other collections have been reported in Logan County, one dating back to 1960 and the other all the way back to 1919. Furthermore, the Denver Botanic Garden is home to several specimens of the tree, including a hardy cultivar known as "'Psgan' Clear Creek," which was developed at Green Acres Nursery in Golden, Colorado.
“The name "Yellowhorn" is derived from the large orange nectaries found inside the base of the flower, and the leaves bear a striking resemblance to the "Mountain ash" of the Sorbus family. However, this beautiful tree has been given many other common names, including "Chinese Flowering Chestnut," "Flowering Yellowhorn," "Tree Goldenhorn," "Popcorn Shrub," and "Shiny Leaf Yellowhorn."
“Initially classified in the Sapinadaceae, or Soapberry Family, the Yellowhorn tree was later discovered to be a sister group to Sapindaceae s.l. after a recent phylogenetic analysis. This led to the suggestion that it should be placed in its own monotypic family, Xanthoceraceae. However, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group currently places the tree in its own subfamily, Xanthoceratoideae Thorne & Reveal, within the Sapindaceae family. Despite some disagreements over its classification, one thing is certain: the Yellowhorn tree is a remarkable and fascinating species that continues to captivate botanists and nature lovers alike.”
Ceanothus fendleri A.Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts 29 (1849).
106. Ceanothus Fendleri (sp. nov.) : intricato-ramosissimus ; ramis ramulisque
teretibus gracilibus saepe spinescentibus cinereo-puberulis demum glabratis laevibus ; foliis
parentis (⅓-½ unc. longis) ovalibus scu ellipticis obtusis integerrimis eglandulosis
trinerviis subtus sericeo-canescentibus supra glabriusculis viridibus ;
glomerulis densis sessilibus ; floribus glabris albis.
—
Mountains east of Santa Fe, in sunny places ; June (in
flower), and July, in fruit. Shrub about a foot and a half high and two feet in diameter.
—
Allied to C. depressus, Benth. Pl. Hartw. no. 29; but much more slender, the
Thyme-shaped leaves smaller and not glandular, &c. Fruit about as large as in C.
Americanus.
19. Canothus herbaceus ; stem annual ; leaves ovate
semi-serrated smooth, flowers in a terminal thyrsus ;
grows near the falls of the Potowmack, between the rocks.
Torrey (1824) knew of the plant, and thought it to be introduced to America.
2. R. catharticus L. : spines terminal ; flowers generally
4-cleft, polygamo-dioecious ; leaves ovate ; stem erect ;
berries 4-seeded. Willd. Spec. I. p. 1093.
Smith Fl. Brit. I. p. 263.
Eng. Bot. t. 1629.
Roem. & Schult. V. p. 276.
A small tree or large shrub, with spreading branches and grayish
bark.
Leaves fasciculate and opposite, on petioles one-third
their length, nervose, an inch and a half long ; margin
erosely denticulate.
Flowers clustered, on short axillary pedicels.
Segments of the calyx lanceolate, recurved.
Petals very small, yellowish-green.
Stamens 4, a little longer than
the flowers ; anthers didymous, oblong.
Stigma 4-cleft.
Berries black, nauseous and cathartic.
Hab. On mountains and in woods. Abundant in Williamstown,
and other parts of New-England, apparently indigenous.
Dewey. In the most retired parts of the Highlands of New-York. Barratt.Buck-thorn.
I suspect this plant has been introduced into this country at
an early period, and that it is not really indigenous.
Dr. Barratt informs me, that the old inhabitants of the Highlands remember
to have seen it in gardens before it appeared in the woods.
Knight, et al. (2007) reviewed the characteristics of R. cathartica.
Physiological studies have uncovered traits
including shade tolerance, rapid growth, high
photosynthetic rates, a wide tolerance of moisture
and drought, and an unusual phenology that may
give R. cathartica an advantage in the environments
it invades. Its high fecundity, bird-dispersed
fruit, high germination rates, seedling
success in disturbed conditions, and secondary
metabolite production may also contribute to its
ability to rapidly increase in abundance and
impact ecosystems. R. cathartica impacts ecosystems
through changes in soil N, elimination of the
leaf litter layer, possible facilitation of earthworm
invasions, unsubstantiated effects on native plants
through allelopathy or competition, and effects
on animals that may or may not be able to use it
for food or habitat.
Notes on a variety of Ampelopsis quinquefolia— For the past ten
years I have been observing a variety of the Virginia creeper that is
quite marked by characteristic points of difference from the type
species. Other students of botany must have noticed this variation
and it is strange if nothing has been published upon the subject, but
thus far I have failed to find anything1 . My attention was first called
to the variation by neighbors who had transplanted the Virginia
creeper from the woods but complained that it failed to cling to the
side of the house. That was in the Miami valley in Ohio. I have
since observed it in southern Iowa and in eastern Kansas. It does
seem to me that the peculiarities are sufficient to distinguish it as
permanent variety and it should be so recognized in our manuals.
In the first place the habit of growth is quite different from the type
species. As is well known this latter climbs by clinging very closely
to its support whether that be a tree or a wall. The variety does not
cling so closely to its support. In fact it is'impossible for it to cling to
a wall or even a tree unless the bark be very rough, owing to the
structure of its tendrils. It climbs more like the grape and the
clematis by trailing over low shrubbery to that which is higher, until it
may reach the lower branches of a tree when it may rise to a considerable
able height by reaching from branch to branch rather than by clinging
close to the body of the tree and larger branches.
Sometimes in transplanting the Virginia creeper this variety is hit
upon and the unobserving wonder why it fails to cling to the side of
the house. On examination the tendrils will be found to be more like
grape tendrils, long curling and grasping by recurved tips, rather
than short, digitate and clinging by disk-like expansions as in the case
of the typical species. The leaves also differ quite perceptibly, being
much larger for the same age in the variation, and having longer
petioles both for the leaf proper and for the leaflets. The margins
are more distinctly serrate with larger teeth. The internodes of the
stem are much longer in the variety, causing the leaves to be fewer and
more scattered. The nodes are more swollen as are the leaf petioles
at the base, making a much larger leaf scar, but the axillary buds are
smaller.
The stem of the type species is quite rough, furrowed and warty
especially as it grows older, while the variety is much smoother. The
fruit ot the variety is more abundant, berries larger and in more open
corymbs.
In short the whole aspect of the variety is more grape-like and for
this reason I suggest the name A. quinquefolia, var. vitacea.
—
E. B. Knerr, Midland College, Atchison, Kansas.
1[See W. R. Lazenby in this journal xiii 233 and xv 233. —Eds.]
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Vitis riparia;
P. quinquefolia, (L.) Planch. Leaflets 5, clinging to rough supports
by disk-like terminations. Woods, common. The older parts provided
with aerial rootlets.
P. vitacea, (Knerr) Hitchc. Differs from the above in having no
aerial rootlets; the canes smooth, and lighter colored; the tendrils dichotomous
like the grape, and usually without disks; the inflorescence dichotomous
rather than pinnate as in the former; flowering about two weeks
earlier; the fruit maturing earlier and considerably larger. Woods,
infrequent.
Syn.
M. rotundifolia Linn. sp. pl. ex synon.
Bauh. nec flor. suec. et herb.
—
Poll. Leyss. Hoffm. Leers . Willd. Schk. Roth. Spr. et
omnium auct. Fl. germ. exclus. syn. Linn.
M. sylvestris perennis decumbens, flore minore
albo, folio rotundo Moris. hist. s. v. 521. t. 17. f. 7.
M. sylv. folio rotundo C. Bauh. pin. 314. cum synonym.
Patria: In suburbiorum areis desertis , juxta
plateas spurcas , parietes , sepes , in quibus assurgit ,
in sterquiliniis et ruderibus abundat cum
Lappis, Chenopodiis et Polygonis. Fl. Junio
inde per totam aestatem.
Hometown: In the deserted areas of outlying islands
filthy streets , walls , hedges on which it rises,
he abounds in manure and rubble
Lappis, Chenopodius and Polygonis. Fl. June
thence throughout the summer.
Descriptio: ... [omitted.]
Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth (13 March 1792 in Breitenstein, Saxony-Anhalt – 22 March 1857 in Nordhausen) was a German botanist. His name is abbreviated Wallr. as a taxon authority.
Moulton (1999) presents two vouchers of Sphaeralcea coccinea from the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
Both were of the same collection dated July 20, 1806, on the Marias River, Toole County, Montana.
The material was separated and some stayed at the Americal Philosophical Society,
while some was taken by Pursh to England and ended up in the Lambert Herbarium,
which Pursh (1814) cited.
The singularly stellated fasciculi of hair, placed in the close tomentum,
and its bright scarlet flowers, make this plant particularly interesting.
Pursh doesn't tell us where he saw this plant in the live condition, but we can guess that he saw it in Fraser's garden
or that his benefactor, A. B. Lambert, was growing specimens obtained from Fraser's garden.
Shrubby or herbaceous;
leaves alternate and stipulate, undivided, or palmately lobed;
flowers axillary or terminal, solitary,
more or less aggregated or racemose.
(Pubescence stellate.)
Species.
1. M. abutiloides.
2. caroliniana. A Sida?
3. rotundifolia Introduced.
4. triloba. In Carolina.
5. * coccinea. T. N. in Fras. Catal. 1813.
A very beautiful species with scarlet flowers disposed in dense recemes (sic);
outer calix wanting, leaves mostly trifid, canescently tomentose.
Hab,
From the confluence of the river Platte and the Missouri,
often extending over the plains in such quantities as to communicate a brilliant redness to thousands of acres.
This plant has no sort of affinity to Cristaria,
and by the fruit is a genuine Malva.
A genus of more than 60 species,
many of them indigenous to tropical America,
to the Cape of Good Hope,
and some to Europe.
81, 82. Malvastrum coccineum :
humilis, incanum ;
cailibus e basi sublignosa ramosis diffusis ;
foliis trisectis tripartitisva, segmentis lateralibus saepius bipartis intermedio trifido, lobis oblongis linearibusve integris seu paucidentatis ;
floribus inferioribus solitariis rariusve geminis in axillis foliorum, sperioiribus in racemum strictum digestis ;
bracteis subulatis deciduis ;
bracteolis involucelli 1-2 setaceis fugacibus ;
coccis 9-12 clausis dorso subtiberculatis cano-tomentosis.
—
Gray, Gen. Ill. t. 219.
Cristaria coccinea, Pursh ! Fl. 2. p. 453.
Malva coccinea, Nutt. ! Gen. 2. p. 81 ; Bot. Mag. t. 1643.
Sida coccinea. DC. Prodr. 1. p. 465 ;
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 109;
Torr. & Gray ! Fl. 1. p. 235.
—
Var. β dissectum : nanum ;
foliis 3-5-partitis,
segmentis 3-5-fidis lobisque anguste linearibus.
Sida dissecta, Nutt. ! in Torr. & Gray, l. c.;Hook. & Arn. ! Bot. Beech. Suppl. p. 327.
—
Plains, &c., Santa Fe, and East to Rock Creek and Poñi Creek of the Canadian ; June to September.
In flower and fine fruit.
Some varying forms as to foliage are distributed under these numbers ;
under one of them there are a few specimens of the var. dissecta,
or of forms that evidently collect the Sida dissecta of Nuttall with the S. coccinea.
I have for several years cultivated this species,
from seed brought from the Upper Missouri by Mr. Sprague,
and had ascertained that its radicle is inferior, as in Malva.
—
An account of the genus, of which this is one of the typical species,
is given in the subjoined revision of the genera allied to Malva.
Henri Baillon (1867-95, v. 4 [1873], pp.344-345) writing about the Violet family – Violacees &ndash places a group of plants with similar characteristics in Hybanthus.
Original Text
Comments
Les propriétés des plantes de cette famillle sont assez homogenes.
Leurs racines sont vomitives, à un faible degre dans les especes europeennes,
a un degre assez prononce dans les especes de l'Amerique australe,
pour qu'on les ait souvent employees comme Faux-Ipecacuanhas.
La plus célèbre, a cet égard, est la plante qui donne le Faux-Ipecacuanha
du Brésil et de la Guyane, médicament très-employé dans
som pays natal aux memes usages 6 que les vrais Ipecacuanhas,
auxquels on le substitute frequemment ;
cette espece devra sans doute prendre le num d'Hybanthus Ipecacuanha
La racine de Cuichunchilli ou Cuchunchully du Perou,
autre vomitif puissant, appartient a une seconda espece du meme genre,
l'H. microphyllus8
The properties of the plants of this family are quite homogeneous.
Their roots are emetic, to a low degree in European species,
to a fairly pronounced degree in species from southern America,
so that they were often used as Faux-Ipecacuanhas.
The most famous, in this respect, is the plant which gives the False-Ipecacuanha
from Brazil and Guyana, a drug widely used in
his native country with the same 6 uses as the real Ipecacuanhas,
to which it is frequently substituted;
this species will undoubtedly have to take the name of Hybanthus Ipecacuanha
The root of Cuichunchilli or Cuchunchully from Peru,
another powerful vomit, belongs to a second species of the same genus,
l H. microphyllus 8
[p. 344, Footnote 6]
6. Evacuant, vomitif, purgatif, antidysenterique, etc.; il renferme de l'emetine.
6. Evacuating, emetic, purgative, anti-dysentery, etc .; it contains ememetine.
Les H. scandens, … verticillatus1 …
quoique moins connus,
aont autant d'especes decrites comme appartenant au genre Ionidium,
et qui,
possedant des proprietes vomitives plus ou moins accentuees,
sont employees comme Ipecachuanhas faux ou blancs dans les regions
les plus chaudes de l'Amerique.
The H. scandens , … verticillatus 1 …
although less known,
have as many species described as belonging to the genus Ionidium ,
and that,
possessing more or less accentuated emetic properties,
are employed as false or white Ipecachuanhas in the hottest regions
of America.
[p. 345, Footnote 1]
1. Viola verticillata Orteg., Dec., IV, 50
— Solea verticillata Spreng., in Schrad. Journ., II (1800), 190, t. 6.
— Ionidium polygalaefolium Vent., Malmais., t. 27.
— DC., Prodr., a. 13.
— H. B. K., Nov. gen. et spec., V, 376, t. 496
(Mexique et Antilles).
3. V. pedati'fida : leaves pedately 3-parted, middle partition trifid, lateral ones all bifid, all lobed.
Very like V. pedata, but differs in the two lateral petals being bearded.
♄ H. Native of North America. Flowers beautiful blue.
Pedatifid-leaved Violet. Fl. May, June. Clt. 1826. Pl. ¼ ft.
Hab. On arid sandy plains of the river Columbia, under the shade of Purshia tridentata. Douglas. —
Mr. Douglas seemed to be doubtful whether this new plant should be referred to Bartonia or Mentzelia,
It partakes, indeed, in some characters of the one, and some of the other. Mr. Nuttall, who has perhaps
alone of any living Botanist had the opportunity of examining both Bartonia and Mentzelia in a recent
state, and who may be considered to have established the former genus, says that “ nothing essential
separates Bartonia from Mentzelia, except the augmentation of petals, and the structure of the capsules
and seeds.” In regard to the augmentation of petals, Mr. Nuttall himself observes that in Bartonia their
number varies from ten to fifteen. We have shown in the two preceding species, that it is reduced to five,
but with five petaloid stamens, or imperfect petals. In the present plant, the petaloid stamens are wanting ;
and the number of petals exactly accords with Mentzelia. Again, in Bartonia, the seeds ought to be,
according to Nuttall, “ numerous, arranged horizontally in a double series ;” in Mentzelia, the “ seeds are
3-6, longitudinally arranged.” In our plant, the seeds are numerous (25-40, Douglas), placed in a single
series. — For a knowledge of the structure of the flowers and seeds of this plant, I am indebted to a beautiful
drawing which accompanied the specimen lent to me by Professor Lindley, and made by that admirable
Botanist.
6. M. albicaulis (Dougl. mss.) : low, branching from the base; stem
white and polished and nearly glabrous below ; leaves lanceolate, remote,
deeply sinuate-pinnatifid, sessile, scabrous ; flowers (small) solitary or mostly
in loose clusters, not bracteolate ; petals obovate, scarcely exceeding the
short subulate-lanceolate calyx-segments ; filaments (20-30) all subulate-filiform ;
capsules cylindrical, narrow, elongated ; seeds 20-40.
—
Bartonia albicaulis, Hook. ! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 222.
Trachyphytum albicaulis & T. gracile ! Nutt. mss.
Arid sandy plains of the Oregon, under the shade of Purshia tridentata,
Douglas. Plains of the Oregon and Rocky Mountains, Nuttall ! June.
—
Stem 6-10 inches high. Petals about 2 lines in length, yellow.
—
The pubescence, although less in degree, is of two kinds, like that of M. Lindleyi, &c.
Plumier, Charles. 1703. Nova plantarum Americanarum genera. p. 41, Tab. 6.
Mentzelia
Mentzelia
Tab. 6.
Mentzelia eft plantae genus flore A rofaceo ; plurimis fcilicet
petalis B in orbem pofitis , conftante, calyci C infidentibus,
qui calyx abit deinde in fructum D tubulatum, membrabaceum ,
feminibufque foetum exigis F.
Tab. 6.
Mentzelia is a genus of plants with a rose-colored flower;
with many petals B that are arranged in a circle, forming a cup C,
which then turns into a tubular, membranous fruit D,
and produces a female fetus F.
Mentzeliae unicam vidi fpeciem.
I saw only one species of Mentzelia.
Mentzelia foliis & fructibus afperis.
Mentzelia brings forth leaves and fruits.
Clariffimus D. Chriftianus Mentzelius ,
Forftenvvald. March.
Philofoph. & Medicin. D. Sereniffimi Electoris
Brandenburgici Confiliarius & Archiater,
indicem nominum plantarum multilinguen,
Latinorum, Graecorum & Germanorum
litterus per Europam ufitatis confcripfit , & conftruxit ;
cui adjecit pugiltertextus eft indiculus plantarum
nonnullarum , Brafiliae & nondum editarum.
Proftat Opus Berolini apud Danielem Reichelium Bibliop.
Ex officina Rungiana 1682. in fol.
The most excellent D. Christianus Mentzel, Forstenwald. March.
Philosophy & Medicine D. Serene Elector
Brandenburgici Confiliarius & Archiater,
an index of names of plants in many languages,
Latinorum, Graecorum & Germanorum
letters throughout Europe, has been compiled and constructed;
to which he has added a pugiltertextus est indiculus plantarum
nonnullarum, Brasiliae & nondum editarum.
The work is published in Berlin by Daniel Reichelius Bibliop.
Ex officina Rungiana 1682. on fol.
Mentzel (1622-1701), botanist and orientalist, studied medicine and philology in Germany.
He later travelled throughout Italy and received his medical degree from Padua.
After returning to Germany, Mentzel served as physician to the Elector of Brandenburg.
When he retired in 1658, Mentzel devoted himself to the study of botany and Chinese language and culture.
Var. integrifolia. Usually branched ; leaves ovate, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, entire or sinuately toothed or pinnatifid ; flowers and fruit as in the
ordinary M. albicaulis, but the seeds rather few (6—20) and some of the 15-20
filaments occasionally petaloid. — There seems very little to separate this from
M. micrantha, H. & A., which has the same habit and foliage and is by no
means constant in having a 3-seeded capside, having sometimes half-a-dozen
or more seeds. This is 663 Geyer, 571 Hall & Harbour, and 195 Vasey.
East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and Antelope Island and the Wahsatch,
Utah; 4,500-0,000 feet altitude ; June, July. (430.)
Mentzelia dispersa. A slender annual, usually about a foot
high ; leaves narrowly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed or sometimes entire,
rarely pinnatifid, the uppermost often ovate: flowers small, mostly
approximate near the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes a line long, little
shorter than the five spatulate or obovate petals : filaments not dilated :
capsule narrowly linear-clavate, six to nine lines long : seeds very
often in a single row, angular and somewhat rhombohedral, more or less
grooved upon the angles, very nearly smooth, half a line long. — M.
albicaulis, var. integrifolia, Watson, Bot. King's Rep. 114. From
Washington Territory to Colorado and southward, frequent ;
Yosemite Valley, Bolander ; Guadalupe Island, Palmer. Much resembling
M. albicaulis, Dougl., with which it has been confounded almost from
the first, but which is distinguished by its more pinnatifid leaves and
slightly larger flowers, and especially by its rather strongly tuberculate
seeds, irregularly angled with obtuse margins. The rarer allied
species M. micrantha differs in its more leafy habit and small ovate
leaves, and in its shorter, broader and few-seeded capsules, the seeds a
line long.
Nuttall (1848, p. 180) plants collected by William Gambel.
Original Text
BARTONIA.
B. *multiflora.
Biennial ? Stem smooth, white and shining, corymbosely branched ;
leaves narrow-lanceolate, sinuate, pinnatifid, attenuated below and sessile ;
flowers subtended by one or two linear bractes;
petals 10, oblong-oval, obtuse;
capsule urceolate, with three to four valves ;
segments of the calyx long and subulate ;
seeds in a double series, winged.
Hab.
Sandy hills along the borders of the Rio del Norte.
Santa Fe, (Mexico.)
Flowering in August.
Gray (1849) placed the plant in Mentzelia in his Plantae Fendleriana.
Original Text
242. M. multiflora.
Nutt. Pl. Gamb. in Jour, Acad, Philad. n. ser. 1. p. 180? under Bartonia.
Santa Fe ; June, July.
Flower seldom open in the day-time.
Also along the Arkansas near Bent's Fort ; Sept.
(I have not seen the latter specimens.)
—
The specimens are a foot of more in height,
with most of the leaves rather deeply pinnatifid,
and flowers about one fourth larger than those of an original specimen of Nuttall's Bartonia pumila in Dr. Torrey's herbarium.
with which, except in the greater size, they accord tolerably well.
The stems become bright white with age, as in other species.
The petals apparently straw-color, perhaps white,
are one half or one third of an inch in length, obovate or spatulate and rather obtuse,
except with age, exceeding the subulate calyx-segments, and longer than the ovary.
The outer filaments are conspicuously dilated.
In have the same species, apparently, from Coulter's Californian collection,
but with rather larger flowers, and mire interruptedly pinnatifid leaves.
In Dr. Torrey's herbarium I notice specimens, for the most part imperfect,
referable either to this plant or to M. pumila itself,
gathered on the Upper Platte or Arkansas by Dr. James in Long's expedition,
and in the valley of the Rio del Norte, New Mexico, by Lieut. Emory.
I can hardly doubt that it is the Bartonia multiflora of Nuttall,
although the petals are not quite so large as he describes them.
There is a related species in Texas, which I have also flowered in cultivation.*
This last species is M. wrightii A. Gray s. nov., which Gray goes on to describe.
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. ♂.
July, Aug. v. v.
This species has smaller flowers, and the leaves are not so glaucous as the foregoing :
in every other respect the above description is applicable to the present one, with little deviation.
The number of petals is variable, from to to fifteen.
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. ♂.
July, Aug. v. v.
This species has smaller flowers, and the leaves are not so glaucous as the foregoing :
in every other respect the above description is applicable to the present one, with little deviation.
The number of petals is variable, from to to fifteen.
The “foregoing” is Bartonia ornata Pursh.
Pursh placed B. decapetala Sims in synonomy, which we now know as Mentzelia decapetala (Sims) Urb.
M. decapetala is not known from Jefferson County; collections are from Boulder to the north and east,
and Colorado Springs to the south and east.
Pursh's Index Auctorum has two entries for Sims.
Annals of bot. — Annals of Botany, by C. Konig and J. Sims. 2 vols. London, 1805, 1806. 8vo.
Bot. mag. — Curtis's Botanical Magazine, continued by J. Sims. London, 1801 et seq. 8vo.
9. M. nuda : rough with a minute barbed pubescence ; leaves somewhat
lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid, the segments obtuse ; flowers (large)
terminating the branches, not bracteolate ; petals 10; stamens very numerous;
the exterior filaments petaloid and often sterile, the others filiformn ; capsules
3-valved at the summit ; seeds numerous, winged. — Bartonia nuda, Nutt
l. c. ; Pursh, Fl. 1. p. 328, & 2. p. 749 ; DC. I. c.
Gravelly hills of the Missouri, near the Great Bend, Nuttall, Dr. .James !
July-Aug. — We have drawn up the character of this, as well as of the preceding
species, wholly from the excellent and complete description of Nuttall,
as we possess only an imperfect specimen collected by Dr. James. The
flowers are about half the size of those of M. ornata ; and the root, Mr. Nuttall
thinks, is triennial or perhaps perennial.
The preceding was M. ornata now treated as a synonym of M. decapetala.
Mentzelia nuda is a coarse, shortlived perennial of the High Plains of North America.
The flower secrete nectar which serves as an attractant for pollinating bees.
Postfloral nectar secreation attracts ants whose presence significantly enhances seed set.
This is the first demonstration of advantage to postflowering activity of a floral nectary.
Survivorship and fecundity of the polycarpic perennial Mentzelia nuda were investigated to help understand its population dynamics. Between 1978 and 1984, all 685 individuals found in a Nebraska sandhills prairie plot were marked and their fate followed. Three plants lived seven years, but the average lifespan was less than two years. Most plants spent their first year as nonflowering rosettes: only 9% flowered the first summer after germination. Overall, first-year survivorship ranged from 0.20 to 0.50 between 1978 and 1984. Fifty-two percent of rosettes survived to flower. Survivorship of flowering individuals was about the same as the survivorship of rosettes, although actual survivorships varied significantly between years. Both rainfall and age affected survivorship and fecundity.
Perennial, the stem whitish, rather stout, finely pubescent,
glandular on the pedicels and ovary ; corymbosely branched from
near the base, the leaves linear to oblong, sinuate-dentate to
sinuate-pinnatifid, the lower including the narrowly winged petiole,
10 to 15 cm. long, hispid on both sides : flowers numerous, vespertine,
the earlier ones sessile, the others on pedicels 1-2 cm. long :
petals 10, the five outer ones whitish on the outside, 2 cm. long
and 8 mm. wide at the widest portion, narrowed to a claw which is
nearly half the length of the whole petal ; the five inner ones narrow
and not more than half the size of the outer, a number of the outer
filaments also petaloid : the capsule a little more than 2 cm. long,
striate: the seeds round, winged, mature ones smooth, i. e., not
punctate.
Type specimens collected in Estes Park, Larimer county,
Colorado, July 18, 1900, no. 2203. A. showy plant, ranging from the
edge of the foothills to an altitude of 7000 feet. Before the flowers
open they appear to be white on account of the whitish outside of
the petals, but when open they are golden yellow.
Engelmann, George. 1856. Synopsis of the Cactaceae of the Territory of the
United States and Adjacent Regions. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. v. 3 (1852-1857), p. 259-314.
Subgen. 2. Coryphantha
Flores e basi tuberculorum hornotinorum
aculeiferorum sulcatorum, vel in vertice ipso oriundi :
ovarium emersum.
Flowers from the base of hornet's tubers
of the prickly furrows, or at the very top of the rising :
ovary emerged.
…
…
…
p. 264
§ 2. Flaviflorae.
p. 264
* Laxiflorae. (The originally central flowers are pushed aside by the continuous development of new tubercles.)
p. 264
15. M. Nuttallii, E.; [Latin diagnosis …]
p. 264
Var. α borealis (M. Nuttallii, E. l. c.
Cactus mamillaris, Nutt. Gen., non Linn.):
subsimplex ; aculeis setaceis 13-17 cum centrali saepe deficiente puberulis ;
stigmatibus 2-5 ;
baccis seminibusque minoribus.
Lemaire (1868) elevated Engelmann's subgenus of Coryphantha to genus.
3e Genre. — Les Coryphanthes (Coryphantha).
3rd Kind. — The Coryphanthes (Coryphantha)
ÉTYMOLOGIE.
ETYMOLOGY.
Coryphè, tête, sommet; anthè, fleur, allusion à l’insertion des fleurs.
Coryphe, head, apex; anthè, flower, allusion to the insertion of flowers.
Sous ce nom, l’excellent cactographe, M. Engelmann,
a séparé du genre Mamillaria, en en faisant un sous-genre,
les espèces pourvues sur les podaires (en dessus)
d’une fossule longitudinale plus ou moins profonde, à la
base de laquelle naissent les fleurs. Ce caractère, qui
ne se remarque plus que chez les Echinocactes, ainsi
que ceux que nous allons énumérer, nous ont engagé à
admettre le Coryphantha, comme suffisamment distinct
du Mamillaria.
Under this name, the excellent cactographer, Mr. Engelmann,
separated from the genus Mamillaria, making it a subgenus,
the species provided on the pods (above)
a more or less deep longitudinal fossula, at the
base from which the flowers are born. This character, which
is no longer noticeable except in the Echinocacti, thus
that those we are going to enumerate, have committed us to
admit the Coryphantha, as sufficiently distinct
of Mamillaria.
Engelmann(1848, p. 91) published echinocereus ....
Original Text
In the prairies about Wolf creek, in an elevation of between 6,000 and
7,000 feet, the smallest of a tribe of cactaceae was discovered, numerous
species of which were found in the course of the journey south and southeast
several others have also been discovered in Texas. I mean those
dwarfish Cerei, some of which have been described with the South American
genus Echinopsis, or have been referred alternately to Cereus or Echinocactus,
and which I propose to distinguish from all these under the name
of Echinocereus,7 indicating their intermediate position between Cereus
and Echinocactus: they approach more closely to Cereus, in which genus
they, as well as the genus Echinopsis, should perhaps be included as subgenera.
7Echinocereus, n. gen. Perigonii tubus ultra germen productus ...
[... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
Globose, or mostly ovate; simple, or mostly branching from the base or
cespitose; tubercles, forming few or mostly a great many ribs; bunches of
short or long spines, distant or approximate, often very crowded; vertex
never woolly; flowers lateral, produced from last year's growth, opening
only in sunshine, but for two or three days in succession; closed at
night, or in dark weather.
The species mentioned above is distinguished from all others known to
me by its yellowish green flowers, the others having crimson or purple
flowers. I have named it, therefore, Echinocereus viridiflorus.8
8Echinocereus viridiflorus, n. sp. ovato-globusus, humilis, …
[… Latin diagnosis omitted …]
Prairies on Wolf creek, flowers in June; Santa Fe, flowers in May,
(Fendler.) Body 1 to 1½ inch high, oval; spines 1 or 1½ to 3 lines long;
central spine when present 6 to 7 lines long; flower 1 inch long and wide,
outside green brown, inside yellowish green; petals only 2 lines wide, being
about 5 lines long.
Britton & Rose (1919-1923, v. 4, p. 53) published the genus Escobaria
to distinguish the cacti from the Coryphtanthae.
8. ESCOBARIA gen. nov.
Globose or cylindric, usually cespitose cacti, never milky;
tubercles grooved abve,
persisting as knobs at the base of old plants after the spines have fallen;
spines both central and radial, never hooked;
flowers small, regular, appearing from the top of plant at bottom of groove of young tubercles;
stamens and style included;
fruit red, naked (or with one scale), indehiscent, globular to oblong, crowned by the withering perianth;
seeds brown to black; aril basal or subventral, oval.
Type species: Mammillaria tuberculosa Engelmann.
The two species of this genus known to Schumann were placed by him in the subgenus Escobaria of Mammilaria;
they are like the Escobariae in having groved flower-bearing tubercles,
but are otherwise different, especially in the flowers, fruit, and seeds.
Eight species are known from northern Mexico and southern Texas.
The genus commerated the work of two distinguished Mexicans,
the Escobar brothers, Romulo and Numa, of Mexico City and Juarez.
However, they did not put our two local Escobaria, E. missouriensis and E. vivipara, in the new genus.
The first name that was applied to this cactus was Cactus mamillaris (Nuttall, 1818, v. 1, p. 295).
This was an existing name applied by Linnaeus to Mammillaria mammillaris (L.) H. Karst,
a native of Columbia and Venezuela (Linnaeus, 1753, v. 1, p. 466).
Note that Mammillaria was spelled with two “m”s.
Original Text
† Melocactus.roundish.
Species. 1. C. mamillaris. Tubercles ovate terete,
bearded; flowers scarcely exserted; berries scarlet about
equal with the tubercles. — On the high hills of the
Missouri probably to the mountains. A species which
was hitherto supposed solely indigenous to the tropical
parts of America. It appears to be smaller than the West
India plant.
This cactus was not listed in Fraser's catalogue. Why did Nuttall not indicate it was a new name with an asterisk?
It turns out that Cactus mamillaris is a Linnaean (1753) name, but Nuttall does not indicate so.
C. mamillaris L. is a synonym of Mammillaria mammillaris (L.) H. Karst.
So either Nuttall failed to recognize a new species or applied an illegitimate name to the new species.
Sweet (1826, p. 171) in a catalogue of plants raised in gardens of England placed our species in Mamillaria
and gave it the specific epithet of missouriensis.
“G. ♄” indicates that the plants are grown in a greenhouse
and they are shrubby.
The phrase “nec aliorum” literally translates to “no other.”
Does that mean there are no other names to be placed in synonomy?
Or does it mean that … what?
Harrington (1954 & 1964 2ed.) treated our cactus as Mamillaria missouriensis Sweet, Hort. Brit. 171. 1827. Synonyms given were M. similis Engelm., Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose, C. similis (Engelm.) Britton & Rose, Cactus similis Britton & Rose, C. missouriensis (Sweet) Kuntze, and Neobesseya missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose. “Reported as occurring throughout Colorado but our few records from the western and southern parts at 4500-7500 feet.
Hunt (1978, p. 13) placed Neobesseya missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose into Escobaria Britton & Rose, saying in part,
...
The justification for combining Escobaria and Neobesseya was
(i) that the two genera possess, in common grooved tubercles and pitted seeds; and
(ii) the existence of the intermediate species such as Escobaria duncanii, ...
Though my generic concept is broader than that of Britton & Rose
and many subsequent students of the Cactaceae,
is not as broad, in this instance, as that of Professor Lyman Benson,
who includes Escobaria and Neobesseya in oryphantha (Engelm.) Lem.
My view accords with the belief, earlier expressed by Buxbaum,
that Escobaria (with Neobesseya) represent an evolutionary lineage independent of Coryphantha,
that it to saythey are distinct phyletic groups at approximate analogous stage. ...
Weber & Wittmann (2012, p. 148) treat this cactus as Coryphantha missouriensis (Sweet) Britton & Rose, noting “… very inconspicuous and probably infrequent, plains and outwash mesas …”
The first publication of Escobaria vivipara was in Fraser's Catalogue (Nuttall, 1813).
Original Text
Comments
22 *Cactus viviparus.
This species has much the appearance of C. mamillaris,
but produces a red flower,
like C. Flagelliformis,
and a greenish edible fruit,
about the size of a grape.
Collected near the Mandan towns on the Missourie: lat. near 49°.
The Cactus mamillaris that Nuttall refers to will eventually become E. missouriensis.
Cactus viviparus. —
C. subrotundus multiplex, tuberculis cylindraceis barbatis supra sulca exaratis proliferis.
p. 327.
C. viviparus. Fraser. catal. 1813.
In Upper Louisiana.
♄
v. v. s. fl. In Hort. Lambert.
Resembles C. mammillaris ; the flowers are large and red;
the fruit the size of a grape, green and eatable.
In the same collection are also two other species
mentioned in Fraser's Catalogue ; but only seeing the
plants without flowers, I could not define their characters.
Nuttall's Genera of North American Plants (1818, v. 1, pp. 295-296) description of Cactus viviparus.
2. * viviparus.
Cespitose; glomeruli subglobose;
tubercles cylindric-ovate, bearded, marked above with a proliferous groove;
flowers central large and exserted;
exterior segments of the calix, ciliate;
fruit ficiform, greenish.
Hab.
With the above [E. missouriensis], on the summits of gravelly hills;
flowering from June to August;
flowers large and bright-red, almost similar to those of C. flagelliformis.
Obs.
Nearly allied to the preceding in habit,
but differing probably from every other species of this section by the remarkable proliferous tendency of its leaves.
Which not unfrequently multiply to the destruction of the parent plant,
it consequently never becomes so large as C. mamillaris;
inhabiting a climate which is scarcely temperate,
from the great elevation of the land above the level of the sea,
these 2 species in this country produce long and somewhat fusiform roots,
penetrating deep into the earth;
towards the approach of winter the upper part of the plant becomes dry,
excessively spiny, and almost juiceless,
in the spring numerous shoots issue from the root,
and those glomeruli which have withstood the intensity of the frost,
thus the plants becomes cespitose,
forming masses sometimes of 2 or 3 feet in breadth.
In spite of its armature the wild antelope of the plains finds means to
render it subservient to its wants by cutting it up with his hooves.
The flowers are generally central,
more than an inch in length;
segments of the calix linear,
exterior ones revolute with a fringed margin;
petals numerous, narrow, linear and acuminate;
berry about the size of grape, smooth and eatable;
seed small, cotyledones none,
(in the seeds which germinated with me,
merely a tubercle similar to those of the parent plant.)
M. (Viviparous) subrotunda multiplex tuberculis
cylindraceis barbatis supra sulco exaratis proliferis.
Cactus viviparus. Pursh. americ. 2. 785.
Habitat in Louisiana Superiore.
Introd. 1813 a D. Frazer. G. H. ♃
Flores magni rubri.
Fructus magnitudine fructus vitis viniferae, viridis edulis.
Pursh. l. c. — Nuttall's gen. n. amer. p. 295.
Obs.
Spinae plerumque niveae, at 1-3 in singulo fasciculo majores quam ceteris, atro-purpureae.
Obs. 2.
Mr. Nuttall (p. 295.) says this plant, and
another, which he (perhaps wrongly) supposes
the same as the West Indian Cactus mammillaris
of authors, inhabit the summits of gravelly
hills near the Missouri, probably to the mountains,
and that the flowers of viviparus from
June to August are large, bright red, and almost
similar to those of C. flagelliformis.
Britton & Rose (1919-1923, 4 vols.)
The Cactaceae is a monograph on plants of the cactus family written
by the American botanists Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose
and published in multiple volumes between 1919 and 1923.
It was landmark study that extensively reorganized cactus taxonomy and is still considered a cornerstone of the field.
It was illustrated with drawings and color plates principally by the British botanical artist Mary Emily Eaton as well as with black-and-white photographs.
A black-and-white reprint of the second (1937) edition of The Cactaceae was published by Dover Publications in 1963.
In 2006, Daniel Schweich undertook a project to digitize the entire book, and all four volumes can now be downloaded in full color
(WikiPedia contributors, 2020a).
Original Text
Comments
31. Escobaria vivipara (Nuttall) Britton and Rose in Britton and Brown, Illustr. Fl. Ed. 2. 2: 571. 1913.
Type locality: “Near the Mandan towns on the Missouri, lat. Near 49°.”
Distribution: Manitoba to Alberta, Kansas, south to northern Texas and Colorado.
The group to which Escobaria vivipara belongs has always been very puzzling.
Dr. Engelmann, our greatest suthority on this group,
was sometimes of one opinion and sometimes of another.
Schumann rejected the specific name vivipara of Haworth
for this plant since he thought that it was not the same as the vivipara of Engelmann,
but in this he must be wrong,
for Mammillaria vivipara Haworth was based upon Cactus viviparus Pursh,
a name previously used by Nuttall,
and both Pursh's and Nuttall's descriptions were based on the
specimens collected by Nuttall in “Upper Louisiana” in 1812.
This is undoubtedly the plant which Engelmann had in mind
and which he called the variety vera.
We have not seen the type,
but Pursh stated that he had seen flowers in Lambert's Garden.
Engelmann's remakrs regarding the variability of the species are interesting.
In the Proceedings of the American Academy (3: 269) he says:
“The extreme forms are certainly very unlike one another,
but the transitions are so gradual that I can not draw strict limits between them.”
Escobaria vivipara and the three following species are closely related.
They are C. neo-mexicana,
C. arizonica, and
C. deserti.
This plant is a day bloomer, and according to Engelmann
the flowers become fully expanded about one o'clock in the afternoon.
Hooker in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (pl. 7718) figures and describes
a plant purchased from D. M. Andrews of Boulder, Colorado,
in which all the spines are brown, the flower is rose-red,
and the stigma-lobes are linear and white.
[A list of illustrations by others is not reproduced.]
Britton & Rose (1919-1923, v. 4, p. 43-44) treat our plant as Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose, in Britton & Brown Illustr. Fl. ed. 2. 2: 571. 1913.
Buxbaum (1951) placed E. vivipara in Escobaria. While early volumes of the publication, Österreichische botanische Zeitschrift are available on Biodiversity Heritage Library, the subject volume (v. 98, 1951) is not available.
Weber & Wittmann (2012, p. 148) treated our plant as Coryphantha vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose var. vivipara, noting that it is common on the plains and in the San Luis Valley, very rarely in the outer foothills.
Shrubs, forming clumps, 7.5–16 cm, sometimes from tuberlike rootstocks
Plants 0.8-3 dm. [8-30 cm.]
Shrubs, low, to 0.4 m [40 cm.], creeping from clumps, sometimes from thickened rootstocks.
commonly forms clumps up to five or six feet [1.5 or 1.8 m.] across,
rarely to a foot [30 cm.] in height,
joints rooting where they touch the soil.
Root
Root a large and fleshy tuber, sometimes 2 or 3 inches [5 to 8 cm.] in diameter;
Stem
joints 3-4 inches long, about 2½-3½ wide, hardly attenuate at the base.
Areolae ¾ — 1 inch distant, more crowded toward the base and on the edges:
Stem segments not easily detached, dark dull green, often cross wrinkled when stressed, flattened,
obovate to circular, 5–11 × 3.5–7.5 cm, fleshy (to flabby and cross wrinkled when stressed),
tuberculate, glaucous; areoles 5–6(–8) per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval to subcircular,
2–4 mm diam.; wool tan.
segments 5-11 × 3.5-7.5 cm.,
5-7 areoles per diagonal row across the midstem segment
Joints rounded, 6-8 inches long ;
Stem segments not easily detached, pale green to deep green, graying with age,
wrinkled when stressed, flattened, broadly obovate to ovate, 6.5–15 × 4–10 cm, tuberculate, glossy, glabrous;
areoles 6–9 per diagonal row across midstem segment, oval, obovate, or subcircular,
2.5–5 × 1.5–4 mm; wool tan, aging brown.
Joints 2½-3 inches in diameter, orbicular or very slightly obovate pulvillis 6-8 lines apart;
… joints typically a deep, oftern dull green, shrivelling and turning purplish in winter dormancy,
when they lie prostrate on the ground …
rounded and about 2.5-4 inches (6-10 cm) in length
Spines
spines (often wanting) 1 inch long, the smaller 4-6 lines long.
Spines (0–)1–4 per areole, usually in distal areoles, erect to spreading, white to red-brown,
acicular, straight, terete or 1 flattened, ± stout (0.5 mm diam. At base), longest to 60 mm.
Key: few spines per areole in few areoles;
spines (0) 1-4 per areole, to 60 mm long
pulvilli 1-1½ inches apart; bristles short, except on the edges, where they are 2-3 lines long, but rather slender ;
spines more numerous than in any other of our species, with juicy fruit, often 6-8, lower smaller ones ?-l inch,
larger ones 1½-2½ inches long, entirely white or yellowish horn-colored at base and tip ;
on the upper areolae one erect spine, the others spreading in different directions, lower ones deflexed.
Spines 1–9 on most areoles to only on distal 1/2 of stem segment,
white to gray with pale brown tips and bases, sometimes brown throughout;
central spines 1–3, all deflexed or 1–2 porrect or ascending, terete or flattened,
occasionally spirally twisted, 25–70 mm;
small spines (2–)3–6(–8) strongly deflexed, usually slender, even bristlelike, 5–15 mm.
the very light yellowish-brown bristles numerous, and conspicuous only on the older joints;
only the lowest pulvilli of a joint unarmed, upper ones with 2-5 spines, 2 or 3 larger ones,
often reddish-brown at lower half, 1-2 inches long, lower, smaller, paler ones 3-9 lines long.
Key: several spines per areole in most areoles
Desc: several spines per areole,
1-4, often flattened, main spines which mostly spread downward, but one or two may project upward or outward …
1 to several smaller, thin, short downward radiating spines …
typically whitish, sometimes with yellowish or more often brownish bases …
occasionally may be mostly browh or even blackish.
Glochids
Glochids in dense tuft, pale yellow, tan to red-brown, aging brown, to 5 mm.
glochids in a dense tuft, to 5 mm;
Glochids forming a well developed adaxial tuft, yellow to brownish white, to 6 mm.
glochids are yellow to reddish-brown
Leaves
Leaves subulate, about 5 lines long.
usually green,
mostly under 1/4 inch (7 mm) long
Flowers
Flower 3 inches in diameter: ovary 1¼ inch long: petals 1 inch wide, 1½ inch long, pale yellow, red at the base.
Flowers: inner tepals yellow with red basal portions, 25–40 mm; filaments pale yellow; anthers yellow;
style white; stigma lobes cream to yellowish.
Key: flowers yellow, but often red centers, stigma lobes pale whitish or yellowish
flowers yellow, 25-45 mm long; filaments yellow;
Flowers: inner tepals yellow to gold, commonly darker to red near base,
broadly spatulate, 30–40 mm, apiculate;
filaments usually pale yellow; anthers yellow; style whitish to pale green; stigma lobes greenish.
Key: flowers yellow, rarely with red centers, with stigma lobes usually rich green.
Desc: 2.5 to 3 inches (6.5-8 cm) across, with many ruffled yellow petals …
toward base orangey or rarely bright orange or red
3
stigma lobes typically rich dark green, but may vary to pale
Fruit
Fruit 1½ inches long;
Fruits green to yellowish to dull red, stipitate, elongate-obovoid, 25–40 × 15–28 mm, fleshy, glabrous;
areoles 16–28.
fruit fleshy, green to yellow or reddish, 25-40 mm long.
Fruit similar to that of last species, large, oval, not contracted at base,
perhaps less juicy and with a somewhat smaller and deeper umbilicus, 1¾- 2 inches long, 1-1¼ in diameter.
Fruits purple-red, oval to broadly ovate, subspheric or short ovoid, bases not narrowed, 30 × 20–25 mm, fleshy, base not narrowed, glabrous, spineless or nearly so; umbilicus deep; areoles 18–30.
Fruit oval, 1-1¼ inches long, about 10 lines in diameter, purplish, pulpy, sweet, and edible,
less contracted at base than O. Rafinesquii; [=O. compressa]
mostly ovoid and narrowed below the apex …
areoles usually prominent with obvious glochids and often a few short spines
dull purplish red (almost brown) …
pulp juicy and purple
(among the sweetest and tastiest prickly pear fruits,
but are rather small and most of the volume is taken up by the seeds)
Seeds
the strongly margined seeds comparatively few, 2½ lines in diameter.
Seeds tan, subcircular, 4–5 mm, thickish, warped; girdle broad, protruding to 0.5 mm.
Seeds 2-3 lines across, thick and quite regular, with a very slight indentation at the hilum.
Seeds whitish to tan, irregularly shaped, flattened, 4–6 × 3–4 mm; girdle protruding 1–2 mm.
seed remarkably irregular and twisted, 2½ lines in diameter, with a wavy or twisted very sharp rim,
whence the name which indicates the undulated border.
mostly about 3/8 inch (5-6 mm) in diameter,
regularly discoid, pale tan in color, with a broud prominent rim
Chromosomes
2n = 44.
2n = 44, 66.
Habitat
Dry, open places, 3600-7000 ft. May-Aug. (plate 39)
dry grasslands,
in stable, fairly heavy soils,
but westward, where it is drier, they often favor sandy soil.
Distribution
Key: Mostly in tall-grass prairie (esp. sandy areas) from Texas and the Midwest to the Rocky Mountains,
and west across N. New Mexico and into SW. Colorado.
Key: Mostly in short grassland on the Great Plains and west across New Mexico.
Desc: Widespread from the Front Range in northern Colorado eastward into western and southern Nebraska4
Character
Footnotes:
1Opuntia tortispina is a highly variable taxon that has risen from hybridization
of O. macrorhiza with O. polyacantha.
Opuntia tortispina has greenish to yellow-green stigma lobes and white to pale green styles,
while O. macrorhiza has yellowish stigma lobes and white styles and fruit that are narrowed at the base.
It is not recognized as distinct here, but is in the Flora of North America treatment.
Ackerfield, 2022, p. 277.
2
Treated as a form of O. rafinesqueii by Engelmann & Bigelow, 1856
3
One plant with deep pink flowers was found in ne. Colorado;
probably resulting from hybridization with O. polyacantha.
4
… [thence] southward from there into central Texas and southern New Mexico.
It ranges westward through much of New Mexico to near the Arizona border.
I have also seen specimens from Santee, northeastern Nebraska,
and the species might be expected in short grass areas across Nebraska,
perhaps into southern South Dakota.
Plants from the Rio Grande drainage are somewhat distinctive and may deserve varietal status.
Engelmann, George, M. D. and John M. Bigelow, M. D. (1856, pp. 42-43) described O. cymochila as a form of O. rafinesquei that was subsequently determined to a a superfluous name and a synonym of O. cespitosa.
a.
O. cymochila :
diffusa articulis orbiculatis pulvillis subremotis griseo-tomentosis stramineo
s. fulvo-setosis, plerisque armatis ; aculeis 1-3 robustioribus elongatis teretibus s. subcompressis
tortisque albidis basi saepe rufescentibus, patulis deflexisve, additis saepe 2-3 gracilioribus
radiatim deflexis ; flore? Stigmatibus 8; bacca obovata umbilico plano s. parum depresso
pulvillis 20-24 griseo-tomentosis parce setulosis, demum nudatis; seminibus irregularibns angulosis
margine undulato acuto. (Plate XII, fig. 1-3.)
On the Camanche plains east of the Llaño Estacado, near the 100th degree of longitude, and
from there to Tucumcari hill, 80 miles east of the Pecos. Joints 2½4-3 inches in diameter,
orbicular or very slightly obovate pulvillis 6-8 lines apart; the very light yellowish-brown
bristles numerous, and conspicuous only on the older joints; only the lowest pulvilli of a joint
unarmed, upper ones with 2-5 spines, 2 or 3 larger ones, often reddish-brown at lower half, 1-2
inches long, lower, smaller, paler ones 3-9 lines long. Fruit oval, 1-1¼ inches long, about
10 lines in diameter, purplish, pulpy, sweet, and edible, less contracted at base than O. Rafinesquii;
seed remarkably irregular and twisted, 2½ lines in diameter, with a wavy or twisted
very sharp rim, whence the name which indicates the undulated border.
The orbicular joints, the numerous spines, the oval not clavate fruit, and curiously twisted
seed, seem to distinguish this form sufficiently from O. Rafinesquii, but these characters may
not be sufficiently constant or important to constitute specific difference. The characters of
Opuntiae are not yet sufficently studied to permit us to form satisfactory conclusions about their
diagnostic importance ; so we find a form collected on the Sandia mountains, near Albuquerque,
which, in habit and appearance, does not differ from the common form of O. Rafinesquii, but
which has the seeds of O. cymochila.
O. cymochila, β. Montana : articulis orbiculatis majoribus inermibus s. margine superiore
solum aculeatis; pulvillis remotis stramineo-setosis ; aculeis singulis binisve validis albidis
infra fuscis ; bacca obovata subclavata seminibus irregularibus acute undulateque marginatis.
Joints 3-4½ inches in diameter, pulvilli 9-12 lines apart, spines 12-18, smaller ones 4-6 lines
long, on some plants entirely wanting. Fruit 1½ inches long, much contracted at base, with a
much depressed, almost funnel-shaped, umbilicus. Seeds cannot be distinguished from those of
the plant of the plains.
O. macrorhiza (n. sp.) :
prostrata ; articulis obovato-orbiculatis planiusculis ;
pulvillis setis fuscis et saepe aculeis
singulis binisve instructis ; aculeis teretibus validis porrectis s.
paulo deflexis basi apiceque fuscis ceterum albidis cum
adventitio inferiore graciliore reflexo saepe deficiente ;
floribus sulphureis basi intus rubellis ; ovario sepalis subulatis
deciduis 13 in axillis setulas fuscas brevissimas gerentibus
stipato; sepalis interioribus 15-18 subulatis et (internis)
ovatis acuminato-cuspidatis ; petalis 8 sepala superantibus
late obovato-spathu.latis obtusis cuspidatis eroso-denticulatis ;
stigmatibus 5 obtusis, adpressis, stamina numerosa
aequantibus ; bacca subpulposa clavata glabrata ; seminibus
marginatis.
—
Naked, sterile, rocky places on the Upper
Guadaloupe. Flowers (in St. Louis) in June. Root a large
and fleshy tuber, sometimes 2 or 3 inches in diameter; joints
3-4 inches long, about 2½-3½ wide, hardly attenuate at the
base. Leaves subulate, about 5 lines long. Areolae ¾ — 1
inch distant, more crowded toward the base and on the
edges: spines (often wanting) 1 inch long, the smaller 4-6
lines long. Flower 3 inches in diameter: ovary 1¼ inch long:
petals 1 inch wide, 1½ inch long, pale yellow, red at the base.
Fruit 1½ inches long; the strongly margined seeds comparatively
few, 2½ lines in diameter.
—
I have found the same plant
in similar situations in Western Arkansas ; and it is possible
that it may be one of Nuttall's new species (O. mesacantha,
O. caespitosa, or O. humifusa) of which I cannot find a
description. — Nearly related to O. vulgaris.
Placed in Section Humifusa by Majure et al. (2012) along with O. tortispina and O. cymochila.
O. tortispina is not usually accepted by Colorado authors,
as it is thought to be a hybrid of O. macrorhiza and O. polyacantha.
Most sources treat O. cymochila as a synonym of O. tortispina.
Observations of cacti identified as Opuntia compressa (Zeise, 1976 and Kilburn and White, 1992) have been assumed to be O. macrorhiza per Weber & Wittman (2012).
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 296) published Cactus ferox,
which he placed in the group Opuntiæ of Cactus L.,
apparently unaware that Willdenow (1814) published the same name for
a cactus occurring in Cuba.
Original Text
Interpretation and Comments
4. * ferox.
Articulately proliferous; articulations larger,
nearly circular and very spiny; spines double, larger
spines radiate persistent; flowers numerous; fruit dry and
spiny. Hab. In arid situations on the plains of the Missouri,
common. Obs. A much larger plant than C. opuntia
to which it is nearly allied; exterior spines radiate,
with one of them central, solitary and erect; flowers aggregated,
marginal, dilute sulphur yellow, rosaceous towards the base;
petals subemarginate. Style thick, stigmas 8 to 10 greenish.
Colytedones 2, distinct. Flowering in July.
Upon this species I found the Coccus coccinelliferus.
“ferox” means fierce,
a reference to the spiny plants.
Coccus coccinelliferus is a synonym for
Dactylopius coccus, a scale insect from which cochineal dye is derived.
This insect, a primarily sessile parasite, lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia,
feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cactus sap.
The insect produces carminic acid, which deters predation by other insects.
The carminic acid can be extracted from the insect's body and eggs to make the red dye.
Cactus ferox, Nuttall gen. n. americ. 296, nec Willd.
Habitat prope flumen Missouri, in America Boreali,
in aridis locis.
Cult. in hort. Chels. A.D. 1814. H. ♄
Affinis O. spinosissimae, at longe distincta,
et aere aperto viget.
“… to Mr Anderson the excellent Curator of the Physic Garden at Chelsea, which have not heretofore been cultivated in England;
and which Mr. Anderson, with his usual zeal in favour of science,
has afforded me every opporunity of examining and describing.”
Placed in Section Xerocarpa by Majure et al. (2012) along with O. basilaris, O. erinacea, and O. fragilis.
Our other Opuntia, O. macrorhiza, was placed in Section Humifusa along with O. tortispina
and O. cymochila.
On the Camanche plains, near the Canadian river, east of the plateau of the Llaño Estacado.
Similar in growth to the more western O. Camanchica. Joints rounded, 6-8 inches long ;
pulvilli 1-1½ inches apart; bristles short, except on the edges, where they are 2-3 lines long,
but rather slender ; spines more numerous than in any other of our species, with juicy fruit,
often 6-8, lower smaller ones ⅓-l inch, larger ones 1½-2½ inches long, entirely white or yellowish
horn-colored at base and tip ; on the upper areolae one erect spine, the others spreading
in different directions, lower ones deflexed. Fruit similar to that of last species, large, oval,
not contracted at base, perhaps less juicy and with a somewhat smaller and deeper umbilicus,
1¾- 2 inches long, 1-1¼ in diameter. Seeds 2-3 lines across, thick and quite regular, with a
very slight indentation at the hilum.
I had observed that sometimes 2 plants are produced from the same seed ; this I found to be
the case occasionally with Opuntia occidentalis, Engelmanni and dulcis, one of the young
plants always much larger and more vigorous than the other. In examining different seeds of
this speceis (sic), I succeeded in finding one with two embryos (see figure), one spirally coiled
around the other, both together appearing like one large one.
Stems globose, leafless, tubercled, the tubercles arranged in spiral rows bearing clusters
of spines arising from areolae. Flowers borne on the tubercles, at or near areolae from which
spines are developed. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, its tube funnelform, bearing a
few scales. Petals numerous, similar to the inner sepals, but larger, pinkish. Stamens numer-
ous, borne on the tube of the calyx. Ovary green, globose; style columnar. Berry irregularly
bursting, with a terminal scar, nearly or quite scaleless. Seeds tubercled, with a large sub-
basal hilum. [Greek, Plains-cactus.]
Three species, natives of central and western North America, the following typical.
Engelmann (1863, p. 197) published an account of a new cactus in “Additions to the Cactus-Flora of the Territory of the United States” in
Transactions of the Academy of St. Louis.
Original Text
2. Echinocactus Simpsoni, spec, nov. : e basi turbinata …
[… Latin diagnosis omitted …]
Butte Valley, in the Utah Desert, and Kobe Valley, farther
west; var. β in Colorado Territory, e. g. in coarse gravel or
in crevices of rocks, abundant near Mount Vernon, at the base
of the mountains, Parry, Hall & Harbour ; fl. in May, fr. in
July and August. With the New Mexican E. papyracanthus,*
the Mexican E. horripilus, Lem., and perhaps the South
American E. Odierii, Lem., and E. Cummingii, Salm, this
species forms a small section of Echinocacti with the appearance
of Mamillariae, named by Prince Salm, (Hort. Dyck.,
1849, p. 31,) Theloidei. Through the Escobariae they are
nearly allied to Mamillaria, while our species at least, (the
fructification of the others not being known,) by its dry fruit,
its black tuberculated seeds, and especially the large and
curved embryo and the presence of an albumen, proves itself
a true Echinocactus, very closely connected with the regularly
ribbed E. intertextus, Eng. Cact., Mex. Bound, t. 34.
The similarity in all essential organs of these two species is
such that no system ought to separate them, proving again of
how little essential importance among Cactacese the external
form must be regarded; another striking example, among
many, is the rat-tail Cereus tuberosus, and its globular or oval
allies, C. caespitosus, etc.
The cactus George Engelmann (1863) described was collected
by his brother Henry Engelmann on an 1859 expedition across the Great Basin
led by Captain Simpson.
However, the expedition report was not published until 1876 (Simpson, 1876).
At the time, “Territory of Utah” included all of the present-day State of Utah,
most of the present-day state of Nevada, much of present-day western Colorado,
and the extreme southwest corner of present-day Wyoming.
The Butte Valley of Simpson's report is the present-day Butte Valley of White Pine and Elko Counties, Nevada.
The Ko-Bah Valley is present-day Kobeh Valley, Eureka County, Nevada, along US Highway 50 northwest of Eureka.
The Var. β. minor, was collected near Mount Vernon, by Parry, Hall & Harbour (1862)
making it a Jefferson County plant.
I. Pediocactus Simpsoni (Engelm.) Britton & Rose. Simpson's Cactus. Hedge-hog-thistle.
Echinocactus Simpsoni Engelm. Trans. St. Louis Acad. 2 : 197. 1863.
Stems single, globose or with a narrowed base,
3'-6' high, 3'-4' in diameter. Tubercles ovoid,
somewhat 4-sided at base, 6"-8" long, arranged
in spirals; central spines yellowish below, nearly
black above, 5"-7" long, the exterior ones slightly
shorter, whitish; flowers greenish pink, 8"-10"
long and about as broad, borne to one side at the
ends of the tubercles; petals oblong, crenulate
and cuspidate at the apex ; berry dry, 3"-3½" in
diameter, bearing near its summit 2-3 scales
which sometimes have short spines in their axils.
Kansas (according to B. B. Smyth) ; Colorado to
Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico and Nevada.
April-May.
Planta vix digiti longitudine, magis procumbens, calyce colorado, uti corolla;
differt quidem a priori , attamen nimim affinis.
“The plant is scarcely an inch in length, rather stooping down, the calyx colored as the corolla;
it differs indeed from the former, but is very closely related.” The former was
C. lutetiana canadensis.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Epilobium;
Epilobium L.
Epilobium (from the Greek) Willow-Herb It is the largest in the family and contains the great majority of species of Onagraceae found in the Old World. Most of the species are somewhat mesophytic in habitat preference. In this genus, the mode of vegetative propagation is variable, some species having above-ground stolons. Those of Iraq have below ground level, either turions (fleshy overwintering buds), soboles (pale elongate shoots) or leafy rosettes which are ± erect.
The genus name derives from the Greek words "epi" meaning "upon" and "lobos" meaning "lobe", with reference to position of the petals above the ovary.
Perennial herbs, rarely annuals or woody at base.
Leaves usually opposite, at least below, and alternate above or in the inflorescence, rarely in whorls of 3.
Flowers epigynous or calyx tube absent.
Sepals 4, deciduous in fruit.
Petals 4, purplish or white, usually deeply notched at the apex.
Stamens 8, the epipetalous shorter.
Stigma 4-lobed or entire.
Ovary 4-locular, with numerous ovules.
Capsule slender, elongate, dehiscing loculicidally into 4 valves; seeds with a chalazal tuft of long hairs, wind-borne.
Oenothera sect. Megapterium (Spach) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb. nov.
Megapterium Spach, Hist. nat. veg. 4: 363. 1835.
Oenothera [unranked] Megapterium (Spach0 Endlicher. Gen. pl. 1190. 1840.
Oenothera subg. Megapterium (Spach) Reichenbach, Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch. 170. 1841.
— Lectotype, designated by Britton & Broan, Ill. fl. n. U.s., ed. 2, 2: 605. 1913:
Megapterium nuttallianum Spach [=Oenothera macrocarpa Nuttall].
O. brachycarpa A. Gray. Short-Fruit Evening Primrose.
O. howardii (A. Nels.) W. L. Wagner “Howard's Evening Primrose”
Oenothera sect. Gaura (L.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb nov. Gaura L., Sp. pl. 347. 1753
— Type: Gaura biennis L. [=Oenothera gaura W. L. Wagner & Hoch].
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Schizocarya (Spach) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb. et stat. nov.
Schizocarya Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot., ser. 2, 4: 170. 1835.
Gaura [unranked] Schizocarya (Spach) Endlicher, Gen. pl. 1195. 1840.
Gaura sect. Schizocarya (Spach) P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 23. 1973 ["1972"].
— Lectotype, designated by Raven and Gregory, Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 23: 23. 1973. ["1972"]:
Schizocarya micrantha Spach [=Oenothera curtiflora W. L. Wagner & Hoch].
O. curtiflora W.L. Wagner & Hoch.
(Syn: Gaura mollis James, nom. rej., Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm. ) Velvet Butterfly-Weed.
Oenothera sect. Gaura subsect. Campogaura (P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb nov.
Gaura sect. Campogaura P. H. Raven & D. P. Gregory, Mem.Torrey Bot. Club 23: 27. 1973 ["1972"]
— Type: Gaura coccinea Pursh [=Oenothera suffrutescens (Seringe) W. L. Wagner & Hoch].
O. suffrutescens (Ser.) W. L. Wagner & Hoch. (Syn: Gaura coccinea Pursh, Gaura glabra Lehm.) Linda Tarde.
In Upper Louisiana. Bradbury. ♂.
v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
Not above four inches high ; flowers large, white.
This species is intermediate between O. tetraptera and O. sinuata.
Generally, the symbol of Mars “♂” denotes a biennial.
Pursh's listing of “O. albicaulis Fraser catal. 1813” was an error on Pursh's part since he and Nuttall were looking at different plants.
Pursh's O. albicaulis is an accepted name for a caespitose plant,
whereas Nuttall's name would be replaced by O. nuttallii Sweet for a caulescent plant.
7. * albicaulis. Perennial; stem simple, erect, white and
polished, upper part branching; leaves linear-sublanceolate,
rarely subserrulate, under side a little villous; flowers
axillary, middle-sized, white; capsule prismatic; petals
entire. — Oe. albicaulis. Fras. Catal. 1813. Pursh's
synonym wrong, 2. p. 734. See the Herbarium of A. B.
Lambert, esq. Hab. From the river Platte to the Northern Andes.
Flowering in July and August. Stem about
3 feet high, calix somewhat villous; capsule about an inch long.
This is considered nom. illeg. because it was previously validly
published by Pursh (1814).
Note also that the plant being described by Nuttall has a stem to 3 feet tall.
Sweet (1830) would apply O. nuttallii to Nuttall's O. albicaulis separating it from Pursh's O. albicaulis.
See the paragraph for O. nuttallii, below.
Oenothera brachycarpa A. Gray “Short-Fruit Evening Primrose”
Gray (1852, pt. 1, p. 70) ...
Original Text
† Œ. (Lavauxia) brachycarpa (sp. nov.): acaulescens, pube brevi cinerea ;
caudice incrassato ; foliis primariis ovatis oblongisve subintegerrimis, sequentibus
lyrato-pinnatifidis lobo terminali oblongo-lanceolato vel lineari-lanceolato ; tubo
calycis prselongo ; capsulis sessilibus ovatis tetragono-alatis lignescentibus laevibus ;
seminibus angulatis testa suberosa incrassata. — Between Western Texas and El Paso ;
in fruit. Also in the collection of 1851, in flower, and with a few capsules of the
preceding year. — The branching, creeping caudex is from one third to half an
inch in diameter. Leaves crowded, cinereous or canescent with a fine and close
pubescence, glabrate above with age, petioled ; the earlier ones (as seen in the coll.
of 1851) mostly entire or repand, with the lamina two inches or less in length and
sometimes an inch wide ; the succeeding ones narrower and mostly pinnatifid ; the
entire or toothed terminal lobe prolonged, 2-4 inches in length. Tube of the
calyx 5 or 6 inches long, rather stout, much as in the section Pachylophis, as
likewise, apparently, is the flower; except that the petals (18 lines long) seem to have
been pale yellow, changing to rose-color in fading. Capsules closely sessile on the
caudex, from half to three quarters of an inch in length, and nearly half an inch in
diameter, of a thick, crustaceous texture, acute, but blunt at the apex, scarcely if
at all reticulated, the sides broad and not at all ridged, the narrow wings or
wing-like angles perfectly smooth and even, thickish, loculicidally 4-valved at the
apex, the valves not pointed. Seeds numerous, large, closely packed in two rows in
each cell, which they entirely fill, strongly angled by mutual pressure ; the testa
very thick and corky, especially toward the chalaza ; Avhere in the young seeds is
seen a sort of thick double crest with a denticulate edge, which is nearly
obliterated when mature.
First collected July 17, 1806, by Lewis & Clark near the Great Falls of the Missouri, Cascade County, Montana (Moulton, 1999).
However, the delay in publishing the results of this expedition until 1814 will leave an opening for other explorers.
Thomas Nuttall ascended the Missouri River from Saint Louis in 1811, traveling at least as far as Fort Mandan,
and possibly as far as the junction of the Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers.
He collected Oenothera cespitosa, which he took back to England with him, leaving from New Orleans in December, 1811.
It would seem that the primary material Nuttall took with him to England in 1811
were seeds that were grown in Fraser's garden.
Those seeds became the source of the plants for sale in Fraser's Catalogue (Nuttall, 1813).
Nuttall (1813) first published Oenothera cespitosa in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue.
Presumably, these were the only plants grown from seeds collected in 1811 along the Missouri River between the White River and Fort Mandan.
Original Text
53 *Oenothera cespitosa.
‡
This species is more perfectly stemless than OE. acaulis
of Cavanilles, from which it is distinct.
Flowers very large and white, with dilated obcordate petals.
Note that Nuttall, as the author of Fraser's (1813) Catalogue
spelled the specific epithet “cespitosa” and not “caespitosa.”
Indeed some authors use caespitosa, such as Weber & Wittmann (2012), whereas others, such as Ackerfield (2015) use cespitosa.
It is probably better Latin to use caespitosa.
On the other hand, we could just treat the author's epithet cespitosa as valid, and caespitosa as an orthographic variant.
Sims (1814, no. 1593) published an image and description of Oenothera cespitosa,
noting that it was illustrated from a plant from Fraser's nursery,
and probably originating from Thomas Nuttall.
At firft fight, this fpecies appears to have a near affinity with
Œnothera tetraptera (No. 468).
The flowers, as in that, are
perfectly white on their firft expanfion, and change in fading to a
purplifh red. But the germens in this are feffile, not obovate, and
nearly cylindrical, with fmall undulated wings at the four angles ;
the tube of the calyx is three times longer than the petals,
refembling in this refpect longiflora, No. 365. Root perennial
In the evening Œnothera cæfpitofa is a beautiful flower,
and agreeably fcented. Native of Upper Louifiana in North-America :
difcovered we believe by Mr. Nuttall. Our
drawing was taken from a plant communicated by Meffrs. Fraser,
of the Sloane-Square Nurfery. Flowers in June.
Has not, we believe, been defcribed before.
On the banks of the Missouri.
Lewis.
♃.
June. July.
v. v. in Hort. Fraser ; v. s. specimen imperfectum in Herb. Lewis.
This singular species resembles O. acaule of Cavanilles.
The flowers open in the evening, are white, changing to red, and of an agreeable scent.
The erroneous description given in the place above quoted was owing to a very imperfect
specimen in the Lewisian collection.
Nuttall (1818) included his OE. cespitosa in his Gen. Am.
noting the locations of the banks of the Missouri River from the White River north to Fort Mandan.
Nuttall does not acknowledge Pursh's (1814) OE. scapigera.
9. * cæspitosa
Cespitose and stemless; leaves lanceolate,
sinuately or repandly toothed, smooth, petals very large,
dilatedly subbilobed; tube of the calix very long; capsule
subconic-oblong, sessile, margin of the valves cristately
muricate.
Hab.
On denudated and arid argillaceous hills
on the banks of the Missouri, from White river to the
Mandans, and in all probability to the commencement of
the mountains.
Obs.
Segments of the calix carinate, appearing prismatic before flowering;
seeds cylindric-ovate;
plant 3 or 4 inches high, tube of the calix two and a half
inches, flower often 3 inches in diameter. This species
is considerably allied to Πacaulis,
which produces pinnatifid leaves and alated capsules,
in this the leaves are entire,
and the capsules considerable like those of
Œ. biennis, cylindric-conic, and tuberculately crested
along the margins of the valves; the flowers are white, of
uncommon magnitude, and become tinged with red in
withering: where its duration is long continued it
produces numerous cespitose tufts, but from appearances of
this kind its existence is seldom continued through more
than 5 or 7 years.
There is a Nuttall voucher in the British Museum (BM001024304) that is determined O. caespitosa Gill ex Hook & Arn.
The voucher is annotated as a lectotype of Oenothera caespitosa Nutt. subsp. caespitosa
with a synonym of Oenothera montana Nutt. in Torr. & A. Gray Fl. N. Amer. 1:500. 1840.
This strongly implies to me that the collection was made on Nuttall's 1834 trip across the continent,
rather than his 1811 trip up the Missouri River.
23. Œ. cæspitosa (Nutt.) : almost stemless, caespitose; leaves lanceolate,
acute, repandiy toothed or nearly entire, attenuate into a long margined
petiole, nearly glabrous; tube of fhe calyx 4 times the length of the carinate
acuminate segments ; petals (very large) deeply obcordate, longer than the
declined stamens and style; anthers as long as the filaments; capsules,
nearly sessile, oblong-conical, somewhat 4-angled ; the margin of the valves
tuberculate-cristate.
—
Nutt. ! in Fraser, cat. ; Bot. mag. t. 1593 ; Pursh, fl.
2. p. 735 ; Nutt. ! gen. 1. p. 246. Œ. scapigera, Pursh, fl. 1. p. 263.
Pachylophis Nuttallii, Spach, Onagr. p. 36, t. 30, f. 1.
Dry and denuded argillaceous hills, on the banks of the Missouri and
Platte, Lewis, Nuttall ! June-July. — Root very large- and succulent.
Corolla often 3 inches in diameter : the petals very broad, white,
with yellowish veins, reddish in withering. Seeds cylindric-ovate. (Nutt.)
24. Œ. montana (Nutt. ! mss.) : “ stemless, somewhat cæspitose ; leaves
broadly lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, pubescent on the margins, tapering into
a short petiole ; tube of the calyx about twice the length of the linear-lanceolate
acute (scarcely carinate) segments ; petals (large) broadly obcordate ;
capsules sessile, cylindrical, conic, striated, even.
“Plains of the Platte in the Rocky Mountains. — Nearly allied to Œ cæspitosa ;
but the petioles and margin of tlie leaves pubescent, the capsules
not muricate, &c. Tube of the calyxabout the length of the leaves.”
Nuttall.
10. Œ. coronopifolia : perennial? minutely pubescent and strigose; stem
ascending or erect ; leaves pectinate-pinnatifid, with linear acute segments ;
the lowermost somewhat entire ; flowers (small) axillary; tube of the calyx
filiform, abruptly dilated at the summit, villous in the throat ; the segments
linear-lanceolate, shorter than the tube, longer than the entire roundish petals ;
stamens shorter than the petals ; style exserted ; stigmas rather short
and thick ; ovaries hirsute. — Œ. pinnatifida, Torr. ! in ann. lyc. New York,
2. p. 201, not of Nutt.
Forks of the Platte, Dr. James! — Leaves crowded. Corolla about an inch
broad when expanded. Fruit unknown.
* A large undescribed species of Gaura is common about the banks of
all the creeks we had seen since leaving the Arkansa. It attains,
ordinarily, the size of G. biennis, but is clearly distinct both from that and all
other North American species. It has a broader leaf than any other species
of the genus met with in this country. The flowers are small, of a
purple colour, and incline to form a terminal spike. The whole plant is
covered with a dense silky pubescence, and is remarkably soft to the touch.
We propose to call it Gaura mollis.
Gaura parviflora Douglas ex Lehm., Nov. Stirp. Pug. [Lehmann] 2: 15 (1830).
Œnothera Johnsoni Parry Am. Nat. 9, p. 270. This very
poorly described plant is said to have elongated stigmas, petals an
inch long, calyx tube not shorter than the leaves, capsules 9 to 12
lines long, somewhat 4-angled, strongly nerved, not crested, and
to resemble Œ. primiveris, and to be very common at St. George,
Southern Utah. The species which I have collected abundantly in
Western Utah and Eastern Nevada is perennial, caespitose from a
many-branched root, which is covered at the summit with the dead
petioles of former leaves, acaulescent or stems an inch or two long;
leaves lanceolate, gradually decurrent into the petiole, which is i
to 3 inches long, and never more than ½ the length of the blade;
blade entire or undulate, or irregularly and sparsely dentate with
sharp teeth; whole plant hoary with a dense, soft, and very short
pubescence; calyx tips free in the bud; calyx splitting on one side
and reflexed in flower, lobes 1 to 1½ inches long, tube 3 to 5 inches
long and erect, with 8 striae; petals rhomboidal, entire or slightly
lacerate on the edge; 2 to 3 inches wide, and 2 to 2½ long, golden
yellow, palmately veined with 3 very prominent and several intermediate
veins, each feather veined in addition; the petals, in drying
and fading, turn red, and resemble the meshes in the web of a frog's
foot; stamens ½ line wide and 6 lines long, versatile, yellow; stigma
lobes 4 to 6 lines long, ¼ line wide; capsule ovate, broadly winged,
not nerved or veined, less than an inch long, not crested, hoary
white; calyx also with scattered, fine, long, white hairs.
This grows on sunny southern slopes In very dry places, blossoms
in June, and is by far the handsomest species of the genus. It is
vespertine. Rather common in Western Utah and Eastern Nevada
at 6,000 feet altitude. Should it prove to be new, I name it Œnothera
Howardi, after Mr. A. M. Howard, the gentleman in my party
who saw it first.
Lavauxia howardii A.Nelson, Bot. Gaz. 34(5): 368 (-369) (1902).
Nelson (1902, v. 34, p. 368) …
Original Text
Lavauxia Howardi (Jones), n. comb. — Oenothera Howardi
Jones, Zoe 3: 301. — For some reason this species has been completely
ignored by recent writers on the allies of Oenothera, as
has also Oenothera Johnsoni Parry, Am. Naturalist 9: 270. Jones
suggests the possibility that the species he describes is O. Johnsoni,
but at the same time points out characters that unmistakably
distinguish the two. While the description of O. Johnsoni is
very meager, yet in so essential a matter as the character of the
capsule it is very explicit. Certainly no observer, least of all
Parry, would have compared a large perennial such as Lavauxia
Howardi with the small annual Lavauxia priminervis (Gray)
Small, which has a capsule similar to that attributed to O. Johnsoni.
The species to which Lavauxia Howardi is closely allied is L.
brachycarpa (Gray) Britton Mem. Torr. Club 5: 235; Oenothera
brachycarpa Gray, Pl. Wright 1 : 70, and Coulter, Contrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb. 2: 116; but here again the character of the capsule
serves to distinguish these two. In the latter it is smooth and
acute, with narrow wings ; while in the former it is larger, oblong-obtuse,
broadly winged, and cinereous pubescent. The leaves
also are all oblanceolate, tapering into the petiole, from entire to
coarsely and irregularly toothed, therefore the lamina continuous
and not distinguished into lateral and terminal lobes.
The species occurs on arid denudated hills from northern
Colorado through Utah to Nevada.
Wagner, Warren L.
1983
New Species and Combinations in the Genus Oenothera (Onagraceae)
Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden
v. 70,
p. 194-196.
Original Text
Oenothera howardii (A. Nels.) W. L. Wagner, comb. nov.
Lavauxia howardii A. Nels., Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 34:368. 1902, non M. E. Jones, Zoe 3:301. 1893.
Type: “In clay, Vermillion,” Sevier Co., Utah, 1,600 m., 16 July 1894,
M. E. Jones 5631c (RM-13996, lectotype here designated; BM, G,
MO 2 sheets, MSC, NY, POM, UC, US, isolectotypes).
Jones' publication of the name Oenothera howardii is invalid since he peoposed the name
in anticipation of its future acceptance (Art. 34.1b International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 1978).
He placed his discussion of “Oenothera howardii” under the name
Oenothera johnsonii Parry (=O. primiveris A. Gray) and stated tha should the
entoty prove distince he named it O. howardii.
Thus the first valid publication of the epithet was by Aven Nelson as Lavauxia howardii.
I am grateful to Dan Nicolson for his helpful comments on this situation.
Oenothera brachycarpa sensu Munz, Amer. J. Bot. 17: 367. 1930, proparte.
Plants from Hamilton Co., Kansas, eastern Colorado, Utah, and Nevada formerly included in
Oenothera brachycarpa are segregated here as O. howardii.
This species if quite distinct from O. brachycarpa in its brilliant yellow petals that dry reddish brown,
floral tubes 4.3-11 (12.5) cm long and in that in consists of entirely tetraploid,
hexaploid, and octoploid plants whereas O. brachycarpa from west Texas
to southeastern Arizona and northern Mexico has pale yellow petals that dry lavender,
floral tubes (10.5-)12-22 cm long and is entirely diploid, n =7.
7. * albicaulis. Perennial; stem simple, erect, white and
polished, upper part branching; leaves linear-sublanceolate,
rarely subserrulate, under side a little villous; flowers
axillary, middle-sized, white; capsule prismatic; petals
entire. — Oe. albicaulis. Fras. Catal. 1813. Pursh's
synonym wrong, 2. p. 734. See the Herbarium of A. B.
Lambert, esq. Hab. From the river Platte to the Northern Andes.
Flowering in July and August. Stem about
3 feet high, calix somewhat villous; capsule about an inch long.
This is considered nom. illeg. because it was previously validly
published by Pursh (1814).
Note also that the plant being described by Nuttall has a stem to 3 feet tall.
Sweet (1830) would apply O. nuttallii to Nuttall's O. albicaulis separating it from Pursh's O. albicaulis,
which I guess is implied in the string “albicaulis, n. non Pursh.”
In Upper Louisiana Bradbury. v. s. in Herb. Bradbury.
About a span high ; flowers smaller than G. biennis, scarlet.
In the Catalogue quoted this plant is marked as a perennial, but by the
appearance of the specimen I should take it to be only annual.
Oenothera suffrutescens (Seringe) W. L. Wagner & Hoch, comb. nov.
Gaura ? suffrutescens Seringe in DC, Prodr. 3: 45. 1828.
&mdsdh;
Type: Fl. Mex. Icon. t. 374 (holotype: G-DC).
[This plate is a copy of no. 0717 in the Torner Collection of Sessé
and Mociño Biological Illustrations at the Hunt Institute (McVaugh 2000).]
Gaura coccinea Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 733. 1814.
—
Type: U.S.A. North Dakota: Morton Co., near Mandan, [22 Jun to 5 Jul 1811],
J. Bradbury s.n. (holotype: PH).
O. villosa subsp. villosa … was the first taxon of the
genus to be collected in southern Africa. It was collected by
Thunberg between 1772 and 1775 and
now shows scattered local distribution …
in Free State, … Kwa-Zulu-Natal and … Western Cape.
This scattered distribution
suggests that natural dispersal is unlikely and human intervention
is probably responsible for its dispersal from the Cape.
Some current phylogenetic analysis (Sun & Downie, 2010) shows that among the western American Apioideae
including Aletes, Cymopteris, Lomatium, and Musineon are highly polyphyletic
and therefore likely to be significantly reorganized in the coming years.
48. ALETES. — An acaulescent glabrous perennial, with
pinnate leaves, broad sharply toothed or cut rather distant leaflets,
mostly no involucre, and involucels of lanceolate bractlets about
equalling the yellow flowers.
1. A. acaulis.
Cespitose, with peduncles 4 to 10 inches
high, often much longer than the leaves: leaflets ovate, irregularly
toothed and cut, sometimes almost pinnatifid: umbel 8 to 15-rayed;
rays 5 to 10 lines long; fruit almost sessile, 1½ lines long.
(Fig. 147.)
—
Deweya (?) acaulis Torrey, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 94.
Oreosciadium acaule Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 343.
Seseli Hallii Gray, 1. c. viii. 288.
Musenium Greenei Gray, 1. c. 387.
Carum (?) Hallii Watson, Bibl. Index. Polypet. 416.
Zizia Hallii C. & R. Bot. Gazette, xii. 137, foot-note.
In the foot-hills of Colorado and New Mexico. Fl. May.
The history of this species has been somewhat remarkable. Not only has
it been referred to six genera, but it has stood under three of them at the
same time. Referred first doubtfuliy to Deweya by Torrey in 1856, it was
transferred by Gray to Oreosciadium in 1868. It then turned up in the Hall
& Harbour collection and was described as Seseli Hallii Gray in 1870.
A year or two later it was sent to Dr. Gray by E. L. Greene, and appeared in
1872 as a new species of Musenium, M. Greenei Gray.
At this time the same plant was appearing in our publications under three names,
Oreosciadium acaule, Seseli Hallii, and Musenium Greenei, all of Gray.
In his Bibliographical Index, Watson referred it doubtfully to Carum, as C. (?)
Hallii, at the same time recognizing the identity of Seseli Hallii and
Musenium Greenei, and quoting them as synonyms.
In 1887, however, in
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 475, Watson records the identity of Oreosciadium
acaule with his Carum (?) Hallii, and so the names were at last reduced to
one.
The fruit characters are those of Zizia, and if they are to dominate
over every other consideration this piant must be a Zizia, as we suggested
in Bot. Gazette, xii. 137.
But no character should be used too arbitrarily,
and the complete disimilarity of habit between the recognized species of
Zizia and this species seems something that cannot be neglected.
If such a thing is to be neglected in this ease,
consistency would demand a consolidation of genera such as we are not at present disposed to accept.
If this plant, then, is not a Zizia,
nor any of the numerous genera proposed for it, a genus must be made for it,
for surely, if a plant does not satisfy any genus, it must be sui generis.
That it does not satisfy the demands of any recognized genus is to be inferred
from its strange history; but it may be proper to point out a few of the
reasons why it cannot belong to any of the genera heretofore proposed for it.
It is hardly necessary to show why it cannot be a Veloea (Deweya).
From Oreosciadium it differs in its prominent calyx-teeth, pinnate leaves,
and yellow flowers; from Seseli in its laterally flattened fruit, yellow flowers,
and whole habit; from Musenium in its much more prominent ribs,
strengthening cells, solitary oil-tubes, almost plane seed-face, and simpler
leaves; from Carum in its depressed stylopodium, yellow flowers, and its
general habit. Taking its habit and fruit both into consideration it is more
nearly related to Musenium than any other genus. For the reasons given,
we propose for it a new genus, the name of which indicates its changing history.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Berula erecta;
Berula erecta (Huds.) Coville “Cut-Leaf Water Parsnip”
Coville (1893, p. 115) described Berula erecta, noting
“The Umbelliferae have been determined by Dr. J. N. Rose.”
Berula erecta (Huds.) Fl. Angl. 103 (1762), under Sium.
This is Berula angustifolia (L.) Koch.
It was recorded at Resting Springs (No. 271), Winters's ranch, Pahrump Valley,
Ash Meadows, Cottonwood Spring, Vegas Ranch,
and at several points between Lone Pine and Indian Wells.
The plant is one of common occurrence in rivulets of fresh water
throughout the desert and within the Larrea belt.
“At Walcott, in this county, on Monday evening,
Harry, aged 5 1/2 years, son of Dr. T. Byrnes,
and Willie, aged 7 years, son of Mr. Barche, died
from eating the poisonous root known as wild
parsnip or Hemlock. The children were playmates,
and about six o’clock took a walk along
the railroad track, where they discovered the
plant, of which they ate. The first intimation
any one had of anything being wrong was about
seven o’clock, when little Harry came home and
told his mother that his playmate, Willie Barche,
was down there (pointing to the railroad) sick.
He said, ‘ Willie staggers like a drunken man,
and he is sick, Mam, he is real sick; and I feel
sick, too.’ Dr. Byrnes, who was at home, over-
heard the remark, and, on looking, saw Willie
lying down upon the ground. He immediately
requested Mr. Peck, station agent, to bring the
child to the house. This was done, but the poor
little fellow was then in a state of collapse, and
soon went into violent convulsions, and died in
half an hour. Mrs. Byrnes, when apprised by
her little son that he was sick, consulted her hus-
band, and a strong emetic was given the child.
Being asked what he had eaten, he said, ‘Only
two little roots about as big as my finger.’ The
child continued to grow worse, and in a short
time was seized with convulsions, and, despite
al] remedies, died at midnight.”— Davenport
Gazette, April 20.
It is now an appropriate time to give a word
of warning respecting poisonous plants. Every
spring we find such accounts as the above in the
public prints, of cases of poisoning from the use —
of roots which are mistaken for those of esculent
vegetables.
A few years ago, we knew a strong, healthy
young Norwegian, who, having found some roots
just beginning to develop leaves, ate two or
three of them, under the belief that they were
parsnips. In an hour or two he was seized with
pain and vomiting, and before medical aid was
procured he was dead. The roots were those of
the Spotted Cowbane (Cicuta maculata, L.), a
plant which occurs all over the country in low
moist grounds, and has been the occasion of
many cases of poisoning.
Two years ago, several children near Centralia,
Ill., were poisoned from eating the roots of an-
other plant, which grows in the southern part of
the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, in
similar situations with the preceding, and is
botanically called Eulophus Americanus, Nutt.
[=Perideridia americana (Nutt. ex DC.) Rchb. ex Steud.]
It has no definite common name so far as we
know.
These two plants belong to the Natural Order
Umbelliferae, or to the same family as the Caraway,
Parsley, Carrot, Parsnip, &c. It embraces
many poisonous plants, among them the Poison
Hemlock (Conium maculatum, L.), the juice of —
which, it is supposed, was employed by the
ancients in the execution of criminals.
Children should be cautioned against eating
any wild roots without the sanction of those who
are acquainted with them and know what they
are. We shall hereafter give some illustrations
of these poisonous plants.
Coulter & Rose (1888, p. 125) proposed Harbouria trachypleura.
Original Text
47. HARBOURIA.
—
Glabrous perennials, with 1 to 3
leaves which are ternately decompound and with narrowly linear
or filiform segments, involucre and involucels of few subulate
bracts, and long-peduncled umbels (mostly in pairs) of yellow
flowers.
Hall & Harbour, to the latter of whom it is dedicated,
as the name Hallia is preoccupied.
H. trachypleura. A foot or more high: leaf-segments
mucronulate: umbels (mostly 2 long-peduncled ones) 15 to 25-rayed ;
rays an inch long; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long: fruit 2 lines long.
(Fig. 146.)
—
Thaspium trachypleurum Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 63.
Cicuta (?) trachyplera Watson, Ribl. Index. Polypet. 417.
Hall & Harbour 215,
Parry 159, etc., etc.) to New Mexico (Fendler 277).
Fl. May to July.
Thaspium and Cicuta. Its position in Thaspium must have been among
the so-called "apterous" forms, which we have referred to Zizia, from
which genus it is plainly separated by its much more prominent corky ribs,
narrow and prominently corky-thickened commissural face, and whole
general habit. It is distinct from Cicnta not only in these same characters,
but also in its more laterally flattened fruit, equal ribs, yellow flowers. and habitat.
Coulter, John M., and Joseph N. Rose. 1888. Revision of North American Umbelliferae. Crawfordsville, Indiana: Wabash College, 1888.
4. L. Porteri. Rather stout, 2 to 8 feet high, more leafy,
with glabrous or puberulent inflorescence: leaves large, biternate
then bipinnate; the numerous rather crowded segments lanceolate
to lanceolate-ovate, laciniately pinnatifid, toothed or entire: umbel
of numerous rays, mostly with neither involuere nor involucels;
rays (fruiting) 1 to 2 inches long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long;
flowers white or pinkish: fruit (immature) oblong-ovate, 2 lines
long, with more prominent winged ribs than in other species: oil-tubes
4 to 6 in the intervals, 8 to 10 on the commissural side: seed
somewhat dorsally flattened, with very sharply angled back, and
face with a broad shallow concavity and central longitudinal ridge.
In the mountains and foothills of Colorado, Bear Creek (Vasey 223, in
1868), headwaters of Platte River (Coulter, in 1873, distribed (sic)
as L. apiifolium,
and described as such in Fl. Colorado); Arizona (Palmer 176, in 1877),
Huachuca Mts. (Pringle, in 1884, distributed as L. filicinum); New Mexico,
mountains near Las Vegas (G. R. Vasey, in 1881, distributed as L. apiifolium),
near top of mesa, Raton (Tracy 52, in 1887).
Fl. June and July.
This is also the Colorado form referred doubtfully to L. apiifolium by
Brewer & Watson in Bot. Calif, i. 264. It is a curious fact that this species
has always been referred to L. apiifolium or L. filicinum, two species with
which it cannot be confounded, and has never been referred to L. scopulorum,
to which it is most nearly allied. It differs from that species chiefly
in its more leafy habit, more numerous crowded smaller and narrower leaf-segments,
naked often glabrous umbels, more ovate fruit, which is more
prominently winged than in any other species, more numerous oil-tubes,
and seed with a very sharply angled back.
Ha-chi-de, hai-chi-di (Ligusticum porteri), grows in and about the
White mountains. The Mescaleros use the root, drinking a decoction
of it in colds and cough. They also drink it, mix with a little
water, and rub on the sore part. Occasionally they simply chew
the root for cough, or they small, chew, or smoke it for headache.
Coulter & Rose (1900, v. 7, n. 1, p. 220) in their
Monograph of North American Umbelliferae
published Lomatium orientale.
Original Text
Comments and Interpretation
20. Lomatium orientale C. & R. sp. nov,
Peucedanum nudicaule Nutt. in great part, and of all later authors.
Acaulescent or shortly caulescent, with short And soft pubescence,
peduncles 1 to 3 cm. high, and a thick elongated root (often swollen in
places); leaves bipinnate, the small oblong segments entire or toothed;
umbel unequally 5 to 8-rayed, with involucels of scarious-margined
(often purplish) lanceolate distinct bractlets; rays 1 to 3.5 cm. long;
pedicels glabrous, 5 to 7 mm. long; flowers white or pinkish, with
glabrous ovaries; fruit almost round, emarginate at base, glabrous, 5 mm.
long, 4 mm. broad, with wings not as broad as body, and indistinct
or obsolete dorsal and intermediate ribs; oil tubes solitary in the
intervals (rarely 2 in the lateral intervals), 4 on the commissural side;
seed face plane.
Type locality, plains around Denver, Colo.; collected by Bethel,
May, 1895; type in U. S. Nat. Herb.
Ellsworth Bethel (1863-1925) came to Colorado in 1888 and until 1914 was a teacher in th Denver High Schools.
Receiving a Masters degree, in 1917 he started a new career as a plant pathologist.
There are 16 collections attributed to Bethel from Golden s.l.
On the plains from North Dakota to Kansas, and west to Arizona and Washington.
Specimens examined:
Kansas: Western Kansas, Herb. State Agric. Coll.
Nebraska: Wilcox, in 1887; Long Pine, Brown County, Rutter, June 1, 1893.
South Dakota: Aurora County, Wilcox, May 20, 1892.
Montana: Blankinship, May 3-4, 1890; Warm Peak, Bear Lodge,
V. Bailey, June 8, 1894.
Wyoming: Fort Russell, Ruby, in 1885;
Cheyenne, Havard, in 1893;
Laramie plains, Nelson, May, 1893 and 1894.
Colorado: Hall & Harbour 212, in 1862;
Palmer Lake, Alice Eastwood, May 25, 1890;
Cache la Poudre, Cowen, May 23, 1891;
foothills, altitude 1,800 to 1,950 meters, Crandall, May, 1893 and 1894;
near Windsor, Osterhout, May, 1894;
plains about Denver, Bethel, May, 1895;
Log Canyon and Rist Canyon, Holzinger 3, May 31, 1896.
New Mexico: Mangus Springs, Rusby 148, February 25, 1S80.
Arizona: MacDougal 5, June, 1891 ;
Flagstaff, altitude 1,650 meters, MacDougal 5, May 31, 1898;
Clifton, Davidson, in 1899.
Utah: Palmer 181, in 1877.
Idaho: Allen, in 1873;
boundary of Idaho and Washington, Canby, in 1891.
In 1818 Nuttall transferred Pursh's Smyrnium nudicaule to Ferula, and cited with
the type of Pursh (a Lewis & Clark plant from the Columbia River) a more eastern
plant, “on the high plains of the Missouri, commencing about the confluence of the
river Jauk [Jaune= Yellowstone or Jacque= Dakota],” a plant said by Nuttall to
be associated on the eastern plains with L. foeniculaceum. Since then the name
nudicaulis has been associated with the plant of the eastern plains. It was a puzzle to
us to find that the type locality of Smyrnium nudicaule was entirely to the west of its
present range, but Messrs. Robinson and Greenman have cleared up the matter
by examining Pursh's type, and discovering that it is the same as the abundant Seseli
leiocarpum of Hooker, from the same region. This leaves the eastern plant without
a name.
The Lewis & Clark collection that Coulter & Rose refer to is currently determined Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coulter & Rose
and is showin as f. 96 in Moulton (1999).
Pursh (v. 2, supplement, p. 732) adds S. divaricatum to Seseli
on page 197, which heretofore contained only S. triternatum
(=Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) J.M.Coult. & Rose)
from the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
Rafinesque (1819, p. 101) published Marathrum divaricatum based upon Seseli divaricatum Pursh.
Original Text
Translation
22. Marathrum. (Ombellif.)
Fleurs hermaphrodites a involucelles, sans involucres.
Calice ovale 5-dente.
5 petales obcordes.
5 etamines longues.
2 longs styles caducs.
Semences ovales, a dos convexe ou gibbeaux, legerement anguleux.
—
Caulescent.
Feuilles pinnatifides , involucelles polyphylles ,
fleurs jaunes.
—
Le type de ce genre est le Sesili divaricatum de Pursh et Nuttall ;
mais il fiddere evidemment du genre Seseli par son dente, ses petales obcordes,
ses semences anguleuses et ses fleurs jaunes.
22. Marathrum. (Umbellif.)
Hermaphroditic to involucral flowers, without involucres.
Calyx oval 5-toothed.
5 obcorded petals.
5 long stamens.
2 long obsolete styles.
Seeds oval, with convex or gibbeau back, slightly angular.
—
Caulescent.
Pinnatifid leaves, polyphylous involucelles,
yellow flowers.
& mdash;
The type of this genus is the Sesili divaricatum of Pursh and Nuttall;
but it evidently belongs to the Seseli kind by his teeth, his obcorded petals,
its angular seeds and yellow flowers.
This turned out to be an unavailable name because Matathrum was unavailable having been previously used by Robert Brown.
Rafinesque (1820, p. 71) published a correction for his previously published Marathrum.
Original Text
Translation
1. Dans le prodrome de 50 nouveaux genres de plantes d'Amerique,
j'ai decrit deaux nouveaux genres sous les noms de marathrum et de pythagorea ;
je me suis apercu depuis lors, que ces noms avaient deja ete employes,
le premier par Robert Brown, le second par Louriero; et comme je suis convaincu de l'importance
et de la necessite d'eviter des doubles emplois en Botanique, je m'empresse de rectifer cette
erreur, et de proposer les noms suivans en place.
1. In the prodrome of 50 new genera of plants from America,
I have described new genera under the names of marathrum and pythagorea;
I have noticed since then that these names had already been used,
the first by Robert Brown, the second by Louriero; and as I am convinced of the importance
and the need to avoid duplication in Botany, I hasten to correct this error,
and propose the following names in place.
Mon G. marathrum devra se nommer musineon.
Ces deux noms sont des synonymes de fenouil.
My genus marathrum should be called musineon.
These two names are synonyms for fennel.
Torrey & Gray (1838, v. 1, pt. 4, p. 642) published Musenium
and species from a manuscript by Nuttall.
Original Text
47. MUSENIUM. Nutt. mss.
“Margin of the calyx 5-toothed ; the teeth persistent. Petals obovate ; the
point inflexed. Styles slender, reflexed, rather long. Fruit ovate or ovate-oblong,
laterally compressed. Carpels more or less minutely scabrous, with
5 filiform acute slightly prominent ribs. Intervals with 2-3 vittae.
Commissure with 4 vittae. Carpophore 2-cleft. Seed with the sides moderately
incurved. Perennial dwarf rather foetid resiniferous (North American) herbs,
with fusiform roots, and a short caudex, or branching dichotomously from the
base. Leaves 2-3-pinnatifid. Involucre none. Involucels unilateral, of a
few rather rigid narrow leaflets. Flowers yellow or white.” Nutt.
§ 1. Stem dichotomous : flowers yellow.
1. M. divaricatum (Nutt. ! mss.) : decumbent ; stem short, dichotomously
branching from the base ; leaves bipinnatifid ; divisions confluent with the
winged rachis ; segments short, rather acutely toothed ; fruit somewhat glabrous.
—
Seseli divaricatum, Pursh, fl. 2. p. 732? ;
Nutt. gen. 1. p. 194 ;
DC. prodr. 4. p. 146.
β Hookeri : rachis narrow ; fruit scabrous, with elevated points.
—
M. Hookeri, Nutt.! mss.
Seseli divaricatum, Hook.! fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 264 ;
Sims, bot. mag t. 1742. (ex Hook.)
Naked and arid hills and plains of the Upper Missouri, Nuttall !
β. Plains of the Upper Platte, near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall !
On the Saskatchawan, Drummond! Douglas.
May.
—
Plant about a span long. Leaves all,
except the radical ones, opposite, glabrous and shining : petiole and rachis
distinctly winged : lamina with an ovate outline ; primary and secondary
divisions 3-4 pairs ; the segments about one-third of an inch long, 3-4-toothed.
Peduncles 4-5 inches long, scabrous, naked, rigid, stout. Umbels
10-20-rayed ; the rays (in fruit) about half an inch long. Fruit 2 lines long,
oblong-ovate : pericarp thin : vittae filled with a strong terebinthine oil.
—
The plant exudes small drops of resin spontaneously.
House (1921) moved our plant to Orthilia Raf. from Pyrola without comment.
Original Text
Orthilia Raf. Aut. Bot. 103. 1840
Ramischia Opiz, Seznam 82. 1852. Actinocyclus Klotzsch,, Akad. Monats Berlin (1857): 14. 1857.
Orthilia secunda (L.) House, comb. nov.
Pyrola secunda L. Sp. Pl. 396. 1753. R. secundiflora Opiz, l. c. Actinocyclus secundus Klotzsch, l. c. R. secunda Garcke, Fl. Deuts. Ed. 4, 222. 1858. O. parvifolia Raf., l. c.
In our northern swamps, merging into the var. obtusata
(Turcz.) House, comb. nov. (pyrola secunda var. obtusata
Turcz.), originally described from northern Asia and Europe,
but which appears to be practically the same as described by
Paine (Cat. Pl. Oneida County 135. 1865), as var. pumila.
All intermediate forms between the typical species and the
var. obtusata, occur in a swam near Newcomb, New York.
An Additional species of this genus occurs in Mexico.
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. ☉ v. s. in Herb. Nuttall.
Approaches near to A. elongata, according to specimens of Pallas's in the
Herbarium of A. B. Lambert, Esq.
Hooker, William Jackson, Sir, 1785-1865
Flora boreali-americana, or, the botany of the northern parts of British America : compiled principally from the plants collected by Dr. Richardson & Mr. Drummond on the late northern expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, R.N. To which are added (by permission of the Horticultural society of London,) those of Mr. Douglas, from north-west America, and of other naturalists
v. 2, p. 66.
The Gentianaceae was authored by Dr. Grisebach, see footnote on page 54.
Hab. On the low hills near Spokan and Salmon Rivers and subalpine parts of the Blue Mountains,
near the Kooskooska River, N.W.C. Douglas.
—
[This is quite distinct from the preceding (F. carolinensis), much larger in
every part, with longer petals and constantly 2 oblong foveae upon each of them. — Hook.]
Greene (1893, p. 151) published A. floribundum without mention of
it being a hybrid.
Original Text
Apocynum floribundum. Glabrous, pallid and glaucous,
2 feet high, with numerous ascending and somewhat fastigiate
branches rising to about the same level, each ending in a
cyme: leaves about 2 inches long, from ovate to elliptical,
mucronate, the margins sparsely serrulate-scabrous: cymes
not dense, many-flowered, erect: corollas erect, lurid-purplish,
nearly cylindrical, the lobes erect, or only a little spreading.
Dry ground bordering pine woods, in the higher mountains
west of the Mohave Desert, in Kern Co., Calif., 1889.
Nearest A. cannabinum, but of very different habit; the
fastigiate branches, each with its own many-flowered cyme,
uniting to form a compound corymb often a foot broad.
A. cannabinum, common in many parts of California, was
found in wet ground by streamlets, in the same region, and
true to its character, the dense terminal cyme of small
greenish flowers, being greatly surpassed by those of the
single pair of lateral branches.
Torrey (1828, p. 218-219) described James' collection as A. speciosa ...
Original Text
260. A. speciosa, tota planta tenuiter tomentosa ; foliis
ovato-cordatis obtusis, oppositis, brevi-petiolatis ; umbellis
axillaribus, terminalibusque solitariis ; coronae foliolis erectis,
lanceolatis, antheridiis triplo longioribus, basi intus obtuse
bidentatis.
Desc. Stem erect, branched ? LeavesUmbels axillary and terminal,
pedicels white-lanuginous, thick. Flowers twice as large as in A. syriaca.Calyx woolly ; segments lanceolate, spreading. Corolla pale purple ?
Segments reflexed, oblong, obtuse. Leaflets of the nectary lanceolate,
erect, straight, acute. Horn short, incurved, compressed. Fruit not seen.
Hab. On the Canadian ?
Obs. Flowers larger than in any other North American
species of this genus.
Gray (1876a, p. 70) in an extended footnote revising Asclepias
published Asclepias pumila as a variety of A. verticillata.
Original Text
A. verticillata, L.
A widely distributed species, including A. galioides, HBK.,
of Mexico.
Var. pumila is a singularly dwarf or depauperate form, of
the western dry plains, from Nebraska to New Mexico.
Var. subverticillata
(A. verticillata var. galioides, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 164, chiefly), is a marked
form, with single stems, simple or branched, the leaves mostly in pairs and
threes, and their margins little revolute, the horns of the hoods rather less exserted.
Decaisne's A. verticillata var. linifolia may include this ; but it is evidently
a mixture of A. verticillata (to which the specimens from "Florida and
Georgia" may belong) ; of A. virgata, Lag. (A. angustifolia, Roem. & Schult. &c.),
which, from Kunth's character of opposite leaves and little exserted horn, may
be A. linifolia, HBK.; and of A. Mexicana, Cav. (from which may come the
character of leaves 4-6-nate), which must be identical with A. fascicularis of
Decaisne. Here also A. linearis, Scheele in Linntea, xxi.
Britton & Brown (1898, v. 3, p. 12) published Asclepias pumila as an isonym.
Text of the section on Asclepiadaceae was revised by Miss Anna Murray Vail.
Asclepias verticillata var. pumila A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 12: 71. 1876.
Stems 4'-10' high, tufted from a woody
root. Leaves very numerous, crowded,
sometimes obscurely whorled, filiform-linear, 1'-2'
long, smooth or minutely roughened, the margins
revolute; umbels 2-several, short-peduncled,
few-flowered; pedicels filiform, puberulent,
3"-4" long; corolla greenish white, its
segments oblong, 1½"-2" long; column short;
hoods white, erect, oblong, entire, equalling
the anthers, shorter than the slender incurred
horn; follicles erect on erect fruiting pedicels,
narrowly spindle-shaped, l½'-2' long, finely
puberulent.
Dry plains. South Dakota to Arkansas, Colorado and New Mexico.
Anna Murray Vail (January 7, 1863 – December 18, 1955) was an American botanist and first librarian of the New York Botanical Garden. She was a student of the Columbia University botanist and geologist Nathaniel Lord Britton, with whom she helped to found the New York Botanical Garden.
In her Wikipedia entry are three links to her studies in the Asclepiadaceae,
which may show her original publication of Asclepias pumila
Nuttall (1834b, p. 201) ... Proposed Polyotus angustifolius noting that Acerates Elliott was already employed for another genus … some sources, IPNI in particular, show the publication date as 1836.
Descript. Perennial. Stem simple, herbaceous and slender, the
lower part naked, about eighteen inches high ; leaves very long, narrow
and acute, somewhat revolute and scabrous on the margin, one to one
and a half lines wide, opposite and alternate, nerves confluent below
the margin ; umbells globular, small, three or four to eight ; pedicells
about the length of the flowers ; flowers greenish, with a mixture of
white ; segments of the corolla oblong, reflected ; lepanthium sessile,
divisions linear, longer than the antheridium, tridentate above, the
central denture minute, concave and auriculate below; clefts of the
antheridium salient from the base to the summit; cusps broad and
membranaceous, concealing the stigma; follicles two.
—
Hab.
In dry
prairies from Fort Smith to Red river. Flowering in June.
—
Obs.
This species appears to be very nearly related to Gomphocarpus, and
also very nearly to Asclepias, particularly A. cinerea, from which it
merely differs in the absence of the short internal awn ; it may,
however, be considered as present in the central, acute and shorter third
denture of the segments of the lepanthium.
DeCandolle in his Prodromus vol. 8 (1844, p. 522-523) ... proposed Acerates angustifolia ...
the chapter on Order Asclepiadeae was written by J. Decaisne.
9. A. angustifolia, caule erecto, foliis suboppositis linearibus acutis interdum
marginibus anguste revolutis scabrisque, umbellis multifloris globosis subsessilibus,
coroll. laciniis oblongis reflexis, cucullis gynostegio sublongioribus
apice tridentatis. ♃ in Am. sept. graminosis prope Fort Smith ad Red-River.
Species habitu Asclep. cinerae ex cl. Nutt. Polyotus angustifolius Nutt. Trans. phil. am. vol. 5, p. 201.
From Wikipedia:
Joseph Decaisne (7 March 1807 – 8 January 1882) was a French botanist and agronomist. He became an aide-naturaliste to Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797-1853), who served as the chair of rural botany. It was during this time that he began to study plants brought back by various travelers like those of Victor Jacquemont (1801-1832) from Asia. Decaisne used applied research, most notably on the agronomy of the madder, the yam and the ramie. He was also interested in algae.
A. stenophylla.
Polyotus angustifolius, Nutt. in Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v. 201.
Acerates angustifolia, Decaisne in DC. l. c.
Nuttall noted the clear transition to Asclepias.
18. Asclepias viridiflora green flowered asclepias ;
leaves lanceolated, obtuse, hirsute, umbells axillar,
bending down, corniculas, without appendices.
I have found it in several parts of Maryland and Pennsylvania,
mostly in fields.
Pursh (1814, v. 1, p. 181) also published A. viridiflora,
though his name is considered illegitimate because it was previously
published by Rafinesque (1808).
I think it more likely that Pursh chose Rafinesque's name but
failed cite Rafinesque by oversight or intent.
We'll never really know.
Pursh does tell us that he had seen the plant alive (“v. v.”)
Evolvulus nuttallianus is native to Colorado and is found from Montana and North Dakota south to Texas and Arizona.
It is usually described as occuring on sandy and rocky prairies and plains, chaparral, pinyon-juniper and oak woodlands.
It has also been found on limestone glades and bald knobs in the Ozark region of Missouri.
It is a non-vining morning glory-like perennial that grows as a densely hairy subshrub to 20” tall with prostrate to decumbent stems that root at the nodes as they go.
It has very small, bell-shaped, lavender to blue morning glories (to 1/2” across)
from spring to mid-summer on stems
with oblanceolate, hairy, silvery-green leaves (to 1” long).
Flowers usually close up at night and on cloudy days.
There is some confusion in the taxonomy of the genus Evolvulus.
This species is sometimes listed as synonymous with E. pilosus.
The genus name comes from the Latin word “evolvo”
meaning to untwist or unravel because this genus does not twine like many species in the
Convolvulus family.
The specific epithet honors British botanist Thomas Nuttall (1786-1839) who traveled extensively in the U.S., as discussed below.
For gardeners, E. nuttallianus is winter hardy to USDA Zone 4.
It is easily grown in organically rich, consistently moist,
well-drained soils in full sun to part shade.
It also performs well in sandy soils with good drainage.
But they may be difficult to find in commerce.
Thomas Nuttall traveled up the Missouri in 1811, partially duplicating the trip of Lewis and Clark,
spending the summer in and around Fort Mandan (Graustein, 1967).
I have been unable to determine where Nuttall's collection of E. nuttallianus is located.
Graustein notes that many of Nuttall's collections are in the British Museum,
and few of their holdings are available online.
Regardless, Pursh (1814) published the first description in his Flora of North America.
Pursh arrived in London in November 1811.
Nuttall and Pursh met in London in the spring of 1812.
Nuttall must have had his collections with him.
Pursh (1814) described Nuttall's morning-glory as E. argenteus.
1. Evolvulus that is erect, leaves oblong silky-felted both sides,
peduncles short with a single flower.
argenteus.
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall.v. s. Flowers yellow.
On the banks of the Missouri. Nuttall. In have seen it in the dried condition. Flowers yellow.
Pursh desription of Evolvulus argenteus
The name E. argenteus was unavailable because is was previously used by Robert Brown, 1810.
Pursh notes that he saw the collection “v. s.”
but it was not in the Lambert herbarium.
Pursh characterizes the flowers as yellow, but since he worked from dried material,
the blue to purple color may have faded.
Literature Cited: - Nuttall, Thomas, 1818. Nuttall (1818) description of Evolvulus nuttallianus.
Nuttall (1818) published his own description of E. nuttallianus in his Genera of North American Plants.
He writes both Pursh's name argenteus and his own name of pilosus.
3. argenteus, Ph. (pilosus.)
Perennial; stems simple, erect, and low, many from the same root:
the whole plant densely hairy and shining:
leaves cuneate-oblong, acute, crowded;
peduncles l-flowered, subsessile; bibracteate, bractes sessile in the axill;
segments of the calix linear. —
Obs. Allied to E. Commersoni. Stems 4 to 6 inches high;
leaves 6 to 8 lines long, 2 to 4 wide, extremely hairy as well as the stem;
flowers solitary, appearing sessile, purple, edge of the plaits hairy,
capsule 4-valved, often perfecting only a single seed.
— Hab. On arid gravelly hills near the confluence of Rapid river and the Missouri;
flowering in May.
This genus, with the above exceptions,
exists exclusively within the tropical regions of India, Australia, and America.
By current standards of publication, one would think that Nuttall was putting his pilosus in synonomy with Pursh's argenteus.
In the meantime, Roemer and Schultes (1820) published the first valid name for Nuttall's collection.
Latin
My Interpretation
18. E. Nuttallianus; erectus, foliis onlongis utrinque sericeo-tomentosis,
pedunculis unifloris brevibus.
E. argenteus Pursh Fl. Sept. Americ. I. p. 187.
Flores flavi. Ad ripas Missouri. Nuttall. Obs. Nomen mutandum orat, cum sit antiquior argenteus R. Brown.
18. Evolvulus nuttallianus; erect, leaves oblong silky-felted,
single flowers on short pedicels.
(E. argenteus Pursh Fl. Sept. Americ. I. p. 187.)
Flowers yellow. On the banks of the Missouri River. Nuttall.
The name was changed, because argenteus was used earlier by R. Brown.
This was just a name change because Pursh's proposed E. argenteus was previously used by R. Brown (1810).
Then, in 1834, Nuttall first publishes his name of E. pilosus in his descriptions of plants of Arkansas territory.
2. E. pilosus.
Erectus, foliis lineari-oblongis utrinque sericeo-pilosis, pedunculis uniflorus brevibus.
Nuttall's Gen. Am. Pl. 1, p. 174
(E. Nuttallianus, erectus, foliis oblongis utrinque sericeo-tomentosis,
pedunculis unifloris brevibus. Schultes, Syst. Veg. vol. 6, p. 198;
E. argenteus, Pursh, 1, 187).
—
Obs. Flowers purplish, coming out in the middle of the stem;
peduncle shorter than the calix;
calix segments partly linear and acuminate.
—
Hab. On the high hills of Red river near Kiamesha,
This name is, of course, superfluous and therefore illegitimate because Roemer and Schultes previously validly published nuttallianus.
7 G Se'ssei; stem dwarf, branched, clothed with glandular down ;
leaves pinnatifid ;
segments cuneated, with pointed teeth ;
brecteas ovate-lanceolate, mucronatem longer than the calyx ;
corolla with a filiform tube, double the length of the calyx ;
flowers faccicled.
(.) [circle with a dot inside. H.
Native of Mexico.
Gilia pinnatifida, Sesse et Mocino, in herb. Lamb.
Stamens inclosed.
Sesse's Gilia.
Pl. ¼ foot.
Gray (1863) Enumeration of the Plants Collected by Parry, Hall, and Harbour notes Gilia pinnatifida ined. I assume it was ined. in Gray's hands as he published it in a revision of Polemoniaceae (Gray, 1870).
48. G. Pinnatifida, Nutt. In herb.;
Gray Enum. Pl. Parry.
… [Latin diagnosis not reproduced] …
—
N. New Mexico and Colorado to Snake River, &c.,
in or near the Rocky Mountains, Nuttall, Fendler, and various collectors.
A part of Geyer's 42 and 25, referred to G. inconspicus,
much exserted stamens three lines long.
Seeds with a close coat, wholly unchanged when wetted.
Porter (1998) recircumscribed Aliciella and placed G. pinnatifida in that group.
Original Text
Comments
1. Aliciella pinnatifida (Nutt. ex Gray) J. M. Porter, comb. nov.
Gilia pinnatifida Nutt. ex Gray,
Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts8: 276. 1870, (basionym).
Navarretia pinnatifida (A. Gray) Kuntze, Revisio, Gen. Pl.2: 433. 1891
Gilia vixcosa Woot. & Standl, Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb.16; 161, 1913.
TYPE:
—
U.S.A. New Mexico: (without location, but presumably near Santa Fe) 1847, A. Fendler 655 [lectotype: (here designated) GH!].
…
Although the Nuttall collection [as a candidate for lectotype]
may seem a logical choice, it presents problems because it lacks flowers,
a diagnostic feature of this species.
In addition, the collection locality is vague (Lewis River),
referring to three different rivers in the mid 1800s.
By contrast, the Fendler collection is clearly consistent with Gray's description,
posessing flowers, fruit, and a basal rosette.
… also the collection locality of the Fendler collection is less ambiguous.
Formerly included in Gilia
... [See publications by Grant] ...
Aliciella is more closely related to Loeselia
and Ipomopsis than to Gilia
... [See publications by Johnson and Porter] ...,
based on DNA sequence data.
Morphologically, too, Aliciella differs from Gilia
in chromosome number
(most, but not all, species of Aliciella are N = 8)
and seed morphology
(seeds do not produce copious mucilage;
large seeded species tend to have an irregular wing).
Nuttall (1818) described a new genus Collomia and placed C. linearis therein.
Original Text
194. *COLLOMIA. †
Calix Cyathiform, rather large, border 5-cleft, acute.
Corolla funnelform, 5-lobed, lobes oval-oblong, very short, tube straight, long, and slender.
Capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded, valves obcordate.
Seed oblong, angular, enveloped by a tenacious mucilaginous integument, (visible when moistened.)
Annual, leaves alternate, simple, and entire;
flowers small and inconspicuous, conglomerated in a terminal fascicle,
resembling a capitulum, subtended by several bractes which are broader than the leaves.
A genus appertaining to the Natural Order Polemonideae and intermediate with Phlox and Polemonium
Species.
1. C. linearis.
Minutely and pulverulently pubescent;
leaves oblong-linear, or sublanceolate;
involucrate leaves, ovate-lanceolate, acute;
bractes and calix viscid.
Phlox linearis? Cavan. __ 6. p. 17. t. 527.
... [Long description not reproduced] ...
Hab.
Near the banks of the Missouri, about the confluence of Shian river,
and in the vicinity of the Arikaree village, in moist places.
Flowering in June; flower violaceous.
It appears to be the same plant figured by Cavanilles, and first discovered in Chili.
In upper Louisiana, or above the confluence of the Platte and the Missouri,
we no longer meet with any species of Phlox.
To this genus probably also belongs Phlox biflora of Chili,
which is also annual, but the habit appears to be different.
A. Brand.
IV. 250 Polemoniaceae.
Heft 27, in
Engler, Adolf, 1844-1930
Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus
Leipzig
Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann.
1907.
pg. 108.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250
30. G. ophthalmoides Brand n. sp. — Caulis
e basi ramosissimus, parce glandulosus, 25 cm altus.
Folia radicalia subrosulala, pinnatifida, segmentis
brevibus ovatis mucronulatis; caulina minima, trifida.
Flores numerosi, sparsi, pedicellati, pedicellis
terminalibus calyce longioribus, axillaribus et lateralibus
multo minoribus; calyx campanulatus, glaber,
dentibus subulatis tubo subbrevioribus; corolla (ex
sicco) lilacina, ad faucem 5 oculis obscuris ornata,
1 2 mm longa, calyce triplo longior, tubiformis, fauce
tubo duplo breviore; stamina sinubus affixa lobis
corollae breviora; Stylus longitudine corollae; ovarium
ovoideum, loculis 3 — 4-ovulatis. Capsula ovoidea,
longitudine calycis ; semina parva, orbicularia,
alata, sub aqua dense mucilaginosa.
Nevada: Washes-Gold Mt. 2000 m (Purpus
n. 5990, Herb. San Francisco).
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Gilia sinuata;
Gilia sinuata Benth. “Rosy Gilia”
(Syn: Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. sinuata (Douglas ex Benth.) A. Gray)
On the banks of the Mississippi. M. Lewis. ♂. June.
v. s. in Herb. Lewis. Flowers scarlet, more slender than
the former species : the segment of the corolla not spreading,
but erect, and small in proportion to the tube.
A glandular perennial with short caudex.
Stems often more
than one, ascending or erect, simple, 4-6 dm. high, leafy : leaves
rather fleshy, divided into linear-filiform, spinulose-tipped segments ;
the upper gradually smaller : inflorescence a very narrow
panicle : branches usually very short and few-flowered : flowers
subsessile : calyx glandular-pubescent, about 8 mm. long ; its lobes
lanceolate, bristle-tipped : corolla white, or rarely pale pink, 2-3
cm. long, salverform : its lobes oval or obovate, obtuse : stamens
inserted unequally below the throat, included.
This species is nearest related to G. aggregata ; but differs in
the white corolla and its rounded obtuse lobes. It is also lower
and the upper leaves more reduced. It grows on dry hillsides at
an altitude of 2000-2700 m.
Colorado : Mesas near La Veta, 1900, F. K. Vreeland, 602
(type); Veta Pass, 1900, Rydberg & Vreeland, 5730 ; Calham,
1893, De A. Saunders.
Nuttall (1848) described some of his own collections along the Platte River while describing Gambel's collections.
Original Text
Comments
GILIA.
§.
Perennials or biennials,
with the leaves often sparingly pinnatifid towards the extremity, or entire and linear, fleshy.
Flowers in condensed clusters, capitate or in spikes, generally white.
Corolla tubular, with a deeply 5-cleft, spreading border.
Stamens shortly exserted or even with the summit of the tube.
Stigmas very short.
Ovaries 2 to 4 in a cell, rarely 1.
—
*Elaphocera.
...
G. *spicata.
Perennial ;
leaves linear, fleshy ;
flowers in clusters, spiked ;
stem and calyx lanuginous, segments of the calyx linear acute and ciscid ;
tube of the corolla exserted ;
stamens at the summit of the tube.
Hab.
On the hills near Scott's Bluffs of the Platte.
Flowers white, segments oblong.
(Nuttall.)
G. *trifida.
Biennial ;
radical leaves linear ;
cauline trifid towards the extremity, fleshy and smooth ;
flowers clustered in spikes ;
stem and calyx pubescent, segments of the calyx linear and very acute ;
tube of the corolla exserted ;
stamens at the summit of the tube.
Hab.
With the above, which it greatly resembles, except in the leaves ;
cells of the capsule each with three or four ovules.
About a span high.
(Nuttall.)
Small much branched annuals, with entire leaves, all except
the floral ones opposite. Flowers minute, scattered,
singly or in pairs in the axils of the raraeal alternate leaves.
Calyx, corolla, stamens and capsule wholly as in Phlox.
Seeds few, large, the coat when moistened developing a this glutinous mass, this not spirilliferous.
1. M. gracilis.Collomia gracilis, Dougl. in Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2924 (1829),
and Gilia gracilis, Hook. l. c.
Phlox gracilis, Greene, Pitt. i. 141 (1887). That this, as published by
Hooker, was an aggregate, is apparent from the fact that, in
the Flora Boreali-Americana, he prints as synonyms of this,
two species which Douglas had segregated and named in
manuscript.1 In other words, Douglas had made out three
species, which Hooker, in publishing, merged in one ; merely
printing the other two names as synonyms. The figure in
the Botanical Magazine appears to represent altogether only
one of Douglas's three, and this must accepted as the type
of the species. This type came from the Spokane River region,
and is beautifully represented in several herbaria by
specimens which Mr.Leiberg distributed in 1891, from Lake
Pend d'Oreille, under n. 119. Heller's n. 3278 is also the
same. Mr. Leiberg has also collected in the same region a
second species, the distinctness of which he has insisted upon.
I have no doubt that this is one of Douglas' segregates, and
I take up the name which he assigned it.
5a. Stems solitary or a few together,
never forming mats;
leaves usually over 2.5 cm long; flowers distinctly pedicelled.
P. longifolia Nuttall. Dry Grasslands and sagebrush, lower Arkansas Valley drainage;
North Park.
5b. Stems numerous from a stout taproot, forming mats;
leaves less than 2 cm. long; flowers without obvious pedicels. ... (6)
6b. Leaves not at all glandular. ... (7)
7b. Leaves not especially short or imbricate,
nor prominently ciliate;
not in alkaline soils. ... (8)
8b. Inflorescence glabrous or ±
pubescent, but not [with long crinkly hairs].
P. multiflora A. Nelson.
Common in forested areas from the foothills to the montane.
1a. Flowers 3-12 in a cyme, on conspicuous, spelder pedicels;
stems with well-developed internodes, the longer ones well over 10 mm long;
leaves mostly over 20 .. long;
plants erect to tufted but not mat- or cushion-forming,
usually over 10 cm tall ... 2
2a. Hyaline membranes between the calyx lobes carinate,
forming a distinct raised ridge, bulging towards the base;
plants glabrous or often glandular-hairy, especially in the in florescence;
flowers pink to white;
not restricted to southwestern counties ... P. longifolia
1b. Flowers 1-3(5), sessile or short pedicellate (on pedicels 3-10 mm long) at the ends of stems;
stems with shorter internodes often hidden by the leaves, the longer ones to 10 mm long;
leaves mostly 2-30 mm long;
plants caespitose, often mat- or cushion-forming, usually to 10 cm above the ground ...3
3b. Leaves glabrous, granular-scabrid, glandular, or arachnoid-pubescent with tangled hairs,
but not stiffly ciliate or sometimes ciliate on the margins but also arachnoid-pubescent at the base or granular-scabrid throughout;
calyx glabrous or villous- to arachnoid-tomentose;
plants variously distributed, usually below 9500 ft in elevation (but up to 10,500 ft) ... 6
6b. Calyx 5-15 mm long;
leaves linear to lance-subulate, 2-30 mm long, less crowded and spreading;
plants forming loose to dense mats,
sparsely arachnoid-pubescent in the leaf axils or on the calyx to glabrous or granular-scabrid,
the plants green or sometimes grayish;
corolla lobes 4-11 mm long ... 7
7b. Hyaline membranes between the calyx lobes flat, not carinate and forming a ridge;
plants of the eastern or western slope ... 8
8b. Leaves 10-30 mm long and 1-2 mm wide; internodes usualllt visible;
leaf axils arachnoid-woolly or not;
calyx 6-15 mm long, arachnoid-pubescent or not;
style 5-9 mm long;
flowers sessile to shortly pedicellate on pedicels 3-10 mm long ... 9
9b. Plants above 6000 ft, variously distributed but absent from the northeastern plains;
calyx 10-15 mm long, glabrous or sparsely hairy but the hairs not tangled;
flowers white, pink, or bluish ... P. multiflora
There were two Phlox — Phloxes ? — that were reported for Golden s.l.
They are Phlox longifolia Nutt. ldquo;Longleaf Phlox” and P. multiflora A. Nelson “Mountain Phlox.”
As it happened, both were found only on the north slopes of North Table Mountain.
And with two doubtful exceptions, these are the only Phlox collected in Jefferson County.
See collection data in SEINet (2019+).
The first exception is an undated collection of Phlox caespitosa by E. S. Greene on “… barren ground above trees … Golden” (PAC29495)
If this collection was truly above the trees, as P. caespitosa often is, then it was collected at higher elevations, west of and outside Golden s.l.
The collector was more likely E. L. Greene.
The second exception is a collection by C. S. Crandall, #1589, May 19, 1894, Platte Canyon, Jefferson County, some distance south of Golden s.l.
One voucher (RM16725) is determined P. patula A. Nelson.
A second voucher (CS16725 -- the same ascension number at two herbaria also seems suspicious) is determined P. multiflora A. Nelson.
Historically, Phlox longifolia was described by Thomas Nuttall (1834a) from plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth
in July 1833 between the Henry Fork of the Snake River and and Bonneville's Fort at the junction of Horse Creek and the Green River.
The plant is widely distributed in the American Cordillera.
♃
The stems almost a span high,
many from the same root,
clothed below with the withered vestiges of former leaves.
The leaves smooth, and narrow as threads,
two and a half or so inches in length,
those of the sterile branches extending nearly the length of the short and slender flower stems;
peduncles very long and slender.
Flowers apparently white.
Allied to P. Hoodii, but very distinct.
Hab.
In the valleys of the Rocky Mountains generally,
flowering for the most part of the summer.
Nelson (1898a, p. 278) described Phlox multiflora as a segregate from P. longifolia when describing new plants from Wyoming.
Original Text
Comments
Phlox multiflora
Suffrutescent as to the caespitose,
much branched,
prostrate base,
the numerous herbaceous stems nearly erect, 6-10 cm. high
the annual branches simple, one-flowered ;
leaves broadly linear, glabrous, apiculate, 1-2 dm. long, opposite of fascicled ;
peduncles finely pubescept, 1-3 cm. long ;
calyx angled by the prominent midrib of the lobes,
membranous in the sinus only, lobes linear-spiculate, equalling the tube ;
tube of the corolla exceeding the calyx, lobes obovate, entire, 1 cm. long ;
style equalling the calyx.
The affinities of this plant are with the P. longifolia group.
It has been distributed under no. 182 from Laramie Hills,
mostly as P. longifolia Nutt, but from which, I now think,
it is wholly distinct.
Its more caespitose growth, shorter broader leaves,
simple branches,
less membranous calyx and numerous flowers easilt separate it.
It is very abundant on the moister slopes and valleys of the Laramie Hills
at 8000 to 9000 ft.,
flowering from late May till late June.
Type specimen in Herb. University of Wyoming, no. 3175, June 16, 1897.
δ? pterosperma , seminibus apice et basi latiscule membranaceo-alatis.
In montibus Americae boreali-occidentalis (Drummond !). An sp. propria ? (v. s.)
δ? pterosperma , seeds laterally membraneous-winged at apex and base.
In northwestern American mountains (according to Drummond).
It own species ?
I have seen a dried specimen.
2. P. caeruleum, L. Common from the arctic regions and Alaska
to California and through the Rocky Mountains, also through Northern
Asia to Europe; very rare eastward (in New York and New Jersey).
— P. acutiflorum, Willd., which is reduced by Ledebour to a variety
of this species, is an Alaskan form, with ovate acute lobes to the corolla
(Pallas, Chamisso, &c). All the North American, like the Himalayan,
forms of this species incline to have wing-angled seeds, —
quite as much so as in
Var. foliosissimum (P. caeruleum, var. pterosperma, Benth. in DC.
Prodr.). Valde viscido-pubescens ; caulibus bipedalibus usque ad
apicem cum ramis floridis corymbo-is foliosissimis; foliolis in rhachin
alato-marginatam saepe confluentibus ; floribus minoribus; staminibus
styloque corolla (calycem 2 - 3-plo superante) saepius brevioribus. —
Through the Rocky Mountain region, Geyer, Fendler, Parry, Vasey,
Watson, &c. This approaches
3. P. Mexicanum, Cerv. (Mexico ?) This is distinguished by its …
Gray (1878, v. 2, pt. 1, p. 151) elevated our plant to rank of species ...
P. foliosissimum. Very viscid-pubescent throughout and strong-scented : stem a foot
or more high, very leafy throughout; leaflets from lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate (seldom
an inch long) : flowers corymbose-cymose, smaller than those of the preceding : corolla
commonly white or cream-color, sometimes violet, twice the length of the calyx, which is
5-cleft to or beyond the middle: style and stamens not protruding. — P. caeruleum, var.?
pterosperma, Benth. in DC. Prodr. ix. 317; but the seeds, as in P. caeruleum, are either
marginless or wing-margined. P. carruleum, var. foliosissimum. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 281. —
Rocky Mountains of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming, and west to Utah and Idaho.
Some forms approaching the preceding species [P. caeruleum] ; but it is more like P. Mexicanum, Cerv.,
which is loosely branched, and has the violet corolla little exceeding the calyx, the lobes of
the latter barely half the length of the tube.
→ → Ovules only 3 or 4 in each cell : stem lax or with diffuse branches and open corymbiform or
paniculate inflorescence: leaflets fewer (5 to 15) and rather large, membranaceous, only the ultimate
at all confluent: herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent, neither viscid nor glandular: style
and stamens rather shorter than the corolla.
In a footnote to his “Some North American Asperifoliae,”
Greene (1887) explains about his use of the name
for a family we now universally call Boraginaceae
Original Text
1.
Ordinal names in botany, no less than the generic and specific ought,
it seems to us, to be received according to priority. The one here written
was proposed by Haller, accepted by his contemporaries, including
unch men as Dillenius, and has never yet been quite displaced by the
more recent Jussiaean name Borragineae ; for even that most eminent
writer on the order, Lehmann, continued always to use the older name,
notwithstanding that the DeCandolles in their great general work,
destined to wield such wide and lasting influence, chose to support the
more modern one. I am glad that, among contemporary authorities, one
of Baron von Muller's great fame adopts the original and, I may add,
the most appropriate and convenient ordinal appellative for these plants.
It is one which, like Cruciferae, Compositae and others, has the literary
advantage of not ending in that awkward combination of successive
vowles which is a serious objection against many of the names of
comparatively recent date.
Batschia caroliniensis was first published as Anonymos caroliniensis by Walter (1788).
We now treat B. caroliniensis as Lithospermum caroliniense (J.F.Gmel.) MacMill.
Porter (1870, pp. 479-480) … in what is generally known as the “Hayden Report” …
Eritrichium virgatum, sp. nov. Sesquipedale, hispidissimum ; caule
simplici tereti erecto; foliis radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis, caulinis
linearibus; cymis plurimis in axillis foliorum conglomeratis pedunculatis
superne subsessilibus confertisque ; calycis 5-partiti segmentis lanceolatis
tubum corollae aequantibus ; nuculis 4-ovatis dorso infra partem
mediam convexo supra lateribus depresso laevibus nitidis.
—
Near Denver, Colorado Territory, 1869, B. H. Smith. The stout virgate spike
made up of numerous glomerate cymes, crowded in the axils of the
linear cauline leaves, which much exceed them in length. Limb of the
corolla 4 lines in diameter, its lobes rounded. Nutlets smooth and
shining, the lower half of the back convex, the upper depressed on the
sides, leaving a central vertical ridge. According to Dr. Gray this plant
is the same as Parry's 288, and Hall and Harbour's 438 (in part.) It
has passed for a form of E. glomeratum, DC, but seems more nearly
allied in its fruit and habit of growth to E. leucophaeum, A. DC.
(Myosotis leucoplicea, Dougl., in Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 2. p. 82. t. 163,)
and I have ventured to give it a name.
Porter & Coulter (1874, p. 102-103) in their Synopsis of the flora of Colorado treated our plant as a variety of Eritrichium glomeratum.
Original Text
Comments
Var. VIRGATUM, Porter, (E. virgatum, Porter, Hayden's Rep. 1870, p.
479.) Stout; stem erect, 2°-3° high, very hispid; inflorescence much
elongated, virgate, spike-like, 1°-2° in length; cymes many, conglomeated,
few-flowered, lower ones short-peduncled, upper ones sessile, very
much shorter than the long, spreading, bracteal leaves, which become
narrowly linear above.
&mdasdh;
This variety is verv common on the plains at
the base of the monutains and among the foot-hills.
—
Colorado Springs, Monument Park, and Ute Pass, Porter.
Clear Creek Cañon, Coulter.
There are five locations known as Ute Pass in Colorado.
Assuming this collection was made in Teller County at the town now known as Divide.
There are three Monument Parks in Colorado.
It will be necessary to trace out the route of Hayden's party to narrow down which park they were in which Porter made his collection.
Coulter's s.n. collection in Clear Creek Canyon is NY3224955, an image of which is available via SEINet.
The elevation is given as 9000 ft., so the collection was probably made well above Golden s.l.
Payson (1927, p. 270) published Cryptantha virgata new comb. While the material is copywrited, it is licensed by Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0). The description is lengthy (2½ pages) and informative parts are reproduced here.
Payson (1927, v. 14, p. 270-272) …
Original Text
13. C. virgata (Porter) new comb. Plate 26, figs. 32-34
Eritrichium virgatum Porter, Hayden Rept. 479. 1870.
E. glomeratum var. virgatum Porter in Porter & Coulter, Syn. Fl. Colo. 102. 1874.
Krynitzkia virgata (Porter) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 20: 279. 1885.
Oreocarya virgata (Porter) Greene, Pittonia 1: 58. 1887.
O. spicata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 36: 678. 1909.
(Type: Artist's Glen, Pikes Peak, Colorado, Aug. 1, 1901, Clements 102.)
O. virgata forma spicata (Rydb.) Macbr. Proc. Am. Acad. 51:546. 1916.
[Description omitted.]
Distribution: Transition Zone, eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains, southeastern Wyoming to south-central Colorado;
also in North Park, Colorado. Type: "near Denver, Colorado
Territory, 1869," B. H. Smith.
Specimens examined: … [Omitted]
C. virgata is one of the most conspicuous herbaceous plants on
the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in eastern Colorado.
The strictly erect, rod-like stems with the closely set white flowers
are unique. The numerous elongated leaf-like bracts of the in-
florescence add to the peculiar appearance and serve to separate
the species from its relatives. Its relationship to C. setosissima
is decidedly problematical. Although it was for a time held to
be a variety of Bradburiana there is no reason to believe it is
really related to that plant.
Additional evidence is at hand to support Macbride's contention
(Proc. Am. Acad. 51: 546. 1916) that O. spicata Rydb. is
not even deserving of varietal rank. It is simply to be regarded
as a form of virgata. Thanks to the help of Mr. W. T. Penfound,
of the Alpine Laboratory on Pikes Peak, specimens have been
examined that prove the existence of typical virgata from that
region as well as the smooth-fruited form.
The Latin “ruderatis” literally translates to “rubbish.”
It probably means “waste places” in this context.
This suggests it was recognized as weedy in its native habitat.
POWO states the plant is native is Europe, to west and south Siberia, and Iran.
Echinospermum Redowskii, Lehm. DC. Prodr. 10. l37. Stem erect,
pubescent, paniculately branched; leaves linear or sublanceolate, hoary with
spreading hairs; calyx-lobes narrow-linear, equaling the corolla-tube; nutlets
compressed, surrounded by a single row of barbed prickles, muriculate-rugose
upon the back and sides, shorter than the enlarged calyx. Var. occidentale.
(E. Redowskii, Gray.) The tubercles, which are irregularly and thickly
scattered over the faces of the nutlet, very sharply acute instead of rounded-
obtuse as in Asiatic specimens. — Quite variable in its habit ; from 3'— 2° high,
much branched at base and ascending, or with a single erect virgate stem;
leaves and brads usually linear-oblong, not unfrequently ovate-oblong or spatulate,
always obtuse: flowers small, but little exceeding the calyx, blue; the
prickly margin more or less contracted over the back of the nutlet, and the
prickles more or less confluent. E. patulum, Lehm., of Western Asia, to
which this plant was at first referred, differs from E. Redowskii (as shown by
specimen's in Herb. Gray.) only in the tuberculations upon the fruit, which
in the former species are few in number, arranged regularly in longitudinal
rows upon the back and upon the outer edge of the sides, and armed with
curved points. The differences are represented with tolerable accuracy in
the plate. From Western Texas to Arizona and northward to the Saskatchewan,
Bear Lake and Fort Youkon. Frequent in the valleys and on the
mountains from the Sierras to the Wahsatch ; 4-8,000 feet altitude ; May-July.
Plate XXIII. Figs. 9, 10. Achenium of E. Redowskii, Var. occidentale.
Figs. 11, 12. Achenium from Asiatic specimen of E. Redowskii. Figs.
13, 14. Achenium of E. patulum ; all enlarged eight diameters. (861.)
Var. strictum. (E. strictum, Nees., App. Neuwied's Trav. 17; not of
Ledebour.) The prickles united over the back into a strongly inflexed
border. — An extreme state, but various intermediate forms are frequent.
New Mexico to Colorado and westward. Valleys and foot-hills of Western
Nevada, with the last. (S62.)
Greene (1899, v. VI, p. 97) in a review of western aAmerican Asperifoliae (Boraginaceae),
Original Text
In naming and defining the following species of Lappula,
several of which are of what may be called the cupulate
group, I make no attempt to continue in use Gray's varietal
name cupulatum, for that was made to include, as one variety
of L. Redowskii, a number of easily definable species; and
there is no determining to what one of the segregate species
the name should be applied rather than to another. Moreover,
the earliest known cupulate species obtained specific
rank far anteriorly to the publication of L. Redowskii, var.
cupulatum ; I refer to
... [Seven species descriptions omitted.] ...
L. occidentalis.
Echinospermum Redowskii, var. occidentale, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 246,
in part at least. This is very
widely dispersed from toward the Rocky Mountains almost
to the Pacific coast ; is well marked among the species here
defined by its 7 to 11 strongly developed marginal prickles
usually of triangular-subulate form, lightly or not at all
connected at base, and, I believe always, grooved or channeled
down the whole inner face ; the surface of the nutlet
being tuberculate, not muricate.
There is no evidence of the occurrence, anywhere in
America, of the true L. Redowskii.
Baldwin, et al. (2012) in The Jepson Manual: Vascular Plants of California, Second Edition
treat our plants as varieties of Lappula redowskii,
and my collections from California continue to reflect that treatment.
Khoshsokhan-Mozaffar, et al. (2018) prepared a molecular phylogeny of the tribe Rochelieae
with special reference to Lappula.
Their text does not specifically mention the relationship between Lappula occidentalis and L. redowskii.
However, their trees place the North American Lappula in their own clade including L. occidentalis,
separate from the Asian clades including L. redowskii.
Batschia ( longiflora ) silky-villous leaves are linear,
ealyx lobes linear, corolla lobes crenate and cut,
the tube elongated.
Pursh. Fl. Americae septentr. Vol. 1. pag. 132.
Habitat ad Missuri fluvium Americae borealis.
♃
Lives along the Missouri River of North America.
Perennial.
Obs.
Ab omnibus satis distincta videtur corollis crenato-incisis.
Speciei nomen longuflorae mutandum esse putavi,
quum nunc ad Lithospermorum genus relatae flores habeant longiasimos.
It seems quite distinct from all pale crenato-serratum saplings.
Longuflorae type a name change to be expected.
[Because it was previously used by Salisbury in 1786. — Ed.]
Lithospermum kind of in a manner related to the flowers when they have a longiasimos now.
Lithospermum incisum Lehm., Pl. Asperif. Nucif. 2: 303 (1818). Plantae e Familiae Asperifoliarum Nuciferae
Calix 5-parted.
Corolla salverform, rather large, tube straight,
much longer than the calix,
closed at the base by a bearded ring;
orifice naked or partially closed;
border orbiculate, nearly flat, segments rounded.
Seed indurated, shining,
(as in Lithospermum.)
Flowers yellow or fulvous, axillary, almost fastigiate,
in short bracleate spikes; leaves narrow, without collateral
nerves.
Species.
1. B. Gmelini.
2. canescens. Flowers fulvous.
3. *longiflora.
Hirsutely villous, erect; leaves approximating,
long and linear, margin reflected; flowers in a
fastigiate fascicle; tube of the corolla somewhat pentangular,
(often from 10 to 15 lines long) border flat,
segments fimbriate-crenate.
—
Flowers sulphur yellow.
In open plains; around the Prairie du Chien, Missisippi, and
on the banks of the Missouri to its sources.
4. *decumbens.
Hirsutely villous; stem decumbent; segments of the calix
and leaves linear; flowers scattered; lobes of the corolla
fimbriate-crenate, shorter than the tube.
—
Around the Mandan village.
Nearly allied to the preceding.
In both these species the orifice is partly closed by 5 arched protuberances.
All the species of this genus afford a crimson lac from the root.
Prairie du Chien is on the Mississippi River in southwest Wisconsin.
Batschia decumbens is now treated as a synonym of Lithospermum incisum Lehm.
I would hazard a guess that Nuttall actually first applied the name B. longiflora to our plant,
but that Pursh (1814) beat him into print.
In the meantime, Lehman (1818) of the Hamburg Botanical Garden published L. incisum without stating whether he had seen the plant or not.
Gray (1878, v. 2(1), p. 206) published O. Carolianum var. molle …
Original Text
O. Carolinianum, DC,, l. c. Stout, 2 or 3 feet high, shaggy-hispid :
leaves ovate-lanceolate and oblong-lanceolate, acute, 5-9-ribbed, generally hairy both sides :
flowers nearly sessile :
corolla short (4 or 5 lines long), yellowish-white, oblong-funnelform ;
its ovate-triangular acute lobes very hairy outside, and nearly half the length of the tube.
—
Lithospermum Carolinianum, Lam. Ill. & Diet. Suppl. ii. 837.
Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 383.
—
Alluvial grounds, Upper Canada to Georgia and Texas.
Var. molle.
A foot or two high ;
the pubescence shorter and less spreading or appressed :
leaves mostly smaller (about 2 inches long),
when young softly strigose-canescent beneath.
—
Onosmodium molle, Michx. Fl. i. 133, t. 15 ;
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 362.
Purshia mollis, Lehm. Asper. 382.
— Illinois to Saskatchewan, Utah, and Texas.
Kenneth Kent Mackenzie (1905, v. 32, p. 502-3) published what is now the basionym of
Lithospermum occidentale.
Original Text
5. Onosmodium occidentale nom. nov.
Onosmodium carolimaniun molle A. Gray, Syn, Fl. 21 : 205. 1878,
and later American authors; not Onosmodium molle Michx.,
vide supra.
Usually only 3-6 dm. tall, but occasionally 10-12 dm., branching
above or often from near the base, the branches spreading or
almost erect ; plant clothed all over with a silvery-white or
sometimes a slightly yellowish appressed or more or less spreading
canescent pubescence (in northern and mountain plants sometimes
quite green and noticeably spreading) usually not exceeding 2
mm. in length, the pubescence of the branches and leaves usually
appressed: leaves typically about 5 cm. long and 1.5 cm. wide,
acutish, prominently 5-7-nerved on both surfaces, the pubescence
sometimes strongly spreading and papillose, but most typically
soft, appressed and hardly papillose : bracts 6-24 mm. long, often
2-ranked, resembling the leaves in outline : fruiting pedicels from
very short to 6 mm. long : calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute, acutish
or obtusish, rarely linear-oblong, 6- [2 mm. long, canescent or
with somewhat spreading hairs; corolla 12-20 mm. long, canescent
all over outside, the broadly triangular acute lobes (3-4 mm.
long) usually with apical tuft of hairs not strongly noticeable:
nutlets 3.5-4 mm. long, ovoid, acutish or acute, not constricted
at base, dull in color, little if at all pitted.
This is the common Onosmodium of the western part of the
country and the most common species in herbaria. It has
heretofore been referred to O. molle Michx., a species which as already
related I believe to be distinct. It ranges from Illinois to Athabasca,
Alberta, Montana, New Mexico and Texas, and seems to
be a fairly common plant in all this vast extent of country.
Specimens examined. [Reduced to Colorado specimens only. — Ed.]
Colorado:
Hulse, 1870;
Britton, 8 October 1882, Golden ;
Osterhout 2461, 25 June 1901, Boulder ;
J. H. Cowen, 10 July 1S93, Ft, Collins ;
Jones, 12 June 1878, Platte River, Denver ;
Engelmann, 6 August 1874, Empire ;
Brandegee 9 July 1873, Cañon City ;
Cowen, 25 June 1895.
O. molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) I. M. Johnston
I. M. Johnston (1924, v. 70, p. 18) published O. molle var. occidentale ...
Original Text
7. O. molle Michx. Fl. Am. Bor. i. 133, t. 15 (1803);
Mack. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 499 (1905).
Lithospermum molle Muhl. Cat. 19 (1813).
Purshia mollis Lehm. Asperif. ii. 383 (1818).
O. cariolinianum, var. molle Gray, Synop. Fl. N. A. ii, pt. 1, 206 (1878).
—
In its extreme form known only from the vicinity of Nashville, Tenn.
7a. O. molle, var. occidentale (Mack.), comb. nov.
O. occidentale Mack. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 502 (1905).
O. occidentale, var. sylvestre Mack. l. c. 504.
—
Minnesota and Illinois, westward to Texas,
New Mexico, Utah, and Saskatchewan.
This is the common Onosmodium west of the Mississippi River.
The plant is not accorded
specific rank due to the material from Illinois which shows repeated
tendencies to intergrade with O. molle. The variety usually differs
from the typical form of the species in its coarser stems, rough
spreading pubescence, larger calyces (8-12 mm. long), and unpitted
non-constricted nutlets, but these characters and their complements
occur in various combinations in the collections from Illinois.
O. bejariense A. DC. var. occidentale (Mack.) B. L. Turner
B. L. Turner (1995, v. 78, p. 46-47) ...
Original Text
ONOSMODIUM BEJARIENSE A. DC. VAR. OCCIDENTALE (Mack.) B.L. Turner, comb. nov.
BASIONYM:
Onosmodium occidentale Mack., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32:502. 1905.
Onosmodium molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) I.M. Johnst., Contr. Gray Herb. n.s. 70:18. 1924.
Onosmodium molle Michx. subsp. occidentale (Mack.) Cochrane, Michigan Bot. 15:104. 1976.
TYPE: U.S.A. Nebraska: Kearney Co., "Prairie", 13 Jun 1891, P.A. Rydberg s.n.
(LECTOTYPE: NY!, selected by T. Barkley but first published here).
My concept of this taxon is essentially the same as that of Das (1976).
It occurs in the drier, more northwestern regions of the broad distribution of
Onosmodium bejariense. Var. occidentale appears to intergrade into the
bejariense in northcentral Texas, central Oklahoma, western Arkansas, northern
Missouri, Illinois, and Minnesota.
REPRESENTATIVE SPECIMENS: This variety, for the most part, is
well-marked; in Texas, it is known only from Wichita and Tarrant counties
(cf. discussion under var. bejariense).
DISTRIBUTION (Figure 2) AND ECOLOGY: Northcentral Texas westwards
to Colorado, Montana, and Canada, eastwards to Illinois and Wisconsin,
mostly silty-clay or sandy soils; flowering May- July.
Ackerfield (2015) treats our plant as Onosmodium bejariense DC. ex A. DC. var. occidentale (Mack.) B. L. Turner (Syn: Onosmodium molle Michx. var. occidentale (Mack.) I. M. Johnst.)
Flowers almost disposed in terminal corymbs, sometimes racemose.
Leaves in the American species and in
the P. maritima smooth and glaucous, calix short, about
half the length of the corolla tube. (Mertensia Persoon.)
Species. 1. P. virginica. 2. paniculata. 3. *marginata.
Small, glabrous, erect; leaves hispid on the margin, on the
lower part of the stem oblong'-spalhulate or oblong-ovate,
upper leaves ovate, acute, semiamplexicaule; flowers
subpaniculate; fasciculi few-flowered, axillary and terminal;
calix acute, about half ihe length of the corollii tube.
P. lanceolata. Pursh, Flor. Am. 2. p. 729.
Perennial. Stem nearly erect, and somewhat branched,
scarcely a foot high. Radical leaves petiolate, stem leaves
sessile, uppermost semiamplexicaule, all glabrous, glaucous,
and somewhat carnose. Fascicles or ramuli, pedicellate,
a little longer than the leaves, 4, 5, 8, or more
flowered. Calix 5-parted, smooth, acute, segments somewhat
hispid on the margin. Corolla funnel-formed, much
like that of P. virginica, and of the same colour, but
smaller, lobes entire. Stamina seated around the orifice
of the tube.
Nearly allied to P. virginica, and also probably to the P.
paniculata, but the leaves are never acuminated or hairy,
but perfectly smooth, except on the margin where there
are a few scattered hooked, hispid hairs, often only visible
in a dried state. The name of lanceolata is so very
inapplicable that it appeared to me necessary to alter it.
On arid hills near the confluence of Teeton river, Missouri. Flowering in June.
4. paniculata. 5. sibirica.
The only 3 genuine species of Pulmonaria described
are confined to Europe; the American species all arrange
under the subdivision Mertensia of Persoon.
4. O. Bejariense (DC. mss.),
caule pilis patentibus hispido ,
foliis oblongo-lanceolatis acutiusculis supra strigillosis subtus pilis brevissimis adpressis
pubescentibus , nervis pinnatis utrinque 3 ,
lobis calycinis linearibus obtusius-culis pilis subpatentibus hispidis corolla duplo fere
brevioribus ,
corolla adpresse villosa, tubo ad spicem dilatato , lobis lanceolatis acutis.
♃ in Mexico boreali prope Bejar ad Rio de la Trinidad (Berlandier pl. exs. n. 1681 ! ).
Folia 2½ poll. longa 6-7 lin. lata.
Bracteae longe ciliatae.
Corolla 4 lin. longa.
Nuces juniores rugulosse, adultse ovoideae laeves albae nitidae hinc inde punctatae.
(v. s.)
There are two records of Berlandier no. 1681 in SEINet.
One from GH described the collecting locality as “[San Antonio] de Bejar al Rio de la Trinidad [San Antonio to the Trinity River]”
and therefore anywhere in between those two endpoints.
Annotated, “Collected in May of 1828 at Trinity River crossing in eastern Texas. B. L. Turner, 1994.”
The other, from F, appears to be an image of a voucher containing two specimens, one of which is Berlandier's no. 1681,
from the herbarium of Moïse-Étienne Moricand, a Swiss botanist and malacologist (1779–1854).
Gray (1878, v. 2(1), p. 206) accepted DeCandolle's O. bejariense ...
Original Text
O. Bejariense, DC. Stems 1 to 3 feet high, rather stout, hispid with spreading bristles :
leaves oblong-lanceolate, 5-7-ribbed (the lower obtuse, upper acutish); upper surface
appressed strigose-hispid, the lower more or less canescent with fine and soft pubescence :
flowers short-pedicelled : corolla funnelform (6 to 9 lines long), about twice the length of
the calyx, white; the greenish ovate-triangular acuminate lobes about one quarter the
length of the tube, minutely pubescent externally and with some long hirsute hairs.
—
Prodr. x. 70.
O. Carolinianum, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. l. c, not DC.
—
Border of thickets, nearly throughout Texas ; first coll. by Berlandier.
Lehman (1830, v. 2. p. 21) describes P. hastata in great detail from Douglas' manuscript,
though he gives no information about when and where Douglas saw the plant.
P. heterophylla and P. hastata clustered into a megellanica/humiles complex
alon with P. imbricata, nemoralis, egena, californica, breweri, humilis, divaricata, and douglasii.
Ackerfield (2015, p. 503) notes that P. hastata and P. heterophylla
“… belong to a large polyploid complex and might be better treated as a single species [P. magellanica (Lam.) Cov.] with many infraspecific taxa.”
Found only in emphemeral ponds on North and South Table Mountains, Plagiobothrys scouleri (Hook. & Arn.) I.M. Johnst. var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn “Scouler's popcornflower”
is common along drying pond margins or in moist muddy soil in open meadows.
The only other Jefferson County collection is at Ranson/Edwards Homestead Open Space by the author.
Colorado collections are mostly west of the Front Range wherever suitable habitat is found.
10. A. HISPIDULA. Diffusely branching, 4 — 8 inches high,
canescent with a short, setose-hispid pubescence ; racemes
naked or leafy-bracted : calyx not accrescent: akenes ovate,
opaque, ¾-line long, carinate on both sides, the back very
lightly so and beset with a minute muriculation, the transverse
rugulae few and not prominent ; scar almost basal,
ovate-oblong.
From the San Bernardino Mountains, Cal. (Parish, No.
1470) northward to Oregon (T. J. Howell), referred to
“Eritrichium Californicum” from which plant it differs in its rough
pubescence, and muriculate rather tlian granulate akenes.
Plagiobothrys scouleri var. hispidulus (Greene) Dorn, Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 295 (1988): (1988).
P. cuneifolia.Zapania cuneifolia, Torr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc.
ii. 234 (1826). Lippia cuneifolia, Steud. Nom. ii. 54 (1841),
Torr. Marcy's Report 261, t. 17. A very strongly marked
halophilous species, common on moist subsaline or alkaline
plains of the Rocky Mountain region, ranging westward to
California, southward to Arizona and perhaps Mexico, and
with a near relative or two in South America.
Verbena aristigera (syns. Glandularia aristigera and Verbena tenuisecta),
variously called the moss verbena, desert verbena, fine leafed verbena, wild verbena, tuber vervain, South American mock vervain,
Mayne's curse and Mayne's pest, is a species of flowering plant in the family Verbenaceae.
It is native to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay.
It has been widely introduced to the rest of the world's drier tropics and subtropics, including California, Guatemala, Honduras,
Nicaragua, Venezuela, Greece, Nigeria, eastern and southern Africa, India, and all of Australia except Tasmania.
Distribucion y ecologia.
Especie muy ampliamente
distribuida en Estados Unidos de America, principalmente
en los estados del sudoeste como Arizona,
Nevada y Colorado; tambien en Mexico (Perry, 1933).
Se la encuentra en campos abiertos y tambien en orillas
de rios, formando grandes matas que se esparcen sobre
la tierra alrededor de 1 m de distancia.
Nuttall (1818) described D. parviflorum from material seen at Fort Mandan.
I have not found any reference to his material, such as a type.
Original Text
5. * parviflorum.
Flowers verticillate, subcapitate;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, deeply serrate, and petiolate, bractes foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, and serrate, serratures conspicuously mucronate;
upper segment of the calix much larger than the rest;
flower scarcely longer than the calix.
Hab.
Around Fort Mandan, on the Missouri; on the borders of thickets.
Obs.
Biennial;
nearly smooth, stem and petiole a little pubescent;
flowers almost imbricated in a leafy capitulum, very small, and nearly white;
calix awned, arid and membranaceous, semiquinquefid;
bractes divaricately awned;
upper lip of the corolla emarginate, arched;
lower 3-lobed, central lobe subcrenate.
Flowering time, July.
Apparently allied to D. Moldavica,
but the leaves are entirely destitute of punctures:
scarcely a congener with D. virginianum,
and closely allied to Melissa.
Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W.P.C.Barton, Fl. Philadelph. Prodr. 15 (1815).
Barton (1815) again listed the name again,
citing Muhlenberg (1813)
this time with some characters for diagnosis,
specifically “Very closely related to Mentha, but no odor;
leaves sinuate-serrate, apendiculate.”
Nuttall (1848) described Monarda pectinata from a collection
by William Gambel.
Original Text
MONARDA
M. *pectinata.
Biennial ?
slightly pubescent ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate, denticulate, shortly petiolate ;
capituli proliferous, rather small, subtended by herbaceous,
some of them purplish, ovate-acute, strongly ciliated, as well as the elongated,
setaceous teeth of the calyx;
corolla widely ringent,
the tube scarcely exserted beyond the calyx.
Isotype: NY415671, T. C. Porter, s.n., Colorado, Clear Creek Canyon, 9000 ft, June 15, 1873. The 9000 ft elevation in Clear Creek Canyon is just below Silver Plume.
Scutellaria resinosa Torr., Porter (1894, v. 21, p. 177).
Original Text
Scutellaria resinosa Torr.
—
If the description of the species
given under this name in Dr. Gray's Synoptical Flora (p. 381) be
compared with the references there cited, it will be found that they
do not agree. The true S. resinosa of Torrey, collected during Long's
First Expedition and published in the Annals of the New York
Lyceum (2 ; 232) and by Bentham, in D.C. Prodr. (12 : 427), is beyond
question nothing else than S. Wrightii K. Gray, published long after
(Feb. 1872) in the Proceedings of the American Academy. This
is clear both from the descriptions and the type specimen in the
Torrey Herbarium, It differs from the Colorado plant in its
strong woody root, branching stems, round leaves, smaller flowers
and shorter corolla-tubes. Its range extends from Kansas to
Texas and thence westward to the Huachuca Mountains of Arizona.
The other species is most common in the Rocky Mountains of
Colorado and being thus deprived of the name resinosa I bestow
on it that of Scutellaria Brittonii
Diese neue Datura ward aus Californien
durch das Haus Vilmorin Andrieux
et Comp, in Cultur gebracht und unter
dem Namen D. meteloides D. C. verbreitet.
Herr Ortgies, der die beistehende
Tafel nach einer Pflanze anfertigen
Hess, die im Botanischen Garten
zu Zürich zur Blüthe kam, machte uns
darauf aufmerksam, dass die von Vilmorin
verbreitete Pflanze mit der Beschreibung ,
wie solche sich im 13. Bande
von DeCandolle's Prodromus findet,
nicht übereinstimmt.
This new Datura was from California
by the House of Vilmorin-Andrieux
& Co., brought into culture and under
known as D. meteloides D.C.
Mr. Ortgies, who
made a plate based on a plant
Hess [grew] in the botanical garden
[and] came to bloom in Zurich, made us
[aware] that the common plant described by Vilmorin
does not match that shown in the 13th volume
of DeCandolle's Prodromus.
Arthur S. Barclay. 1959.
New Considerations in an Old Genus: Datura.
Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University.
v. 18, No. 6, pp. 245- January 16, 1959.
https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/295184
Barclay (1959, v. 18, n. 6., pp. 245-) ....
In 1855, a new Datura was brought into cultivation
by the French horticulturist M. Louis Vilmorin from
seeds sent him bv Asa Gray who had obtained them from
a collection made by Charles Wright (no. 526) in western
Texas in 1849. This plant was cultivated and distributed
under the name of Datura meteloides (Ewan, 1944).
M. Ortgies, an employee of the Vilmorin Co. of France,
noticed the discrepancy between de Candolle's description
of D. meteloides and the plant cultivated under the
same name and brought it to the attention of the German
botanist, Dr. Eduard von Regel. As a result, a new species,
D. Wrightii, was published by Regel (1859).
Gray (1878) considered the southwestern perennial
species of the United States to represent Datura meteloides
and relegated D. Wrightii to synonymy handling
the obvious lack of agreement between the two descriptions
with the following comment : “ ... Dunal in DC.
Prodr. l.c. 544 (the descr. and drawing of Mocino and
Sesse wrong as to 10-dentate corolla).” This erroneous
interpretation was adopted by Safford (1921) who apparently
followed Gray.
5. LYCIUM (Chinenfe) foliis ovato-lanceolatis, ramis difufis,
floribus folitariis patentibus alaribus, ftylo longiori.
Boxthorn with oval fpear-fhaped leaves, diffufed branches,
and fingle fpreading flowers proceeding from
the fides of the branches, with a longer ftyle.
....
The fifth fort grows naturally in China, from whence
the feeds were brought to England a few years paft,
and the plants were raifed in feveral gardens, and by
fome were thought to be the Thea. This rifes with
weak, irregular, dilffufed branches to a great height,
but require fupport, otherwife they will trail upon
the ground : I have meafured fome of thefe branches,
which in one year has been upward of twelve feet
long : the lower leaves are more than four inches
long, and three broad in the middle : they are of a
light green and a thin confiftence, placed without order
on every fide the branches ; as the fhoots advance
in length, fo the fize of the leaves diminifh, and toward
the upper part they are not more than an inch
long, and a quarter of an inch broad ; they fit clofe to
the ftalks on every fide. The flowers come out fingly
at every joint toward the upper part of the branches,
ftanding upon fhort flender foot-ftalks ; they are of a
pale colour, with fhot tubes ; the brims are fpread
open broader than either of the former forts, and the
ftyle is confiderably longer than the tube of the
flower. This fort flowers in Auguft, September, and
October; the plant is very hardy, and retains its
leaves till November before they dcay. It propagates
faft enough by its creeping roots, which fend
out fuckers at a great diftance, and the cuttings
thruft into the ground will take root as freely as
Willows.
Perennial, erect, about 0.5 metre high; pubescence fine and
short, that on the calyx, pedicels and upper branches mixed with
long white flat jointed hairs ; like P. heterophylla Nees (P. Virginiana
Gray, not L.), but leaves smaller, blade not over 0.5 decimetre long,
rounded, ovate, scarcely at all cordate at the base, about 5 centimetres
long, thin, somewhat repand-dentate or nearly entire; petioles
as long as the leaves; corolla greenish-yellow with brown
centre; fruiting calyx as in P. Hederaefolia Gray, but of thinner
texture.
The validity of this as a species may be doubted. It is intermediate
between P. Heterophylla and P. Hederaefolia and might be
placed as a variety of either with about equal right. It, perhaps,
most resembles the latter, but differs in the thinner texture of the
leaves and the fruiting calyx, in the larger flower and in the long
white hairs.
The following localities are recorded :
Nebraska: P. A. Rydberg, No. 269, 1891 (type).
Kansas: E. Bartholomew, No. 2, 1892; E. A, Popenoe, 1875.
Texes(sic) : G. Jermy, No. 618, 1890.
Physalis hederaefolia Gray, var. comata (Rydb.), stat. nov.
(P. comata Rydb. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl.22: 306. 1895).
In the western part of the Oklahoma panhandle we have a Physalis that
looks like P. hederaefolia, but has long (1-2 mm.) flat jointed
hairs scattered on the stem, leaves and calyces among the abundant
viscid capitate hairs. These plants the author is referring to
var. comata. Typical P. hederaefolia may have a villous pubescence,
of somewhat jointed hairs (up to half as long as in var.
comata) mixed with the short capitate glandular hairs, but the
pubescence seems to be denser and shorter. Referred to var.
comata are: Waterfall 7867, 14 miles east of Hooker, Texas
County, June 11, 1948; Waterfall 7445, plains north of the Black
Mesa, north of Kenton, Cimarron County, July 9, 1947;
Waterfall 9240, northeast slopes of the Black Mesa, 3 miles north and 1
east of Kenton, Cimarron County, August 10, 1949.
3. *longifolia.
Glaberrima, caule angulata erecto,
foliis soltariis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis sinuato-dentatis longe pedunculatis,
floribus solitariis pendulis.
—
Obs.
Herbaceous ; root perennial ;
stem angular, about eighteen inches high, and branching above ;
leaves smooth, four to five inches long, irregularly,
sparingly and sinuously toothed ;
flowers, as usual, yellowish, with five brown blotches towards the base;
calix muxh larger than the berry.
It bears much the aspect of Capiscum annuum, and, from the diagnosis,
appears allied to P. chenopodifolia.
—
Hab.
On the sandy banks of the Arkansas, near Belle Point.
Flowering in June.
Ackerfield (2015) comments on determinations of P. virginiana
and P. longifolia.
Original Text
Most specimens originally identified as P. virginiana actually
belong to P. longifolia.
Physalis virginiana appears to be restricted to the base
of the northern Front Range in Colorado.
Nuttall (1818) described the Solanum of North America
and included a review of Solanum and related taxa, their origins and uses.
Original Text
Comments
6. *triflorum.
Stem unarmed, herbaceous and procumbent;
leaves dentately-pinnatifid, smooth, segments acute, somewhat undulated, with the margin more or less revolute;
peduncles opposite the leaves, 2 or 3-flowered.
—
Flowers small and white, revolute;
fruit about the size of a cherry, green when ripe.
Stem a little hirsute, spreading and procumbent, about a foot long;
leaves somewhat runcinate.
This species, though very distinct, appears to have some affinity with the S. runcinatum of Peru and Chili (sic).
—
Hab.
As a weed in and about the gardens of the Mandans and Minitarees,
and in no other situations.
Near Fort Mandan.
Flowering from June to August.
This is followed by a several paragraph review of Solanum
and related species, their origins and uses.
Gray, Asa. 1856. 2nd ed. Manual of the botany of the northern United States. New York.
Publication of Aphyllon fasciculatum
4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-rape.
Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets.
Calyx 5-cleft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading border,
somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lip deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3
of the lower lip. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lipped. Capsule with
4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers purplish, and scapes minutely
glandular-pubescent. (Name from α privative and Φυλλον, foliage,
alluding to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phelipaea. ;
Castilleja integra A. Gray “Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush”
A very common paintbrush in Golden s.l.,
Castilleja integra A. Gray “Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush”
is found in all the open spaces.
Jefferson County collections are mainly in the northern part of the county, on the plains and up in the foothills.
Most of the Colorado state collections are in the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains from Denver south.
The name was applied by A. Gray (1859) in “Pacific Railroad Reports” while citing a number of contemporary collections in the southwest.
In 1849, he joined an army expedition (with Gray's help) through Texas,
botanising from Galveston to San Antonio and then on to El Paso.
But he had to walk most of the 673 miles, (which took over 104 days effort).
He collected seeds of Penstemon baccharifolius (Hook.), between Texas and El Paso,
which were later given to William Hooker.
Also, Castilleja lanata (found near the Rio Grande) and Castilleja integra (found in the Organ Mountains, near El Paso)
(Pennell, 1935).
In the spring of 1851, he joined the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey (also with Gray's help). (Wikipedia)
Emory, William H., 1859.
Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey.
Volume II.
Torrey, John, 1859.
Part I. Botany of the Boundary
Washington, 1859.
p. 119
SCROPHULARIACEAE (by A. Gray)
…
Castilleja integra (sp. nov.): perennis; caule stricto tomentoso;
foliis linearibus integerrimis subtus tomentulosis, floralibus oblongis obocatisque integerrimis coloratis (paniceis);;
spica conferta;
calyce aequaliter vel postice profundius bifido,
lobis bifidis lanceolatis obtusiusculis labium inferius galea multoties brevius adaequantibus.
—
Organ mountains, east of El Paso;
Wright, (undistributed,)
Bigelow.
Guadaloupe cañon, Sonora;
Capt. E. K. Smith.
Also gathered in the Rocky Mountains further north by Dr. Kreuzfeldt, in Gunnison's expedition.
Stem one or two feet high, mostly simple, rigid;
leaves 1½ to 3 inches long, 2 to 3 lines wide, entire;
most of the floral ones almost wholly petaloid, ample, shorted than the fully developed flowers.
Calyx 8 or 12 lines long, red or reddish;
“corolla reddish green;”
glaea 6 to 8 lines long;
the lower lip very short.
Apparently a well marked new species of the section Callichroma.
It is No. 584 of Fendler's New Mexican collection; and Dr. Bigelow gathered specimens in Whipple's expedition on the Llano Estacado.
Castilleja integra was among Parry's 1861 collections.
Parry's collection (GH1877286) is probably the first and oldest collection of the taxon from Colorado.
Location data is the typical “From the head-waters of Clear Creek, and the alpine ridges lying east of "Middle Park,"
Castilleja integra was among the collections of Parry, Hall, and Harbour, but Gray (1863) gives no location data.
There are two vouchers from 1862 in herbaria, PBRU44553, and COLO744060, neither with locality data.
Pennell, Francis W. [Curator of Botany, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]
The Scrophulariaceae of Eastern Temperate North America
The Academy of Natural Sciences
Monographs, Number 1
Philadelphia, 1935.
p. 533
9. Castilleja integra Gray
Castilleja integra A. Gray, in Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. 119. 1859.
“Organ mountains, east of El Paso; Wright …, Bigelow.
Guadaloupe canon, Sonora; Capt. E. K. Smith."
Bracts red. Flowering from May to August.
Gravelly soil, plains and hills, Colorado to Texas, Chihuahua and Arizona.
Known in our territory from a single record along the Rio grande.
Several Orobanche species are known to be agricultural weeds in Colorado,
and some have been reported to infest agricultural lands.
Species of Concern:
Orobanche cooperi (Cooper's broomrape):
While generally not considered a severe weed,
it has been found infesting agricultural cropland,
including tomato fields in inland California.
Although its primary hosts are plants in the Asteraceae family like Artemisia and Ambrosia,
it's capable of parasitizing other plants.
Orobanche fasciculata (Clustered broomrape):
This species is commonly found in Northeast Colorado
and is known to parasitize sagebrush and other plants.
It has also been reported to parasitize various Salt Bushes
and other plants in Pinyon/Juniper forests.
Orobanche minor (Small broomrape):
This species is a federally listed noxious weed.
There's concern that it may spread to infest crops such as legume forages
and leafy green vegetables,
and heavy infestations can lead to crop failure.
Orobanche aegyptiaca (Egyptian broomrape):
While a widespread agricultural pest globally, infecting various crops including tomato,
eggplant, potato, sunflower, and legumes,
the provided search results don't explicitly confirm its presence
and impact as a weed in Colorado agriculture.
Piwowarczyk (2021) does not address American Aphyllon in their text. However, their historical biogeography (Figure 3) shows Aphyllon as a strictly American genus diverging roughly 9 million years ago.
Described by Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 58-59) in a new section named Gymnocaulis
as Orobanche fasciculata,
with calyx and corolla almost equally 5-cleft.
Original Text
Comments
448. OROBANCHE. L. (Broomrape.)
Calix 4 or 5-cleft, segments often unequal.
Corolla ringent.
Capsule ovate, acute, 1-celled, 2-valved; seeds numerous.
A gland beneath the base of the germ.
…
[Description of the genus omitted.]
…
[Description of O. americana. omitted.]
* Gymnocaulis.
Calix and corolla almost equally 5-cleft.
Assumed to be a new section name.
3. * fasciculata.
Stem short and simple;
peduncles many, naked, nearly terminal, and about the length of the stem;
lobes of the corolla very short, rounded, and naked on the margin.
Hab.
With the above.
Flowering in June and July.
Very nearly allied to the following.
The above is O. ludoviciana,
which was “… in sandy alluvial soils, around Fort Mandan …”
The following is O. biflora.
Handwritten note, “primarily Artemisia.”
Obs. 4 or 5
inches high, densely and pulverulently pubescent. Stem
angular, with few scales, terminating in 6 or more naked
filiform peduncles, 2 to 2 1-2 inches in length. Calix
campanulate, semiquinquefid, segments sublanceolate, acute,
little more than one-third the length of the corolla.
Corolla curved, tubular, dilute purple; segments of the border
scarcely more than a line long; lower lip producing a
grooved palate. Stamina smooth, lobes of the anthers
acute below, opening marginally and longitudinally, the
lobes being parallel. Capsule 1-celled, ovate, acuminate.
Gray, Asa. 1856. 2nd ed. Manual of the botany of the northern United States. New York.
Publication of Aphyllon fasciculatum
2. A. fasciculatum, Torr. & Gr. Scaly stem erect and rising 3'-4'
out of ground, mostly longer than the crowded peduncles ; divisions of the calyx
triangular, very much shorter than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
(Orobanche fasciculata, Nutt.) — Islands in Lake Huron (Engelmann),
and northward. May.
Descript.
Root tortuous, perpendicular, and fibrous.
Stem simple, hirsutely pilose, terete.
Leaves increasing in size upwards, alternate, sessile, lanceolate-linear,
acute, entire, opaque, and as will as the bractes and calix shortly and somewhat viscidly pubescent,
margins scabrous;
bractes cuneate, divaricately trifid, about an inch long and the same in width,
3-nerved.
Calix much shorted than the bractes, partly compressed, striated,
subcampanulate, segments linear-lanceolate, acute.
Corolla yellow, smooth;
tube slender, about the length of the calix;
both of the lips concave, inflected, and closed,
the lower somewhat plaited and terminated by 3 minute dentures,
so inconspicuous as the give the corolla the appearance of being destitute of an under lip.
Stamina 4, small;
filaments capillary, ingrafted upon the upper lip a little below the orifice,
approximating by pairs unde the same lip;
anthers pale, unusually small, 2-celled, distinctly and separately 2-lobed,
lobes pubescent, not parallel,
one acute-angularly diverging from below the summit of the other,
almost exactly similar to the small lamdba (sic) of the Greek alphabet (λ).
Style filiform, stigma simple, minute.
Capsule elliptic ovate, obtuse, staight (sic) and pubescent,
included within the calix, 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded,
margins of the valves partly inflected;
dissepiment transverse,
or origining from the middle of the valves and seminiferous.
Seeds small, more than 10, having an alated interrupted margin.
Cotyledones 2, very small, upon the growing plant, oval.
Hab.
In humid situations on the plains of the Missouri, near Fort Mandan;
very local.
Flowering in July and August.
Height about 12 or 14 inches.
Growing in quantities.
Flowers of a bright and uniform yellow,
almost of the size and form of the common species of Melampyrum at first sight.
In point of affinity it cannot be compared with any other genus,
notwithstanding its marked distinction.
† The straightness of the fruit,
readily distinguishing this genus from Melampyrum.
Melampyrum is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Orobanchaceae known commonly as cow wheat.
They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, though not found in Colorado.
They are hemiparasites on other plants, obtaining water and nutrients from host plants,
though they are able to survive on their own without parasitising other plants.
In the spring of 1810, during the course of an extensive
journey into the north-western interior of the territories of
the United States, I first became acquainted with the very
singular and interesting plant which forms the subject of the
present memoir. The specimens which I then obtained on
the alluvial soils of the Alleghany and on the borders of lake
Erie were finally lost. On arriving at St. Louis, near the
confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, I found
that Mr. John Bradbury, a botanist, had also detected this
plant about the same time, on the banks of the Missouri
and Mississippi, but I saw no specimen. In the spring
of last year (1816), having undertaken a tour to the western
states, I determined, if possible, again to collect this
neglected plant, but after a journey of more than a hundred
miles, for scarcely any other purpose, I arrived at
Pittsburgh disappointed of my object. On descending
the Ohio, however, nearly to Galiopolis, I at last recognised
it on the more open alluvions of the river, withered
and nearly past affording seed, accompanied by the
Hesperis pinnatifida and the interesting Phalangium
esculentum: from these seeds I have been at last fortunate enough
to obtain the plant from which the accompanying drawing
was taken by my friend, Mr. C. A. Le Sueur. This plant
has for several years been known to Dr. Drake of Cincinati,
in whose collection I saw specimens of it, and
also with Dr. Short of Lexington, Kentucky, two gentlemen,
who, amidst the avocations of an irksome profession,
have still found leisure to cultivate some of the branches
of natural science.
I have dedicated this genus to the name of Zaccheus
Collins, Esq. of Philadelphia, a gentleman, whose talents
as a botanist and a mineralogist are deservedly acknowledged.
The article goes on to a formal description of Collinsia verna and includes a black and white drawing.
1 aurea. Muhl. (Golden-Pert.) In sandy woods in moist
places. New-Jersey. Long-Island, &c. ♃. Aug. yellow.
2 Virginica. L.
officinalis. Mx.
B. Caroliniensis. Pers.
In inundated and moist places (rare.) ♃. Aug.
3. neglecta. Sp. nov. In similar situations. (common.) July-Aug.
♃. white and yellow.
…
Page 10. Gratiola neglecta, nobis : G. caule pubescente assurgente
tereti ; foliis glabris lanceolatis pauci-dentato-serratis
basi attenuatis connatisque : calycis foliolis aequalibus ; filamenta sterilia nulla.
Root fibrous, perenial. Stem about six inches, branched
at the base, round ; leaves broad-lanceolate, narrowed at the
base and a little connate, smooth, rather obtuse. Peduncles
varying in length, some of them shorter, and some longer
than the leaves, the upper ones opposite. Calyx with obtuse
lanceolate segments a little more than one third the length of
the corolla ; bracts longer than the calyx, beset with glanduliferous
hairs. Corolla with divisions rounded, the upper segment
longer, and all of them emarginate ; limb white ; tube
yellow, bent obliquely, smooth ; throat hairy. Filaments
shorter than the tube. Stigma oblique, compressed.
Capsule ovate, acutish, and about the length of the calyx.
This species approaches very near to G. Virginica, and
may be the plant which Pursh has described as such. From
the G. Virginica of Elliott it differs in several circumstances.
Particularly in having a pubescent stem, and in the absence
of abortive stamina. It has great affinity to Gratiola sphaerocarpa. Ell.
Linaria texana Scheele, in Linnaea 21: 4761. 1848. “Zwischen Houston
and Austin [Texas] haufig:” Romer." Description sufficiently distinctive.
Here distinguished primarily by roughness of seeds, which however
varies from a few roughenings on the side to densely tuberculate.
The wealth of Texan material at my disposal shows that
each character of the contrasts previously outlined (in Contrib.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 20: 323. 1920, and Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
71 : 258. 1920) between this and Linaria canadensis breaks down
in numerous instances through the area where the two overlap.
Consequently it seems more rational to consider texana a variety,
its range and relation to the species roughly paralleling that of
Veronica peregrina xalapensis (H. B. K.) Pennell. For an
excellent illustration of Linaria candensis texana see the Botanical
Magazine 63: pi. 3473. 1836.
Open sand or sandy loam, frequently or usually a weed, common
through the Coastal Plain, chiefly westward; occasional and probably
introduced inland. Ranges widely through western North
America, and into South America.
List of specimens examined from Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Texas omitted.
Found in every Golden s.l. open space.
Jefferson County collections along the base of the Front Range and barely into the foothills,
with just a few in the interior of southern county.
Most collections along the Front Range and interior valleys.
Name applied by Bentham (1846) to a specimen seen in Torrey's herbarium, possibly a Fremont collection.
24. P. strictus, rigidus, subglaucus, foliis imis oblongo-spathulatis petiolatis,
caulinis lineari-lancelatis, panicula elongata angusta virgata , pedunculis
brevibus plurifloris , calycis segmentis ovali-oblongis obtusis margine membranaceis,
antheris parce piloso-lanatis , filamento sterili superne dilatato subnudo.
♃
in montibus Scopulosis ad fontes fl. Sweetwater (Fremont !).
P. micranthus Torr. in Frem. rep. p. 89, non Nutt.
Specimen vidi unicum sesquipedale.
Folia quam in P. coeruloa angustiosa.
Corollae imperfectae iis P. coerulei subsimiles videntur.
Antherarum pili pauci, longi, molles (v. in herb. Torrey.)
24. P. tight, rigid, subglaucous, the lower leaves oblong-spathulate, petiolate,
of a linear-lanceolate cauline, elongated panicle, narrow striped peduncles
calyx with short, numerous, oval-oblong segments, obtuse with membranous margin,
anthers sparsely hairy, woolly, with a sterile filament enlarged above, I subdo.
[forb]
In the Rocky Mountains at the Sweetwater River Springs (Fremont!).
P. micranthus Torr. in Frem. rep. p. 89, non Nutt.
I saw only one foot and a half specimen.
Leaves as in P. coeruloa angustiosa.
The imperfect corolla appear to be similar to those of P. coerulei
Anther hairs few, long, soft (seen in Torrey herbarium).
Penstemon virens Pennell ex Rydb. “Front Range Beardtongue”
The name P. virens was applied by Rydberg (1917) apparently at the suggestion of Pennell who collected the
type.
The type locality is the general area of Red Rocks Amphitheater though the amphitheater did not exist at the time.
As an entity it was known well before then, as early as Nuttall's 1834 trip to Oregon Territory,
and by Parry's collection, and Hall & Harbour collections.
However, it was treated as a form of P. pubescens until treated as P. humilis Gray (1862),
of which part was segregated into P. virens Rydberg (1917) based upon Pennell's type.
43. P. humilis, Nutt. in herb. Acad. Philad. P. gracili Nutt. (P.
pubescenti var. gracili supra) maxime affinis, sed vulgo humilior
(3-9-pollicaris), foliis pallidioribus, thyrso etiam strictiore, corolla saturate
caerulea breviore (haud ultra-semipollicari) fauce satis ampliata
hiante plicis sub labio inferiore obsoletis. — Rocky Mountains, Nuttall
(a very depauperate doubtless alpine specimen in herb. Acad. Philad.) ;
common about Pike's Peak and vicinity, Parry, no. 257 (Enum. p. 27),
Mr. Howard, and in taller specimens than before seen, Hall and Harbour,
1862, no. 387, on low mountains, “an early and very pretty
species,” confirming its close relationship with P. gracilis.
Yet this cannot be regarded as a variety of P. pubescens.
60. P. virens Pennell. Stem 1-3 dm. high, glabrous up to the inflorescence;
leaves glabrous, glaucescent, the lower petioled; blades 2—4 cm. long; upper stem
leaves lanceolate or oblong, usually denticulate; calyx 4 mm. long; corolla deep
blue, 15 mm. long, funnelform; lower lip slightly bearded; sterile stamen yellow
bearded on the spatulate tip. P. humilis A. Gray, mainly, not Nutt.
Plains and hills: Alta. — Colo. — Nev. Plain — Mont. Je-Au.
...
New Genera and Species
Pentstemon virens Pennell.
Type: Stony hillsides, foothills north of Morrison, Colo., 1915, Pennell 5821 (N.Y.).
P. humile A. Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. II, 34: 253. 1862. Not Nutt.
I have recently
concluded that the plant called “P. unilateralis” by authors is nothing more than a
well-marked subspecies of P. virgatus A. Gray (in N+bot. Mex. Bound. surv. 113.
1859; isotype seen). Dr. William T. Penland has provided the only description of
the subspecies in H. D. Harrington's Manual of the Plants of Colorado (Sage Books,
Denver, 1954). In recognition of the excellence of Gray's revisions of the genus, this
previously nameless Penstemon is here designated Penstemon virgatus ssp.
Asa-Grayii Crosswhite, ssp. nov. — foliis radicalis oblanceolatis; a ssp. virgatus caulibus
glabrus differt: typus: H. N. Patterson 258 (PH, isotypes NY, US, WIS) Empire,
Clear Creek Co., Colo., Jul. 13, 1892. Mounted with this flowering material, in all 4
herbaria cited, is fruiting material collected in Sept. of the same year. &Mdash; Frank S.
Crosswhite, Herbarium, Universoty of Wisconsin, Madison, 53706.
Jacquin (1793, v. 2., p. 9) short description with a reference to Jacq. coll. vol. 5. [Collectaneorum supplementum, where there is a longer description and a collecting locality.]
and Jacquin (1793, v. 2, t.(plate) 306.
47. V. Americana (Schweinitz! mss.), glabra, basi decumbens , superne erecta,
foliis plerisque petiolatis ovatis oblongisve acutis vel obtusiusculis serratis
crassiusculis basi truncato-subcordatis, capsula subrotunda turgida emarginata.
♃ in America boreali a Canada et Carolina usque ad flum. Oregon et in ins.
Sitcha. V. Anagallis auct. plur. amer. non Linn. Species inter V. Anagallidem
et V. Beccabungam fere media. Habitus potius prioris sed folia pleraque petiolata,
breviora, latiora. Capsula et semina V. Beccabungae. Folia nunc vix semi-pollicaria,
nunc 1-2poll. longa. (v. s. )
The upside-down triangle (ᐁ) is a symbol for water, or aquatica, e.g., Anagall. ᐁ = Anagallis-aquatica (Stearn, 2004).
Linneaus (1753) used symbols forming part of a specific epithet under Alisma, Campanula, Cotyledon, Scandix, Sysimbrium, and Veronica.
Veronica argute-serrata has been recorded mostly under the name V. biloba
and occasionally under V. campylopoda Boissier.
Most of the records for V. biloba likely belong under this name.
Veronica biloba is also found in the flora area, sometimes mixed with V. argute-serrata;
V. campylopoda has not been recorded from the flora area.
A chromosome count of 2n = 18 (C. R. Bell 1965) for American material is suspicious
because 2n = 42 has been reported multiple times in Turkish plants,
and a base chromosome number of × = 9 is not known in related species.
Flowering stem 1-3 dm. long, glabrous throughout. Leaves
lanceolate, acute or acutish, crenate to nearly entire, 3-5 cm. long,
1 cm. wide, all clasping, when submersed elongating and reaching
12 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Racemes axillary to the upper leaves,
6-12 cm. long, 15-25-flowered. Bracts narrowly lanceolate, 4-5 mm.
long. Pedicels 3-5 mm. long, glabrous. Sepals 3-3.5 mm. long,
lance-ovate, obtusish. Corolla-lobes pale-blue. Style 1.2-1.7 mm.
long. Capsule 3 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, broad-globose, decidedly
emarginate. Seeds 0.5 mm. long, yellow-brown.
Type, Hot Springs, South Dakota, collected in flower and fruit
June 16, 1892, P. A. Rydberg 926, in Herb. New York Botanical
Garden. Named from the chain-like aspect of the long racemes of
short-pedicelled flowers.
Slow-flowing streams, plains, from North Dakota and Saskatchewan
to Kansas and New Mexico, southward west to Nevada and
southern California.
Veronica stems erect, pubescent leaves oblong, cerulate;
flowers axillary, solitary, short pedunculate, shorter than leaves;
calyx lobes oblong, erect.
Crescit in Regno Mexicano prope Xalapa (alt. 630 hex.), in nemoribus Liquidambaris
Styracifluae. ☉ Floret Febrruario.
He grows in the Mexican kingdom near Xalapa (alt. 630 fathoms [=3780 ft.]), in the woods of the Liquidambar styracifluae [American sweetgum]. Annual. It blooms in February.
Longer Latin description omitted.
Differt a Veronica peregrina ; cui simillima, caule pubescente, foliis latioribus ,
floribus pedunculatis laciniisque calycinis latioribus.
It differs from Veronica peregrina; which it most resembles, the stem is pubescent,
the leaves wider, flowers pedunculate, with broad calyx lobes.
7a. Veronica peregrina xalapensis (H. B. K.) Pennell, comb. nov.
Veronica xalapensis H. B. K., Nov. Gen. et Sp. 2: 389.
1817. “Crescit in Regno Mexicano prope Xalapa
(alt. 630 hex.), in nemoribus Liquidambaris Styracifluae.”
Occasional in cultivated soil. In the western half of the continent
this glandular-pubescent plant completely replaces true
peregrina. In the east it is only occasionally seen, and that
probably as an introduction. Intergradation to the species
seems to be complete.
Griesb., 1839. Spicilegium florae rumelicae et bithynicae exhibens synopsin plantarum. 2. p. 178
Frequens in omni Macedonia occidentali alt. 800'-3000',
ubi in fruticetis consociata crescit cum Kn. hybrida: in campo
Bitoliensi, pr. Perlepe, Ueskueb, copiose in campo Tettovo
(substr. var.)! Fl. Jul. Aug. E.
Frequent in all western Macedonia alt. 800'-3000',
where it grows in shrubs associated with Kn. hybrida: in the field
of Bitola, at Perlepe, Ueskueb, copiously in the field of Tettovo
(substr. var.)! Fl. Jul. Aug. E.
Gray (1856, p. 305) in his preface to the list of plants collected in Japan ...
Original Text
This collection, hastily made as their small opportunities permitted, by Dr. Morrow and my
early friend, Mr. Williams, of the American Mission at Macao, has proved a very interesting
one, as might have been expected. No part of the world beyond his own country offers, as to
its vegetation, a greater interest to the botanist of the United States than Japan. This is not
the place to dwell upon the very remarkable relations which subsist between the Flora of Japan
and that of the United States, which have been more or less noticed ever since Thunberg's Flora
Japonica was published. As the present collection was principally made in the northern part of
Japan, it was naturally anticipated that it would add to the Japanese Flora a considerable
number of species identical with, or closely allied to, those already known to inhabit Kamtschatka
and Northwest America. This proves to be the case ; and at the same time it has brought to
view an equal number of Eastern United States forms, no insignificant portion of which are
specifically identical. These interesting facts will arrest the botanist's attention as he turns
over these pages. I refrain from commenting upon these relations until another and perhaps a
larger collection of Japanese plants shall be made known, namely, that made by that excellent
and most assiduous collector, Mr. Charles Wright, in the North Pacific Exploring Expedition,
under Commodore Rodgers.
The present collection makes known nearly forty new species and one new genus ; a very
considerable number under the circumstances of the case. Thirteen of these are Carices ; but
as most of these were gathered too early in the season, it is probable that the number will be
somewhat reduced when they are better known. I have to thank my excellent friend, Dr.
Boott, of London, the most learned Caricologist of the age, for having studied the specimens of
this genus, and furnished the descriptions for this report. I have also to thank my promising
young friend, Mr. Daniel C. Eaton, for having studied the Ferns of the collection, a department
of botany to which he devotes special attention. Mr. Sullivant has obligingly determined the
Mosses, and Prof. Harvey, of Dublin, the Algas of the collection.
ASA GRAY.
Gray (1856, p. 313) describes our plant ...
Original Text
Lonicera (Xylosteum) Morrowi (n. sp.) ; erecta, molliter tomentosa; foliis oblongis basi rotundata
vel subcordata supra pubescentibus subtus canescenti-tomentosis ; pedunculis folio dimidio
brevioribus flores longitudine asquantibus ; bracteis lanceolatis vel spathulatis ovariis plerumque
discretis duplo quadruplove longioribus ; corolla ultra medium fissa basi hinc gibbosa ; filamentis
basi styloque hirsutis.
—
Hakodadi, on hill-sides.
Whole plant soft-downy, except the upper
surface of the leaves. These are about an inch and a half long, by three-fourths of an inch in
width, and on petioles a line and a half long. Corolla whitish ? somewhat pubescent ; the
lobes narrowly oblong. Bracts variable in size, sometimes five lines long, foliaceous. The
pubescence, and especially the long peduncles, must distinguish this from L. brachypoda, DC.
The specific name is a deserved compliment to one of the collectors.
Hooker (1840, v. 1, p. 285), volume 1 being concluded in 1834. IPNI shows the date of publication to be 1833.
Original Text
2. S. occidentalis ; spicis densis terminalibus axillaribusque nutantibus,
corolla intus laciniisque dense barbatis,
stylo staminibusque subexsertis.
—
Rich. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 6.
Hab. Woody country, between lat. 54° and 64°,
and known under tbe name of “Wolf-berry.” Dr. Richardson.
Abundant about the Saskatchawan and Red River. Drummond. Douglas.
Fort Vancouver, on tbe Columbia. Douglas.
—
Dr. Richardson has justly remarked of this plant “S. racemosi proximus:”
and among the numerous specimens in the Herbarium,
are some which appear almost as much allied to the
one species as tbe other.
But the majority of individuals of the two species are readily enough distinguished ;
those belonging to the S. occidentalis, by their larger, less glaucous, more rigid, and denser foliage,
(some of tbe leaves being two and a half inches long,)
by the flowers arranged in dense drooping spikes, larger than in S. racemosus,
and by the prominent style and stamens.
Gray (1853, v. 5, p. 66) writing in Plantae Wrightianae described S. rotundifolius
Symphoricarpos rotundifolius (sp. nov.) : foliis orbiculatis seu ovato-rotundis
parvulis ramulisque molliter pubescentibus ; floribus axillaribus solitariis ; bracteolis
ovario brevioribus dentibusque calycis cyathiformis ovatis obtusis glabris ; corolla
infundibuliformi intus glabra, lobis stamina superantibus.
—
Sides of mountains
around the copper mines, New Mexico ; Aug. (1388.)
—
Stems 3 or 4 feet high,
much branched. Leaves 5 to 9 lines long and 4 to 9 wide, softly and finely pubescent
above, and finely tomentose underneath, entire, or the larger often repand ; the
petiole a line or less in length. Flowers almost sessile in the axils of the upper
leaves. Calyx with the ovary a line and a half long, its lobes slightly if at all
ciliate. Corolla 3 lines long, tubular-funnelform. Fruit not seen.
—
The leaves
are rounded and more downy than in Nuttall's S. mollis, and the inflorescence as
well as the shape of the corolla is entirely different. The flowers are more like
those of S. glaucescens and S. montanus, but only half as large ; and they, as well
as the leaves, are larger than in S. microphyllus (as described by Kunth), with
which in other particulars its characters do not accord.
There is one collection of “Dane's Blood” — Campanula glomerata L. —
in Golden s.l. that was made on Schweich Hill.
It is not really a garden escapee, since it was clearly thrown or dumped in the open space, i.e., it did not escape a garden on its own.
Perhaps the correct term is that it was “yeeted” into the open space.
It is the only collection from Jefferson County.
There are three other collections scattered around Colorado, all of which appear to be garden escapees.
It is one of four unrelated taxa known commonly as “Dane's Blood,” having in folklore sprung up in fields where Danes were slaughtered.
The plant was described by Linnaeus (1753) who noted that it lived in England, France, and Sweden.
C. glaberrima simplex pauciflora,
radical leaves with long petioles, cordate, round, toothed, marginate petioles,
lower stems, lanceolate, remotely toothed, upper ones, linear, entire,
erect calyx lobes subtended by corolla, campanulate, double shorter.
Habitat in Americâ boreali propè lacum dictum Slave-Lake. (Vid. in herb. Hook. )
He lives in North America near the lake called Slave-Lake.
(I have seen it in the herbarium of Hooker.)
Planta habitus C. rotundifoliæ. Radix tenuis. Caules pedales , erecti , simplices , cylindrici ,
teretes , ut tota planta glaberrimi. Folia radicalia parùm numerosa, magna, longè petiolata ,
petiolis 1-2 poll. longis , sæpè marginatis , supernè latis , in limbos ovato-rotundatos , subcordatos ,
remotè dentatos vel subintegros , semipollicem latos , expansis : caulina inferiora ovata et lanceolata ,
lata , serrata , petiolata , supernè magis ac magis angustiora , linearia et integra , ut in vulgari
C. rotundifoliá. Flores 3-5 circiter, apice plantæ , pedicellati , pedicellis unifloris, erectis
post anthesin incurvatis. Calyx 5-fidus , glaber, tubo obconico ; lobis subulatis, erectis, 3 lin.
longis. Corolla cærulea ; campanulata, lobis calycinis duplo longior. Stylus ut in C. rotundifoliá.
Capsula nutans , ovoidea , 3 lin. longa , lobis calycinis erectis terminata.
Plant in the habit of C. rotundifoliae.
The root is thin. Stems pedal, erect, simple, cylindrical, smooth, like the whole plant very glabrous.
Radical leaves few in number, large, long petiolate, petioles 1-2 inch. long, often emarginate, uppermost broad, in ovate-rounded limbs, subcordate,
remotely toothed or subentire, half an inch wide, spreading:
lower stem ovate and lanceolate, broad, serrated, petiolate, uppermost more and more narrow, linear and entire, as in vulgaris C. rotundifolia.
Flowers about 3-5, at the apex of the plant, pedicellate, single-flowered pedicels, erect and curved after anthesis.
Calyx 5-fidus, glabrous, obconic tube; lobes subulates, erect, 3 lin. long
Corolla blue; bell-shaped, twice as long as the lobes of the calyx.
Style as in C. rotundifoliá.
Capsule nodding, ovoid, 3 lin. long, terminated by erect lobes of the calyx.
Doct. Richardson in peregrinatione trans Americani borealem propè laçum Servi (Slave-Lake)
detexit. Affinis est C. rotundifoliæ , sed ab eâ differt , foliis radicalibus majoribus limbo minùs
dentato-crenato , petiolo supernè marginato. A C. linifoliâ iisdem characteribus et floribus minoribus ,
foliisque radicalibus magìs cordatis. Parùm distat à varietate Langsdorffianâ , illius
speciei, in eisdem regionibus habitante. Florem similem habet, et caulem ut in eâ rectum et
pauciflorum ; sed planta hic descripta foliis radicalibus majoribus , dentatis , cordatis , petiolis
marginatis, ab eâ varietate vel specie tamen aliquatenùs differt.
Dr. Richardson, in his travels across America, discovered the boreal lake near Slave-Lake.
It is related to C. rotundifoliae, but it differs from it, with larger radical leaves,
a smaller toothed-crenate margin, and a marginate upper petiole.
A C. linifolia with the same characters and smaller flowers, and more cordate radical leaves.
It is a little distant from the Langsdorffian variety, of that species, inhabiting the same regions.
It has a similar flower, and a stem that is straight and few-flowered;
but the plant here described, with larger radical leaves, toothed, cordate, and margined petioles, differs somewhat from that variety or species.
In a paper designed to explore the roles that glaciation and whole genome duplication may have played in the evolution of C rotundifolia, Sutherland & Galloway (2018) constructed a chloroplast phylogeny of 37 populations that spanned the range of the C. rotundifolia complex.
While they showed two European clades and one North American clade were likely genetically isolated from each other, and that the North Amrican clade was likely sourced from a glacial refugium in midwestern North America.
To date, this is the only paper I have found showing how the North American members of the C. rotundifolia complex are sufficiently phylogenetically distinct to justify taxonomically isolating them at the species rank, i.e., as C. petiolata.
“Thistles” in the broad sense are in the
tribe Cardueae Cassini, J. Phys. Chim. Hist. Nat. Arts. 88: 155. 1819 .
Tribe Cynareae Lam. & DC. would seem to have precedence over Cardueae by nearly a decade.
The North American representatives of Tribue Cardueae accepted by FNANM are as follows.
Taxa found in Colorado are shown in bold.
Leaves spiny
Carduus L. Plumeless Thistle.
Carlina L. Carline Thistle.
Carthamus L. Distaff Thistle.
Cirsium Mill. Thistle.
All the native thistles in Colorado ae in the genus Cirsium Mill.
In addition there are two non-native thistles that are also noxious weeds:
C. arvense and C. vulgare.
Echinops L. Globe Thistle.
Onopordum L. Cotton Thistle.
Silybum Adans. Milkthistle.
Not listed for Colorado in Weber & Wittmann (2012) or Ackerfield (2015).
There are two collections of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. “Blessed Milk-thistle”,
one from Larimer County and one from Saguache County.
Leaves not spiny
Acroptilon Cass. Hardheads.
Amberboa (Pers.) Less. Sweet Sultan.
Arctium L. Burdock.
Centaurea L. Knapweed.
Eight species of Centaurea are known from Colorado,
all of which are non-native.
Crupina (Pers.) DC. Crupina.
Cynara L. Cynara.
C. scolymus L. is the Globe Artichoke.
Mantisalca Cass. Mantisalca.
Plectocephalus D. Don in R. Sweet. Basketflower.
Saussurea. Saw Wort.
Volutaria Cass.
There is a more recent paper (Herrando-Moraira, Sonia, et al. 2019) describing the phylogeny of Cardueae using Hyb-Seq data.
It is, however, behind a paywall until August 1, 2020, and we eagerly await its unveiling.
Literature Cited: - Kalm, Pehr, 1762. Kalm (1762) mention of Achillea millefolium in Montreal, Canada.
Kalm (1762, v. III., p. 499) notes presence in Montreal, Canada,
of A. millefolium, in addition to Prunella vulgaris, Oenothera biennis,
Viola canadensis, and others.
There might be additional information but I struggle to read Swedish in the old font
used in the report.
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 563) thought that Achillea millifolium
may have been introduced from Europe.
Original Text
Interpretation and Comments
3. A. foliis bipinnatifidis pilosis linearibus dentatis mucronatis,
caulibus sulcatis.
Smith fl. brit. 2. p. 908.
Willd. sp. pl. 3. p. 2208.
Icon. Fl. dan. 737.
Engl. bot. 758.
In fields an on road sides ; common.
♃.
June-Aug.
v. v.
Probably introduced from Europe.
Flowers white or rose-coloured.
Millefolium.
Probably need to see what Willdenow says about A. millefolium, i.e., does he mention North American occurrence?
However, when I checked (11 May 2021),
the Real Jardin Botanico (Madrid) server was not working.
Torrey & Gray (1841-1843, v. 2, p. 409) recognized that A. millefolium occurred throughout North America, but also noted it was introduced from Europe into pastures, &c.
Agoseris sp., “Goat-Chicory”
[Greek agos, leader, and seris, chicory; allusion unclear]
Agoseris has a New World, amphitropical distribution.
All of the species are restricted to North America except A. coronopifolia (D’Urville) K. L. Chambers,
which is found in temperate regions of southern South America.
The South American disjunction appears to be the result of long-distance dispersal from North America (K. L. Chambers 1963).
Schreber (1789-1791) published edition 8a of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum.
In the second volume he described Krigia Schred.
The volume is not available online, so I am unable to read the description.
Publication of this volume preceeded the publication of Troximon by Gaertner.
How much it preceeded Gaertner's publication, I don't know.
But it was enough to give Krigia priority over Troximon.
C. C. Robin published an account of his travels in Louisiana, West Florida and the West Indies from 1802 to 1806.
He included descriptions of plants observed in Louisiana.
Rafinesque undertook to translate, revise, and improve (as he says!) the plant list, and to see it published in New York.
Original Text
English Translation
Comments
180. Troximon odoratum Raf.
Hispidum, ramis fastigiatis, foliis sessilibus ovato-oblongis acutis integris ciliatis scabris,
floribus racemosis nudis, perianthis pilosis 8 partitis, sub 12 floris Raf.
—
Chicoracee fenouillette Rob. P. 425.
Stems four feet high, round milky;
leaves a little thick,
flowers pale yellow,
sweet-scented,
ligules five-toothed, anthers and stigmas very projecting, deep yellow ;
seeds oblong compressed striated with a thick long down.
This species together with Tr. Virginicum, Tr. Pallidum and Tr. Bulbosum
will form the genus Troximon ;
the other species which are acaules and with an embricated calyx,
must form a peculiar genus which I shall call Agoseris. Raf.
Found in woods.
The way I read this, Rafinesque has validly published Agoseris
by saying that it is like Troximon that is
acaulescent and has an imbricated calyx (or the involucral bracts are imbricated).
Rafinesque gets/takes credit for the name Agoseris.
Capitulum many-flowered.
Involucrum imbricate, subcampanulate, divisions lanceolate, distinct, or united at base.
Receptacle naked, punctate.
Achenium subterete, with ten obtuse ribs, attentuated above into a somewhat similarly
striated, and rather short, thick rostrum.
Pappus copious, setaceous, persistent, widest at base, longer than the achenium,
and scarcely scabrous.
—
Stemless perennials, with fusiform roots, and mostly entire, linear, smooth,
sublanceolate leaves.
Scapes terete, exserted, one-flowered; flowers yellow or rose-coloured.
OBS. The only species of this genus known to Gaertner, T. lanatum,
is now referred to Scorzonera,
the name thus unoccupied may, therefore, still be retained for the American species.
The question is: was Troximon really available?
Or, was Troximon illegitimate because Krigia had priority?
Nuttall then goes on to propose Troximon glaucum (=Agoseris glauca)
and T. parviflorum sp. Nov. (=A. parviflorum).
Phylogenetic analysis of relationships in the Cichorieae place Agoseris in the Microseris clade along with Nothocalais, Uropappus, and Stebbinsoseris.
Krigia (and Glyptopleura) was not placed in any major clade.
Troximon with single-flowered scape, involucre with imbricate bracts with acute tips, green leaves are linear with entire margins.
glaucum.
On the banks of the Missouri.
♂.
v. s. ;
v. v. in Hortis.
Flowers bright yellow.
On the banks of the Missouri.
Biennial.
I have seen it dried.
I have seen it live in gardens.
Flowers bright Yellow.
Pursh doesn't tell us whose dried collection he saw.
It could have been a Bradley collection.
It probably was not a Lewis & Clark collection because Moulton (1999) does not list an Agoseris collection in the
Lewis & Clark herbarium.
What we now consider to be a male symbol – ♂ – probably means the plant is biennial.
Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf., Atlantic J. 6: 39 (1833).
Though Rafinisque published Agoseris in 1817,
it wasn't until 1847 that D. Dietrich placed Pursh's Troximon glaucum in Agoseris.
3606. AGOSERIS Rafin. (1817).(Troximon Nutt.)
2. A. cuspidata; …
2. A. glauca;
glaucescens;
fol. lineari-lanceolatis acutus integris scapoque glabriusculis;
setis pappi capillaribus rigidis.
Troximon Nutt. B. M. T, 1667.
β dasycephalum Torr. Et Gray.
T. glaucum α Hook. B. M. t 3462.
Ammogeton scorzonerifolium Schrad. In Amer. Bor.
♃.
3 A. parviflora (Troximon Nutt.): …
4. A. rosea …
5. A. taraxacifolia; …
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Agoseris parviflora; Coll. No. 1101, Agoseris parviflora
Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) D. Dietr. “Steppe Goat-Chicory”
Nuttall (1841) described a new species of Troximon, T. parviflorum in describing the plants from his travels along the
Oregon Trail in 1834 and 1835.
It will become our current Agoseris parviflora.
Original Text
Comments
†† Achenium compressed, with ten shallow, acute ribs, and attenuated into a distinct rostrum,
shorter than the long and bristly pappus.
Involucrum ovate, in about three series of unequal, lanceolate sepals.
This is the second section of Nuttall's Troximon and it has a “distinct rostrum” or beak.
The section starts off with Nuttall's new species T. parviflorum [=Agoseris parviflora].
Troximon * parviflorum;
leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth or pubescent,
often runcinately denticulate towards the base;
scape pubescent at the summit, lanuginous;
sepals nearly smooth, in three unequal series, lanceolate, acuminate;
flowers yellow.
Hab. On the plains of the Platte to the Rocky Mountains.
About four or five inches high.
The leaves about two lines wide, acuminated at each end.
Pappus minutely scabrous;
the outermost divisions of the involucrum only about half the length of the inner.
Monoicous (sic).
—
Masc.Calix 1-leaved.
Anthers approximate, but not united.
Receptacle naked.
—
Fem.Calix 1-leaved,
entire or 5-toothed,
1-flowered.
Corolla none.
Nut formed from the indurated calix, 1-seeded.
Tall herbaceous and mostly annual plants;
leaves rough, the lower most opposite, the upper alternate,
bipinnatifid, trifid, or rarely entire;
flowers in long terminal and proximately axillar spikes,
upper flowers masculine numerous,
the lower fewer, feminine, glomerated, clusters 2 to 5-flowered, tribracteate.
8. * tomentosa.
Perennial; stem low;
leaves bipinnatifid, upper side white and tomentose;
spikes solitary.
Hab.
In Upper Louisiana on the banks of the Missouri; rare.
Only 1 or 2 feet high.
A North American genus, with the exception of 1 species in Peru
and another indigenous to the sea-coasts of the Levant.
Franseria * discolor;
♃, root creeping;
leaves ubterruptedly bipinnatifid,
above nearly smooth, canescently and closely tomentose,
segments subovate, acute, confluent in the wide rachis;
stem short, with the lateral branched decumbent.
Hab.
In the Rocky Mountains, neat the Colorado of the West.
A very remarkable and distinct, as well as elegant species.
Stem about a span long, slightly pubescent;
leaves on long petioles, with a lanceolate outline, acute,
about six inches lone, white beneath, green above,
the pinnatifid segments lanceolate, the rachis incisely toothed.
Male florets rather numerous;
receptacle with narrow, pubescent palea;
involucrum about five or six-toothed;
female flowers few, fruit spiny.
Nuttall (1841) first described A. parvifolia collected on his trip on the Oregon Trail with the Wyeth expedition.
Original Text
Antennaria * parvifolia;
subcaespitose, with procumbent sarments;
stem simple;
lower leaves spathulate, or spathulate-linear, the upper linear, all whitely tomentose;
flowers conglomerate;
scales of the involucrum oblong-ovate, eroded, yellow.
Hab.
On the Black Hills and plains of the upper part of the Platte.
A dwarf species, spreading out in canescent tufts with very small leaves,
which are about half or three quarters of an inch long, and about two or three lines wide;
the flowers in an irregular, somewhat round mass, not a circular corymb,
with the scales of the corynb sulphur yellow, and very conspicuous.
Radical leaves somewhat rhomboidally spathulate.
The pappus of the male flower is very conspicuously clavellate:
the female flower has purple oblong-lanceolate scales to the involucrum,
and a filiform pappus.
A specimen of this sex from Altai has a near resemblance to our plant,
but is larger in all its parts,
and is the A. hyperborea of Don.
Randal J. Bayer, who wrote the treatment of Antennaria for the Flora of North America
published a cladistic analysis (Bayer, 1990) of the sexually reproducing Antennaria.
However, A. parvifolia is not one of them because some individuals are dioecious and others are apomictic.
The article is behind a paywall.
I thought this was interesting, “ … polyploidy and two asexual means of reproduction, agamospermy and horizontal stolons,
have evolved in the more specialized groups, the Pulcherrimae and Catipes … ”
This would imply to me that A. parvifolia would be a member of one of those two groups.
Greene (1898, p. 281) in his “Sect. 2. Some northern species of Antennaria”
described a new Antennaria.
Original Text
A. rosea.A. dioica, var. rosea, Eaton, Bot. King Exp. 186.
A. parvifolia, var. rosea, Greene, p. 175 supra.
A. parvifolia, Nutt. in small part, but not of spec. char. Plant by
no means small, often 12, sometimes 14 or 15 inches high,
yet frequently only 6 or 8 inches: leaves comparatively
small, of the thinnest, as to texture, only canescently tomentose,
but permanently so on both faces, the quite gradually
dilated upper portion acute; cauline long and narrow, acute
or acuminate: heads small, closely compacted
pound cymose rounded cluster: bracts of the involucre
pluriserial, their basal part concealed by wool, the tips from
broad and obtuse in the outer series to narrow and acute
in the inner, all rose-red.
Of this only the female plant is known to me; which is
the more remarkable in view of the fact that no other
north-western Antennaria so abounds in every large herbarium.
It is a dry-ground species of subalpine habitat, with either
short or elongated slender dry and subligneous stolons; in
this quite unlike the true A. parvifolia. From A. hyperborea
more difficult to distinguish it, except by the looser
inflorescence, longer heads, less woolly involucre, and fewer
paler narrower bracts of the last named. I give the following
rather copious list of localities for A. rosea.
North Park, Colorado, Chas. S. Sheldon, n. 128 ;
Yellowstone Park, Frank Tweedy, n. 728;
mountain meadows in Kootenai Co., Idaho, J. B. Leiberg, n. 646 ;
Nez Perces Co., Idaho, Heller, n. 3441 ;
Salmon River, British Columbia, Dawson (Can. Surv. n. 11281);
Spence's Bridge, B. C, Macoun, n. 11282;
summit of Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, Macoun, n. 11279;
pine woods near Spokane, Washington, C. V. Piper, n. 2273;
Mt. Hood, Oregon, Thos. Howell;
Crooked Creek, southeastern Oregon, and
Warner Range, northeastern California, Mrs. Austin.
Hooker (1834, v. 1, p. 334) described A. cordifolia from
collections by Drummond in the Rocky Mountains and by Douglas along the Columbia River in Washington Territory.
Original Text
Comments and Interpretation
4. A. cordifolia ; caule elato,
foliis cordatis glabriusculis basi sinu distincto,
inferioribus longe petiolatis pari supremo solummodo sessili,
panicula 1-3-flora.
Hab. Alpine woods of the Rocky Mountains, on the east side, Drummond ;
and on the west side,
in mountain woods between the Kettle Falls and Spokan River,
and in the Blue Mountains. Douglas.
—
This appears quite distinct from the preceding,
and is very constant in the shape and petiolation of its leaves.
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 527) published A. fulgens
from an unidentified collection on the banks of the Missouri.
There is no Lewis & Clark collection of this taxon,
so it may have been an unattributed Bradbury or Nuttall collection.
Original Text
Comments
3. A. pubescens ; foliis radicalibus lanceolatis obtusiusculis
basi attenuatis petiolatis trinervibus, caulinis oppositis
remotis linearibus, caule unifloro.
On the banks of the Missouri.
♃.
v. s. About a foot
or more high, very slender ; leaves on the stem generally
two pairs ; flowers somewhat smaller than the
preceding, of a very deep and beautiful yellow.
fulgens.
Pursh has seen a dried specimen, but does not say whose specimen or where he saw it.
The preceding was A. plantaginea which Nuttall will reduce to a variety of A. fulgens.
Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 164) treated A. fulgens
as a variety of A. montana.
Original Text
563. ARNICA. L.
Calix hemispherical, leaflets equal, mostly in
a simple series? Radial florets often producing
5 filaments destitute of anthers. Receptacle naked.
Pappus simple, scabrous.
A polymorphous and divided genus? Some of the species
caulescent and also shrubby; those of Europe and
North America, with a few others, often scapigerous,
scapes 1-flowered, sometimes producing 1 or 2 pair of
opposite leaves; flowers mostly yellow.
Species. 1. A. montana. β fulgens.
A. fulgens. Ph. 2. p. 527.
Scarcely dissimilar to specimens of the alpine
variety in the Banksian herbarium.
Hab. On the margins
of marshy springs and in depressed situations, from the
Arikarees to Fort Mandan, and probably as far as the
Mountains. Flowering in July. Flowers bright yellow.
Obs. Minutely pubescent. Scape about 12 inches high,
mostly with 2 pair of leaves, terminated by 1 rarely 3
flowers. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 5 nerved; summit
of the caudex tomentose. Calix a simple series of
leaflets, somewhat hirsute. Tube of the florets pilose;
rays without filaments; seed hirsute, slender.
A. plantaginea, of Pursh from the specimen
which I have seen, appears also a mere variety of the above.
2. Doronicum. 3. nudicaule.Doroonicum nudicaule. Mich.
2. p. 121. A. Claytoni. PH. 4. maritima.
A genus principally indigenous to Europe and the Cape
of Good Hope, there are also 2 species in South America,
2 in Japan, 1 in Arabia Felix, and a shrubby species, or
something else, in New Zealand.
848. Arnica fulgens, Pursh.
Variety of A. montana, Nutt. Leopard's bane.
Jul. y. 1 f.
♃.
Margins of Marshy springs. Mo. Ter. Nutt.
Stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, &c.
Wood and Bache. 108.
Artemisia L.
Artemisia L. is the largest genus of family Asteraceae, comprising about 350–500 diverse species. Artemisia has two basic chromosome numbers, with ploidy levels x=9 and x=8. Chromosome number in diploid is most often 2n=18 or 16. The genus is divided into five large groups Absinthium DC., Artemisia L., Dracunculus Besser, Seriphidium Besser and Tridantatae (Rydb.) McArthur. Its phylogeny was based on the two hypothesized evolutionary trends, loss of fertility in the disc florets and loss of ray florets.
Artemisia Linnaeus subg. Absinthium DC.
Four taxa of Artemisia within subgroup Absinthium are recognized by Ackerfield (2015).
A. absinthium, non-native
A. frigida Willd., native, E. Europe to Temp. Asia, N. America.
A. pattersonii A. Gray, native, =Delwiensia pattersonii (A. Gray) W. A. Weber & R. C. Wittmann, not universally accepted, native from Wyoming to New Mexico,
A. scopulorum, native, high altitude, e.g., Mt. Evans, west central United States.
One taxon in Artemisia subgroup Absinthium is not recognized by Ackerfield (2015)
A. rupestris L., non-native, Europe to Siberia and Afghanistan.
Four species of Artemisia within subgroup dracunculus are recognized by Ackerfield (2015).
A. campestris, 493 collections,
widely distributed except northwest Colorado,
including 20 in Jefferson County.
A. dracunculus, 691 collections, including 27 in Jefferson County.
A. filifolia, 247 collections,
mostly eastern Colorado, esp., out on the plains,
not in Jefferson County.
A. pedatifida, 12 collections, mostly Moffatt County, none in Jefferson County.
Five secies are not recognized by Ackerfield (2015):
A. aleutica, no collections.
A. borealis, 191 collections in Colorado,
widely scattered in the mountains,
treated by Ackerfield (2015) as A campestris var. purshii.
The count of collections is not included in the count of A. campestris above.
The Flora of North America (Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds., 2006) was written by Leila M. Shultz.
There is a local connection in that many collections at Rocky Flats were made by Ms. Shultz, who was working with G. Kunkel.
In her description of A. campestris, Ms. Shultz states that the species varies, and that each morphological form grades into another.
Taking a conservative approach, she recognizes three subspecies: subsp. pacifica (Nuttall) H. M. Hall & Clements, subsp. canadensis (Michaux) Scoggan, and subsp. caudata (Michaux) H. M. Hall & Clements.
Subspecies caudata and pacifica are known to occur in Colorado.
Weber & Wittmann (2012, p. 104) do not accept presence of A. campestris L.
in Colorado.
Instead, they accept Oligosporus caudatus (Michx.) Poljakov
and O. pacificus (Nutt.) Poljakov.
Ackerfield (2015, p. 121) accepts three varieties of A. campestris L.
in Colorado, variety purshii (Hook.) Cronquist, variety caudata (Michx.) Palmer & Steyerm., and variety pacifica (Nutt.) M. Peck.
In describing the collections of Edwin James, MD, John Torrey (1828, v. 2, p. 211) informally “published” A. filifolia.
Original Text
210. Artemisia ludoviciana, Nutt. gen. ii. p. 143.
Arid plains of the Platte, with all the following of Nuttall :
A. Serrata, columbiensis, longifolia,
cernua, and canadensis.
Obs. Besides the above six species, Dr. James found another,
which appears to be new, but the specimen is without
lower leaves, and cannot, therefore, be certainly determined.
Artemisia filifolia, caule herbaceo ? ramoso ?
foliis canescenti-pubescentibus ; superioribus simplicibus, filiformibus,
et subpinnatifidis, semiteretibus ; floribus conglomeratis.
Goodman & Lawson (1995, p. 159) note that James could have collected A. filifolia in any one of five states the expedition passed through, and that the species occurs abundantly in the Texas panhandle which is perhaps the most likely collecting site.
Willdenow (1803v. 3, pt. 3, p. 1838) published A. fridiga ...
Original Text
*51. ARTEMISIA frigida. W.
A. foliis incanis pinnatis , pinnis tripartitis linearibus
acutis, floralibus pinnatis tripartitisve, caule adfcendente,
floribus globofis nutantibus. W.
Kalter Beyfus. W.
Habitat in aridis frigidis Dauuriae.
♃.
Habitu praecedenti quoad Jiguram Gmelini aliquatenus
affinis fed toto coelo diverfa.
Caules adfceudentes
femipedales vel pedales ramofi, inferne glabri, fuperne
fubcanefcentes.
Folia incana, caulina pinnata, foliolis
tripartitis linearibus acutis, quadrantem pollicis
longa fesfilia; radicalia petiolata ejusdem formae et
magnitudinis , floralia triplo minora pinnata vel tantum
tripartita fesflia.
Panicula fimplex, ramis fimplicibus longis erectis.
Flores globoji breve pedunculati nutantes maguitudine Abfinthii.
Receptaculum villofum. W.
I think the location of “Dauuriae” is likely equivalent to
“Dauria,” “Dahuria,” or “Davuria,” which Stearn (2004) cites as a name for a region of
southeast Siberia.
5. * ludoviciana.
Stem simple and herbaceous;
lower leaves incise, subpinnatifid, the upper lanceolate and en- entire(sic),
on both sides pubescent, beneath tomentose;
flowers ovate, erect and sessile;
calix pubescent, panicle simple.
—
Hab.
On the banks of the Missisippi, near St. Louis;
also on the alluvial plains of the Missouri.
Obs.
Perennial.
Stem about 2 feet high.
Lower stem leaves lanceolate,
irregularly and divaricately laciniate, segments entire,
oblong-lanceolate and acute.
6. * cernua. ...
7. chinensis ...
§ ii. Leaves compound; stem paniculate.
8. Sontonia? Ph. 9. sericea. …
…
The specific epithet “ludoviciana” is a Latinization of “Louisiana.”
3. B. tomentosum ; foliis radicalibus longissime petiolatis oblongis sagittatis integerrimus subtrinervibus,
caulinis oblongis in petiolum attenuatis,
caule subtrifloro,
calycinis foliolis exterioribus disco longioribus.
On dry barren hills, in the Rocky-mountains.
M. Lewis. ♃ June, July. v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
Flowers large, yellow.
The natives eat the young stems as they spring up, raw.
This genus has also been proposed by Dr. Hooker in his Flora Boreali-Americana,
under the name of Balsamorhiza,
for a species of Heliopsis there described.
…
66. ESPELETIA sagittata.
Tomentosa, incana, foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis cordato-hastatis
integris acutis,
caulinis paucis lineari-oblongis in periolum attenuatis,
caule subtrifloro pumilo,
calicibus foliosis squarrosis, pl. 4.
BUPHTHALMUM sagittatum, Ph. 2, p. 564.
♃
With a large yellowish root like a dock.
Radical leaves about the length of the stem,
seven or eight inches,
softly and copiously tomentose, hoary.
The stem also downy, resembling a scape,
with about two or three small leaves like bracts on its upper part.
Calyx very white and softly tomentose, leafy,
the inner leaves linear-lanceolate and somewhat acute.
Rays bright yellow, very large, from sixteen to eighteen,
bidentate at the tips.
Seed flattish, elliptic, very smooth,
and wholly devoid of any vestige of pappus.
Hab.
On the borders of Flat-Head river.
Flowering in June.
The root of this plant also, when fermented a day or two in the ground,
in a hole made for the purpose,
and heated with hot stones,
is then eaten and possesses an agreeable saccharine taste.
The stems are never employed for food.
§ II. * ARTORHIZA.
—
Leaves entire, deltoid or cordate;
involucrum very leafy at base; rays numerous.
Receptacle flat.
Balsamorhiza sagittata.Buphthalmum sagittatum? Pursh, Vol. II., p. 564.
Espeltia sagittata; Nutt. in Journ, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. VII., p. 39.
Canescently tomentose;
stem low, about one to three flowered;
radical leaves cordate-ovate, entire, somethat three-nerved at base;
cauline leaves linear, attenuated below;
external leaves of the involucrum longer than the inner, spreading, lanceolate, densely tomentose;
rays numerous, (twenty to twenty-four.)
Hab.
In the Rocky Mountains, by Flat-Head River, towards the sources of the Oregon.
Flower large and showy,
about three to four inches in diameter,
while the scapoid stem is not more than a span high.
Stigmas very hirsute, filiform.
Rays feminine, with infertile filaments.
Elliott (1823) published the name Brickellia in his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.
BRICKELLIA. E.
Involucrum polyphyllum, inbricatum.
Semina sub glabra, 10 striata.
Pappus pilosus sive scaber.
Receptaculum nudum, punctatum.
Involucrum many leaved, imbricate.
Seed nearly glabrous, 10 streaked.
Pappus hairy or scabrous.
Receptacle naked, dotted.
1. Cordifolia. E. …
…
This plant which in its artificial characters is closely allied to the Eupatorium,
differing principally in size and number, in its general aspect,
bear more resemblance to the Vernonia.
I have named it in commemoration of Dr. John Brickell, of Savannah,
who at one period of his life paid much attention to the botany of this country,
and made known to Dr. Muhlenberg, Fraser and others, many of its undescribed plants.
…
The name is conserved against Brickellia Raf., Med. Repos. Ser. 2, 5:353 (1808), nom. Illeg. Nom rej., which turns out to be a synonym of Gilia Ruiz & Pav.
Schilling, et al., 2015, infrageneric classification for Brickellia is behind a paywall, but available through Sci-Hub.
Key to the Sections of Brickellia
1 Cypselae with 4–6 ribs, sometimes obcompressed; plants annual or
perennial ...... 2
- Cypselae with 8–10 ribs, prismatic; plants
perennial ...... 3
2 Leaves setose, with prickles at tips of lobes; corollas
tubular .......................................................................... 1. B. sect. Barroetea
- Leaves not setose, lacking prickles at tips of lobes; corollas funnelform …… 8. B. sect. Phanerostylis
3 Inflorescence axis with few to numerous small, undeveloped heads (the crowded short phyllaries giving the appearance of gemmae)
interspersed with fully developed flowering heads …… 4. B. sect. Gemmipedium
- Inflorescence with all heads developing fully …… 4
4 Pappus bristles usually plumose; plants herbaceous perennials,
with usually alternate leaves and few-flowered (8–10) heads ……. 5. B. sect. Kuhnia
- Pappus not plumose, usually barbellate; plants herbaceous or shrubby, leaves alternate or opposite,
heads with few to many flowers …… 5
5 Larger leaves with naked basal veins,
the lateral veins marginal at the point of divergence from the midrib (Fig. 1) …… 2. B. sect. Brickellia
- Larger leaves with the first pair of lateral veins diverging from the midrib above the leaf margin …… 6
6 Plants annuals or weak perennials; heads 11–14 flowered; if perennial, leaves hastately toothed or lobed,
petioles 2–3.5 cm long …… 6. B. sect. Leptanthodium
- Plants perennials, herbaceous or shrubby; heads (3–)11–100-flowered;
if leaves hastately toothed or lobed, heads usually more
than 15-flowered or petioles less than 2 cm long …… 7
7 Leaves sessile or short-petiolate; plants usually shrubs; heads erect; corollas funnelform …… 7. B. sect. Microphyllae
- Leaves usually petiolate; plants shrubs or perennial herbs; heads erect or nodding;
corollas funnelform or tubular …… 8
8 Leaves usually cuneate at base; heads usually with 13–25 flowers;
involucral bracts usually weakly imbricate; pappus length
usually 6 mm or less; pappus bristles usually fewer than 40 …… 8. B. sect. Xerobrickellia
- Leaves usually truncate or cordate at base;
heads with (15)25–100 flowers; involucral bracts strongly imbricate; pappus length
usually 6 mm or more; pappus bristles usually more than 40 …… 3. B. sect. Coleosanthus
2. Brickellia sect. Brickellia.
Species: — Brickellia cordifolia Elliott; … B. grandiflora Nutt.; …
…
Morphological trends:—Perennial herbs or subshrubs; leaves mostly opposite, mostly ovate, cordate to truncate,
larger leaves with naked basal veins, the lateral veins marginal at the point of divergence from the base of the midrib,
mostly petiolate; heads nodding (except for B. cordifolia and B. jaliscensis; these two species are also the exceptions
to the correlation of species from pine-oak forests having nodding heads); heads with numerous flowers, 25+, except
for B. jaliscensis 10–20.
…
5. Brickellia sect. Kuhnia (L.) E.E. Schill. & R. Scott, stat. nov.Kuhnia Linnaeus (1763: 1661).
Type: — Kuhnia eupatorioides L. [= Brickellia eupatorioides (L.) Shinners].
Species: — … ; B. eupatorioides (L.) Shinners; …
Morphological trends: — Herbaceous perennials, leaves usually alternate, linear to broadly lanceolate, involucre
strongly imbricate, bracts apices often densely glandular, heads with 8–12 flowers, pappus bristles usually plumose,
but barbellate in B. scoparia.
Taxonomic issues: — The wide-ranging B. eupatorioides is quite variable morphologically, and the status of its
named varieties, notably B. eupatorioides var. floridana (B. mosieri) needs to be evaluated.
Morphological trends:
—
The leaves are petiolate, but the species of drier and lower elevations have shorter petioles.
The leaves ovate-rhomboid, becoming narrower and smaller in species of drier and lower regions; larger leaves have
the first pair of lateral veins diverging from the midrib above the leaf margin.
Flower number per head is 50–60 in B. cardiophylla and B. rhomboidea and 28–30 in B. brandegeei,
but fewer (13–ca. 25) in most other species (3–7 in B. longifolia; 8–12 in B. desertorum)
that are often found in somewhat lower and drier habitats.
Pendulous heads arose twice: once in the common ancestor of B. rusbyi and B. floribunda and,
again, in B. baccharidea and B. californica.
Taxonomic issues:
—
The widespread and variable B. californica and its relationship with B. desertorum remain in need of study.
Schilling, et al., 2015a, also behind a paywall, results supported the hypothesis that Brickellia is monophyletic and showed Barroetea, Phanerostylis, and Kuhnia all embedded within the genus.
Nesom (2022) revised Brickellia section Kuhnia, replacing our B. eupatorioides with B. suaveolens and B. leptophylla.
Key to USA species of Brickellia section Kuhnia After Neson (2022)
1. Florets 6–15 per head.
2. Outer and middle phyllaries often nearly equalling the inner in length, with apices long-attenuate
into falcate or twisted, filiform tips …… Brickellia ozarkana
2. Outer and middle phyllaries graduate in length, with apices apices appressed, acute to short-
acuminate, similar to the inner.
3. Leaves (all of the stem) linear, 6–18(–25) mm long, 1–2(–3) mm wide ……. Brickellia mosieri
3. Leaves (below the inflorescence) lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, mostly
25–100 mm long, 5–40 mm wide, rarely linear as populational variants, if linear (as in var.
gracilis-Fig. 0 and Anderson 20487-Fig. 0) then 15–30 mm long, 2–3 mm wide
…… Brickellia eupatorioides sensu stricto
1. Florets (12–)14–35 per head.
4. Leaves linear; florets 15–35 per head …… Brickellia leptophylla
4. Leaves broader; florets (12–)14–24 (–29) per head
5. Outer and middle phyllaries often nearly equalling the inner in length, with apices long-
attenuate into loose and spreading, falcate or twisted, filiform tips …… Brickellia macranthra
5. Outer and middle phyllaries graduate in length, with apices appressed, acute to short-
acuminate, caveat …… Brickellia suaveolens
Gray (1849) describes B. californica in his Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae.
Original Text
Comments
308. B. (Bulbostylis) Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. 2. p. 79 :
var. foliis plerisque subcordatis.
—
Rocky hill-side on the Mora River, and eight miles eastward, in bottom land;
Aug. (346.)
—
The cauline leaves are mostly cordate,
and with rather longer petioles than in the Californian specimens collected by Douglas ;
but the plant of Hartweg's recent collection is wholly intermediate.
Mr. Bentham (in Bot. Voy. Sulph.) has very properly carried out the intimation given in the
Flora of North America, and annexed Bulbostylis to Brickellia.
The pappus is so strongly barbellate-denticulate in some species
(as in the original B. cordifolia and especially in B. cylindracea, Gray & Engelm.,
from Texas, and an undescribed Mexican species found by Dr. Wislizenus *)
that Clavigera is separated by a merely arbitary character.†
I almost fell off my chair to see that Torrey & Gray applied Bulbostylis DC. to our Brickellia.
DeCandolle (1836) did in fact propose it for a group in the Eupatorieae.
That name is now considered illegitimate
and the name in Cyperaceae, which would appear to be Bulbostylem Kunth, is a conserved name (Kunth, 1833-1850, v. 2, pg. 205).
The undescribed Mexican species is Brickellia wislizeni A.Gray, an accepted species that
occurs only in Mexico.
The dagger (†) refers to an undescribed Stevia in Coulter's Mexican collection.
Hab.
On the low hills betweeb the north and south branches of Lewis and Clarke's River, in stony places.
Douglas.
—
Three to four feet high, herbaceous.
Stem rounded.
Flowers large, white, clustered.
The leaves bear a considerable resemblance to those of E. occidentale,
but the flowers are totally different, larger than is usual in this Genus,
each of many florets, and with the stigmas less exserted than usual.
I possess only a solitary specimen.
Nuttall (1841) described Brickellia grandiflora from collections on his trip with the Wyeth expedition,
citing Eupatorium grandiflorum Hook. as a synonym.
Original Text
Brickellia grandiflora,
leaves alternate, deltoid-cordate, acuminate, incisely dentate towards the base,
entire at the point, smooth on both surfaces, and covered beneath with resinous atoms;
flowers in fastigiate clusters, the upper part of the stem branching;
inner scales of the involucrum linear-lanceolate, acute;
pappus white, achenia smooth.
—
Eupatorium? grandiflorum.
Hook. Flor. Am., Vol. II., p. 26.
Hab.
In the Rocky Mountain range, by streams, in gravelly places, and west,
to the lower falls of the Columbia.
—
Perennial.
Stems many from the same root,
about twelve to fifteen inches high.
The whole plant almost perfectly glabrous.
Leaves alternate, sometimes almost opposite, approximate,
on longish petioles, deltoid-cordate, acuminate, coarsely and deeply toothed towards the base,
smooth and green, but shhining, aith a coating of yellow resinous atoms having a heavy aromatic scent;
stem branching above;
branches terminating in corymbulose clusters of subsessile flowers,
about five capituli in each.
Florets straw-yellow, inclining to white, cylindric and smooth,
the border connivent.
Stigmas exserted, smooth, thicker toward the extremity.
Achenium cylindric, ten-striate.
Pappus of a single series of twenty to twenty-four scabrous hairs.
Receptacle naked, flat.
The virtual absence of congruence between morphology and
molecular data suggests that the morphological characters that
have been used taxonomically are not reliable with respect to
the true relationships.
Cette plante reffemble beaucoup à la Centaurée
panicuîee no. 36 , & pariot n'en différer efientîellement
que par les pointes de fes écailles calîcinales ,
qui font très-aiguës , roides & un peu
épineufes. La tige eft menue , anguleufe , légèrement
cotonneule , haute de près d'un pied, extrêmeraent rameufe ,
panîculée , & diffure, Ses
feuilles inférieures font en lyre; toutes les autres
font petites , étroites , la plupart fimples , &
linéaires. Les fleurs font très-petites , extremement
nombreufes , & à écailles calicinales-lancéolces ,
ciliées , & terminées par une pointe un peu épijieufe.
Cette plante croît dans le Levant, (v. f.)
This plant looks a lot like Knapweed
panicuîee no. 36, & pariot actually differ
than by the points of the calicinal scales,
which are very sharp, stiff & a little
thorns. The stem is slender, angular, slightly
cotton, nearly a foot high, extremely branched,
panicle, & diffure, Its
lower leaves are lyre-shaped; all the others
are small, narrow, mostly fimple, &
linear. The flowers are very small, extremely
numerous, with calicinal-lanceolate scales,
ciliate, & terminated by a somewhat epijieuve point.
This plant grows in the Levant.
(Seen in the dried state.)
The genus name Stœbe now applies to a mainly south African Gnaphalieae.
At the time this was published, Austria included all of Hungary, Transylvania, Galicia, Bohemia, and Lombardy.
Cette Centauree fe diftingue aifement de la
fuivante par fes feuilles decoupees tres-menu ,
& par fes fleurs , qui font au moins une fois plus
groffes , & ont leur calice agreablement mouchete.
Sa tige eft haute de huit a dix pouces ,
ftriee , blanchatre, & un peu paniculee vers fon
fommet. Ses feuilles font blanchatres . a decoupures
menues & pointues ; les inferieures font
oblongues & bipinnatifides ; les fuperieures font
plus petites , fimplement pinnees , & a decoupures
lineaires. Les fleurs font purpurines & remarquables
par leur calice gros, court, mouchete par
les taches bbrunes qui font au fomment de fes ecailles.
Nous avons obferve cette plante en Auvergne ,
aux environs de Clermont , fur le puits de Crouel.
( v.v. )
We have obtained this plant in Auvergne,
near Clermont, on Puy de Crouel (a small local hill).
Auvergne is a historical region in central France,
and is now part of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes.
( I have seen it live. )
135. Ochsmann, Jorg. 2001. On the taxonomy of spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L.). In: Smith, Lincoln, ed. Proceedings, 1st international knapweed symposium of the 21st century; 2001 March 15-16; Coeur d'Alene, ID. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: 33-41. [37829]
Treated by Ackerfield (2015) as C. stoebe ssp. micranthos (S. G. Gmelin ex Gugler) Hayek.
CABI.org (2021) says this ...
Original Text
Most of the North American plants called Centaurea maculosa are perennial, polycarpic and tetraploid (2n = 36).
However, there have been multiple introductions, and some infestations might be diploid.
Diploids can be identified by genetic analysis and growth habit,
because they flower once and die after 2 years (Smith, 2001).
Ochsmann (2001b) cites evidence of hybridization between spotted knapweed
and diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) in at least seven US states.
The hybrid is named Centaurea ×psammogena.
I'd like to give credit and copyright information.
However, any attempt to find out more about CABI.org fails with a 504 Gateway Time-out.
Also it would be really helpful to find a copy of the Ochsmann (2001) paper
because many sources of information refer to it.
Recent studies have shown that the American plants are identical with plants introduced
to the whole of Europe (J. Ochsmann 2001).
Subsp. micranthos, a tetraploid perennial, is clearly distinct from the diploid,
biennial plants native to central Europe known as C. stoebe Linnaeus subsp. stoebe,
C. rhenana Boreau, or C. maculosa Lamarck.
In most American literature the name Centaurea maculosa Lamarck has been misapplied to
C. stoebe subsp. micranthos.
W. A. Weber (1987, 1990) treated this taxon as Acosta maculosa (Lamarck) Holub.
The treatment of about 100 species of Centaurea sect. Acrolophus Cassini
as the genus Acosta by J. Holub (1972) and others is supported
by neither morphologic nor molecular characters and is not widely accepted in Europe.
Twenty species of Cirsium “Thistle” are found in Colorado (Ackerfield, 2015). Eighteen of them are native, while two are introduced: C. arvense and C. vulgare. There are two endemic thistles: C. osterhoutii and C. perplexans.
Cirsium undulatum is widely distributed in the wstern half of North America
from the dry plains and plateaus of the Pacific Northwest eastward across the Great Plains
to Manitoba and the Dakotas and south to Texas, New Mexico, and northwestern Mexico.
It occurs in scattered localities in the Rocky Mountains and northeastern Great Basin region.
At least some of the few widely scattered records from the eastern United States are probably introductions.
Cirsium undulatum is both widespread and variable.
Plants of the Great Plains region tend to be low-growing with a few large heads and elongate corollas.
Plants of the Pacific Northwest are usually taller and produce smaller, more numerous heads with shorter corollas.
A detailed study of this species might reveal races worthy of recognition as infraspecific taxa.
Wavyleaf thistle is listed by California as a noxious weed.
However, most reports of Cirsium undulatum in California are based upon misidentifications of C. canescens.
Cirsium undulatum is known to hybridize with C. flodmanii, C. hookerianum,
and C. scariosum var. coloradense.
J. T. Howell (1960b) reported that C. undulatum was suspected to hybridize with C. brevifolium in the Pacific Northwest.
— David J. Keil in Flora of North America (vol. 19, 20 and 21)
Nuttall (1818) published his Carduus undulatus in his Genera of North American Plants,
in the section Cnicus because the pappus is plumose.
He saw the plant on Lake Huron and in the upper Louisiana Territory.
I have not found a type specimen, but saw a note that the material might be in the Gray Herbarium.
538. CARDUUS. L. (Thistle.)
Calix ventricose, imbricate, scales spiny.
Receptacle villous.
Pappus pilose or plumose, deciduous.
§ II. CNICUS. Pappus plimose
11. * undulatus.
Stem low and few-flowered;
leaves amplexicaule, pinnatifidly sinuate, and plicately undulated, on both sides tomentose, but beneath white, lobes bifid and spiny;
calix subglobose, scales lanceolate, eredt and mucronate.
HAB.
On the calcareous islands of lake Huron, and on the plains of Upper Louisiana.
—
Leaves almost like some species of Cynara, but not remarkably large, moreslenderly tomentose on the upper side;
stem often 1,2, or few-flowered, and 1 to 2 feet high.
Flowers large, reddish purple.
45. C. caule humili paucifloro,
foliis amplexicaulibus finuato-pinnatifidis undulato-plicatus utrinque tomentofis,
laciniis 2fidis fpinofis,
fquamis anthodii lanceolatis erectis mucronatis.
In infulis lacus Huronum et Louifiana fuper.
(Cnicus Nutt.)
undulatum
*
Cirsium [with] short few-flowered stems,
leaves amplexicaul curved-pinnatifid undulate-plicate both sides hairy,
lobes divided spiny scales anthodii laneeolatis putting pointed.
The islands of Lake Huron and upper Louisiana.
Frankton and Moore (1961) compare and contrast of Cirsium undulatum and C. flodmanii, both of which are known to occur in Colorado is behind a paywall, so I have reproduced the abstract here.
Abstract.
The morphology and specific differences of Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. And of C. flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur
are described and their Canadian distributions are reported in detail.
The chromosome numbers are C. undulatum f. undulatum and f. album Farwell, 2n = 26;
C. flodmanii f. flodmanii and f. albiflorum D. Löve, 2n = 22.
The origin of four North American species of Cirsium that do not follow the world-wide base number 17 is discussed;
it is postulated that reduction in number has occurred by translocations.
The chromosomes of species with reduced numbers are larger than those of the unreduced species
but the total length of the chromosomes of both groups is approximately the same.
Haffner and Hellwig (1999) investigated relationships within tribe Cardueae using ITS sequence data. The sole North American Cirsium in their study was C. texanum which does not occur in Colorado.
Kelch and Baldwin (2003) studied historical biogeography and ecology of true thistles (Cirsium, Cardueae, Compositae) in the New World.
Unfortunately, their sample of thistles did not include Cirsium undulatum.
However, three other native thistles, C. muticum, C. discolor, and C. rhaphilepis,
that commonly cluster with C. undulatum and did in fact cluster together in this study.
Abstract. Weedy invasive Cirsium spp. are widespread in temperate regions of North America and some of their biological control agents have attacked native Cirsium spp. A phylogenetic tree was developed from DNA sequences for the internal transcribed spacer and external transcribed spacer regions from native and non-native Great Plains Cirsium spp. And other thistles to determine if host specificity follows phylogeny. The monophyly of Cirsium spp. And Carduus within the tribe Cardinae was confirmed with native North American and European lineages of the Cirsium spp. Examined. We did not detect interspecific hybridization between the introduced invasive and the native North American Cirsium spp. Selected host-biological control agent interactions were mapped onto the phylogenic tree derived by maximum likelihood analysis to examine the co-occurrence of known hosts with biological control agents. Within Cirsium-Cardueae, the insect biological control agents do not associate with host phylogenetic lines. Thus, more comprehensive testing of species in host-specificity trials, rather than relying on a single representative of a given clade may be necessary; because the assumption that host-specificity follows phylogeny does not necessarily hold. Since the assumption does not always hold, it will also be important to evaluate ecological factors to provide better cues for host specificity.
Habitat.
Throughout the Arkansa territory to the banks of Red River,
chiefly in the prairies which are subject to temporary inundation.
—
Flowering, from June to October.
Description.
Annual and biennial, stem erect, smooth, and much branched,
extremely variable in magnitude,
being from one to five feet high.
The leaves, in common with the genus,
are somewhat think and succulent,
the primary ones simple,
radical pseudobipinnate, the segments also occasionally pinnate,
oblong-oval, commonly smooth, and entire,
the ultimate divisions largest.
Flowers often terminating the branchlets by pairs,
with the peduncles unusually short.
Exterior calix, minute, much shorter than the interior,
and in common with it.
And the number of rays mostly eight-leaved.
Rays three-lobed at the extremity,
of a bright orpiment yellow and brown towards the base;
disk brown, and rather small.
Receptable paleaceous, the leaflets deciduous.
Seed small, blackish, immarginate,
curved and naked at the summit.
Economical Use.
The flowers of this species afford a yellow dye,
in common with those of the C. senifolia.
As an ornamental plant, of easy culture and uncommon brilliance,
it promises to become the favourite
of every garden where it is introduced.
Nuttall (1834a, v. 7, p. 29) described Crepis occidentalis
from a collection by Nathaniel Wyeth in 1833 between the Falls of the Columbia and the first navigable waters of the Missouri.
♃
About a span high, covered with a close very short whitish pubescence,
The leaves runcinate and acute,
about two on the spem,
greatly resembling those of the common Shepard's purse ;
above, beneath the ultimate flowers,
diminishing into simple undivided bracts.
Flowers (in the only specimen before me) three,
axillary and terminal,
all attaining nearly the same height on the stem.
Calyx slightly caliculate,
the larger leaves of it disposed in a single series,
the divisions linear and rather obtuse.
Flowers bright yellow, rather large,
about the size and appearance of those of Apargia autumnalis ;
liguli five-toothed ;
the anthers simple, the style bifid,
deeply and far exserted.
Pappus pilose,
somewhat scabrous through a lens,
the hairs more than twenty,
not dilated at base,
or in any way distinguishable from those of Hieracium,
nor are they all stipitate.
Seed smooth, brown.
Probably the Hymenonema laciniatum of Hooker,
in Flor. Boreal. Amer. L. c.
Hab.
Common on the borders and in the vicinity of the river Columbia.
In his Descriptions of new Species and Genera of Plants … Nuttall (1841) proposed Psilochenia occidentalis for his
previously published Crepis occidentalis Nutt.
Original Text
* PSILOCHENIA
Crepis,
but with the achenium cylindric, curved, narrower above,
and without any visible striae, the testa indurated, and, when mature, black ;
an abortive outer series of florets, with the achenium empty.
Pappus copious, slenderly pilose, scabrous, and yellowish white,
about the length of the achenium.
Receptable naked, alveolate, the alveoles minutely fringed.
—
A low perennial herb; stem dichotomous and corymbose.
Leaves lanceolate, runcinately pinnatifid,
and, as well as the somewhat hirsute involucrum,
cinereously and closely lanuginous;
flowers yellow, rather large.
Psilochenia * occidentalis.Crepis occidentalis, Nutt.
In Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Vol. VII., p. 29.
Hab.
On the plains of the Platte, towards the Rocky Mountains.
The whole plant more or less canescently pubescent.
Stem about six or seven inches high, forked and corymbose at the summit.
Leaves about an inch wide, four or five inches long,
deeply and runcinately pinnatifid,
the segments linear-lanceolate and denticulate, uppermost leaves linear.
Involucrum campanulate;
sepals about twelve to fifteen in a single series, linear and somewhat acute;
involucel or bractes four or five, small and subulate:
there are blackish hairs mixed with the hoary pubescence of the sepals.
Florets about twelve, yellow, exserted.
The first record of the occurrence of Crepis in North America
(outside of the arctic regions)
was made by Hooker in his “Flora Boreali-Americani” (1834, vol. 1, p. 297),
in which he identified as the European C. biennis James's Hieracium runcinatum.
In the same year Nuttall published his C. occidentalis,
and seven years later (1841),
in describing the plants collected on a tour to the Pacific
added another species, C. acuminata.
In this publication he created a new genus, Psilochenia,
for C. occidentalis,
and another, Crepidium,
for Hieracium runcinatum (Hooker's “C. biennis” of America),
and placed Crepis acuminata in a new sub-genus, Leptotheca.
Two new species, Crepidium glaucum and C. caulescens, were also described.
Two years later Torrey and Gray (1843) reduced Nuttall's two genera to Crepis,
and recognized, in addition to the arctic-alpine C. nana Richards.,
and C. elegans Hook., four species,
C. runcinata, C. glauca, C. occidentalis, and C. acuminata.
For the next fifty-three years the group received little attention,
although a few species and varieties were described by Gray and others.
In his “Syntopical Flora of North America” (1876) Gray recognized,
in addition to the six species included in his earlier work, two more,
C. Andersonii Gray and C. intermedia Gray,
and listed two varieties under the latter and three under C.occidentalis.
With the heading of the section including C. occidentalis, intermedia,
and acuminata he made the terse comment “species difficult,”
an opinion with which all later workers on the group,
including the present writers, are inclined to agree.
Coville (1896) was the first to make a monographic study of any of the American species.
Omitting the arctic-alpine species and the group of C. runcinata,
as well as C. acuminata and C. intermedia,
which latter he considered to be not well enough understood,
he included seven species, four of which,
C. monticola, C. scopulorum, C. rostrata, and C. barbigera,
were described as new.
His treatment, although well worked out according to the knowledge then available,
was based on a relatively meager series of specimens,
and included little information on the interrelationships of the species,
while their distribution could be stated only in relatively broad terms.
Since the work of Coville,
no particular attention has been paid to the genus in North America,
except for the description of numerous new “species,”
mostly of the group of C. runcinata,
by Greene, Rydberg, and others.
These were published without consideration of the group as a whole,
were based on fickle characters such as leaf shape and pubescence,
and none of them are considered valid by the present writers.
Meanwhile in the affinity of C. occidentalis and
C. acuminata the species were variously interpreted by the writers
of the different floras, the keys to them varied considerably,
while the identification of the ever increasing number of collections
by various students of the western flora bore out Gray's opinion,
“species difficult.”
The American species of Crepis were treated in a now classic
monograph by Babcock & Stebbins (Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 504. 1938).
The authors seem to have been preoccupied with the species alone,
and unfortunately they did not discuss the significance of
their cytological findings as having a bearing on the generic level,
even though Nuttall (1841) had proposed the name
Psilochenia for the American species.
All of the native American species of Crepis,
with the exception of two Old World species (C. elegans and C. nana),
representing an ancient Tertiary extension of the genus onto western North America,
have the chromosome base number x=11.
“This is in striking contrast to the Old World species of Crepis,
whose basic haploid numbers range from x=3 to x=7,
4 and 5 being much the most common" (Babcock & Stebbins, op. cit.).
The authors went on to postulate that the American species
may have arisen by amphidiploidy from a cross involving
Crepis species with x=4 and x=7.
Whether or not this can ever be substantiated,
the fact remains that the American species of Crepis
form an indisputably monophyletic line,
spatially and genetically isolated from the Old World species.
Recently Love (1982, p. 360) transferred Crepis runcinata
to Nuttall's genus Psilochenia because of this evidence.
but among the rest of the species, only the type,
Psilochenia occidentalis Nuttall, has a name in that genus.
The following combinations are needed.
Weber then goes to to propose 23 new combinations in Psilochenia.
Enke (2009) is one of several papers by Enke and others exploring the genomics of the genus Crepis.
Unfortunately their data includes only one representative of the indigenous North American Crepis
— C. acuminata — which, I think, resulted in their results being somewhat unclear
with regard to that group.
Nevertheless, their data supports the maintenance of section Psilochenia within Crepis and
does not rule out elevation of the section to the rank of genus as Weber (1983) has proposed.
Original Text
Crepis acuminata differs from all other species of clade V in morphology, karyology and geographic distribution.
As all members of sect. Psilochaenia it occurs exclusively in North America,
is polyploid and has a basic chromosome number of x=11.
The singularity of these features within Crepis s.str. Support the maintenance of sect. Psilochaenia.
Original Text
Crepis sect. Psilochenia (Nutt.) Babc. (1947) ≡ Psilochenia Nutt. (1841).
— Type: C. occidentalis Nutt.
Note. — The North American species of Crepis sect. Psilochaenia are polyploid
and their placement within the genus remains unlcear at present.
*C. acuminata Nutt.
?C. atribarba A. Heller
?C. bakeri Greene
?C. barbigera Coville
?C. intermedia A. Gray
?C. modocensis Greene
?C. monticola Coville
?C. occidentalis Nutt.
?C. pleurocarpa A. Gray
?C. runcinata (E. James) Torr. & A. Gray
Weber & Wittmann (2012) place the indigenous North American Crepis in Psilochenia also spelled Psilochaenia saying,
Original Text
The genus Psilochenia encompasses the indigenous North American species of Crepis
(with the exception of the Old World taxa C. elegans and C. nana,
which represent a Tertiary extension).
The chromosome base number x=11 is unknown in Eruasia.
See Babcock & Stebbins 1938, Weber 1983.
The FNA ignores Psilochenia altogether.
Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 185) described his Iva xanthiifolia from a collection made near Fort Mandan.
Fort Mandan was the name of the encampment which the Lewis and Clark Expedition built for wintering over in 1804-1805.
The encampment was located on now-private land on the Missouri River approximately twelve miles from the site of present-day Washburn, North Dakota, which developed later.
The exact location is unknown and may be partially submerged by the river.
602. IVA. L.
Calix about 5-leaved, or 5-parted.
Feminine florets of the ray 5, naked.
Receptacle setosely paleaceous.
Seed obovate, naked.
Herbaceous or shrubby;
leaves 3-nerved, mostly carneous, opposite and alternate;
flowers spiked or paniculated, axillar and terminal.
Species.
1. ciliata. ...
2. * xanthiifolia.
Annual;
leaves opposite, petiolate, cordate-ovate, acuminated, douply serrate,
softly villous, beneath canescent;
spikes paniculated, naked;
calix 5-cleft.
Hab.
In arid soils, near Fort Mandan, &c. on the banks of the Missouri.
Obs.
Plant very large, 5 or 6 feet high,
with leaves nearly of the size and form of Xanthium Strumarium,
but covered with a soft and almost velvet-like villus;
upper leaves ovate;
flowers extremely numerous, in a diffuse panicle.
Calix 5-cleft, divisions ovate-lanceolate, acuminate.
Style of the discal florets simple;
stigma subcapitate.
Fertile florets 5, naked.
Receptacle subsetaceous.
—
Flowering in August.
3. imbricata. ... 4. axillaris. ... &c.
A North American genus with the exception of I. annua
indigenous to the tropical regions of the same continent.
There is a collection of Iva xanthiifolia attributed to Nuttall with a location of Upper Louisiana at the Harvard University Herbaria,
though there is no image and the type status is not indicated in the data record.
Georg Fresenius is the apparent author of Index Seminum. Frankfort am Main, a list of seeds available from the Senckenberg Herbarium in Frankfort am Main.
In the 1836 Index, seeds are available for Cyclachaena xanthiifolia Fresen.
Footnote 4 in that document proposes Cyclachaena as a new genus.
However, there is no reference to Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. As the basionym.
Although no basionym reference was given Art. 41.4 (Melbourne Code) applies,
41.4. If, for a name of a genus or taxon of lower rank published before
1 January 1953, no reference to a basionym is given but the conditions for
its valid publication as the name of a new taxon or replacement name are
fulfilled, that name is nevertheless treated as a new combination or name
at new rank when this was the author’s presumed intent and a potential
basionym (Art. 6.10) applying to the same taxon exists.
Results support the dismemberment of Iva s.l. and recognition of Iva s. str., largely because Iva s. l. is shown to be paraphyletic. Most members of the section Cyclachaena were found to have relatively close interspecific relationships. Nevertheless cpDNA data strongly support two lineages within Cyclachaena. One lineage, including I. xanthiifolia, I. acerosa, I. nevadensis, and I. dealbata, has a close relationship with genus Euphrosyne.
The Global Composite Checklist treats Iva xanthiifolia as an accepted name, and Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen. as a synonym. Plants of the World (Kew) does not follow their lead and accepts Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fresen..
Dieteria Nutt.
Sometimes placed in Aster, Dieteria, or Macheranthera.
Nuttall (1841, p. 300) proposed a new genus Dieteria without identifying a
type, the concept of which was lacking at the time.
I suspect that D. canescens (syn: Aster canescens Pursh)
is probably the closest thing we have to a type.
*DIETERIA.
Flower radiate, rays styliferous, fertile? liguli one or two series, broadish, those
of the disk hermaphrodite, fertile. Stigma filiform, hirsute and exserted.
Sepals of the involucrum, for the most part, closely imbricated in two to four
series, scariose and carinate, the tips usually reflected and herbaceous.
Receptacle flat or convex, alveolate, the alveolae deep, with toothed and
lacerated margins. Achenium obovate, subcylindric, ten to fifteen striate, pubescent.
Pappus of several series, scabrous and unequal, that of the ray shorter
and less copious.
—
Annual or biennial, (in one anomalous species perennial,)
divaricately branching herbs, more or less pubescent; leaves nearly entire,
incisely serrate or pinnatifid, the points often pungently mucronulate.
Flowers fastigiate. The disk yellow. Liguli red or purple.
—
Allied to Aster,
but with the involucrum regular; the achenia convex, distinctly striate
when ripe ; the receptacle deeply alveolate ; the pappus of the ray different
from that of the disk; the leaves incise or pinnatifid, and the duration only
to the first period of flowering. They are also allied to the first section of
Heterotheca by the deficient pappus of the ray, but that of the disk is simple,
and the rays are purple. The whole plant bitter to the taste.
—
(So called from their biennial duration.)
Nuttall(1840, p. 300) in describing his plants from trip to the Oregon Territory, described a new genus for a subset of Asters.
Original Text
* DIETERIA.
Flower radiate, rays styliferous, fertile ? liguli one or two series, boradish, those of the disk hermaphrodite, fertile.
Stigma filiform, hirsute and exserted.
Sepals of the involucrum, for the most part, closely imbricated in two to four series, scariose and carinate, the tips usually reflected and herbaceous.
Receptacle flat or convex, alveolate, the alveolæ deep, with toothed and lacerated margins.
Achenium obovate, subcylindric, ten to fifteen striate, pubescent.
Pappus of several series, scabrous and unequal, that of the ray shorter and less copious.
—
Annual or biennial, (in one anomalous species perennial,)
divaricately branching herbs, more or less pubescent;
leaves nearly entire, incisely serrate or pinnatifid, the points often pungently mucronulate.
Flowers fastigiate.
The disk yellow.
Liguli red or purple.
—
Allied to Aster, but with the involucrum regular;
the achenia convex, distinctly striate when ripe;
the receptacle deeply alveolate;
the pappus of the ray different from that of the disk;
the leaves incise or pinnatifid, and the duration only to the first period of flowering.
They are also allied to te first section of Heterotheca
by the deficient pappus of the ray, but that of the disk is simple,
and the rays are purple.
The while olant bitter to the taste.
—
(So called from their biennial duration.)
Aster Bigelovii (sp. nov,) :
ramis viscido-hirsutis ad apicem usque foiiosis; ramulis corymbosis monocephalis ;
foliis membranaceis oblongo-lanceolatis semiamplexicaulibus grosseserratis
fenuiter triplinerviis hirto-puberulis glabratis ; capitulis magnis globosis ;
involucri pluriserialis squamis attenuato-subulatis basi appressis superne longe caudato-appendiculatis
squarroso-recurvis glanduloso-viscidis ; acheniis glaberrimis.
Arroyos in the Sandia mountains ;
October.
A wholly new and most remarkable Aster, of the Grandiflori group ; but the apparently
showy heads larger than those of A. grandiflorus, being an inch in diameter, and the numerous
(blue and violet) rays an inch long. It is probably a tall plant ;
but the base of the stem was not collected.
Cauline leaves two or three inches long, coarsely dentate-serrate throughout ;
the uppermost, and those of the short branchlets, smaller and less toothed.
Scales of the imbricated involucre half an inch long when extended, very slender ;
the long and almost filiform appendicular portion recurved, spreading and very glandular.
Receptacle flat, alveolate ; the alveolae short and entire.
Achenia perfectly glabrous, linear, compressed, three lines long.
Pappus not abundant, nearly in a single series.
Pursh (1814, v. 2., p. 547) ... Aster canescens ...
Original Text
636. ASTER. Gen. pl. 1291.
* Foliis integerrimis.
…
17. A. cano-pubescens ;
foliis linearibus, panicula corymbosa ramisissima foliosa,
calycibus imbricatis acutissimus disco longioribus.
canescens.
On the banks of the Missouri.
♄.
Aug.-Nov.
v. s.
Flowers the size of a daisy, rays pale purple.
Seen by Pursh in the dried state, but neither the collector nor the herbarium is identified.
Probably was not Lewis & Clark, because their single specimen was collected on the Columbia River and first thought to be Aplopappus sp.
More likely a Nuttall collection, though Bradbury cannot be ruled out.
Nuttall (1840, p. 300) published Dieteria and placed Aster canescens Pursh in it.
Original Text
† Involucrum subovate, of three or four series of scales.
Dieteria canescens;
leaves entire, linear, sessile, radical spathulate;
stem low and much branched, canescently villous, as well as the involucrum;
flowers fastigiate;
rays about eighteen to twenty; pappus very slender.
Hab.
On the denuded banks of the Missouri.
Aster canescens, Pursh, Bor. Am., Vol. II., p. 547.
Not in the least allied to Aster multiflorus.
A. biennis, Nutt. Gen. Am., Vol.II., p. 155.
I doubt if the leaves are always entire,
a fact so contrary to all the rest of the genus to which it is,
in all other respects, so intimately allied.
Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806) was a French botanist specializing in horticulture.
He started a botanical garden in which he cultivated foreign plants for sale, contributing to the growing public appetite for exotic flowers. He received and acclimatized numerous North American plants brought back by André Michaux and Louis-Augustin Bosc d'Antic. He strove to introduce many exotic species into France. The species in his garden were described by the botanist Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1757–1808) and illustrated by Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840) in Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J.-M. Cels, published in Paris in 1799 (WikiPedia, 2021).
Ventenat's (1801) description of Tagetes papposa states that it was discovered by A. Michaux in the countryside of Illinois.
Hitchcock (1891, p. 503) moved our plant to Dyssodia papposa
in a catalogue of plants in Ames, Iowa.
Original Text
Dysodia papposa, (Vent.)
—
Tagetes papposa, Vent. Hort. Cels. 1800.
—
D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 1816.
Sterile soil; frequent.
The pappus consists of “scales dissected into britles”
instead of “capillary bristles,” as it may at first appear.
Other articles: • How did rubber rabbitbrush get that long scientific name?:
Introduction;
Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G.L.Nesom & G.I.Baird var. graveolens (Nutt.) Reveal & Schuyler
How did we get to the name of Ericameria nauseosa var. graveolens?
What is the history of the genus name Chrysothamnus?
What is the history of the name Ericameria nauseosa?
What is the history of the name ____ graveolens? And how did it become a variety of Ericameria nauseosa?
See my page about Ericameria nauseosa var. graveolens or “How did rubber rabbitbrush get that long scientific name?”
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Ericameria nauseosa nauseosa; Habitat of Coll. No. 2440, Ericameria nauseosa var. nauseosa Coll. No. 2440, Ericameria nauseosa var. nauseosa
Ericameria nauseosa (Pall. ex Pursh) G. I. Nesom & G. I. Baird var. nauseosa. “Rubber Rabbitbush”
The Erigerons that are known from collections in Golden s.l. are shown below, and are placed in taxonomic groups of Nesom (2008).
20. Sect. Olygotrichum Nutt., Trans Amer. Philos. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 311. 1841. Type: Erigeron divergens Torr. & A. Gray
Erigeron divergens Torr. & A. Gray.
Spreading Fleabane.
Erigeron flagellaris A. Gray.
Trailing Fleabane.
Erigeron tracyi Greene.
(Syn: Erigeron cinereus A. Gray,
Erigeron colomexicanus A. Nelson,
Erigeron divergens Torrey & A. Gray var. cinereus A. Gray)
Running Fleabane.
23. Sect. Phalacroloma (Cass.) Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 175. 1841.
Phalacroloma Cass., Dict. Sci. Nat. 39: 404. 1826.
Type: Erigeron strigosus Muhlenb. ex Willd.
Erigeron strigosus Muhl. ex Willd.
(Syn: Stenactis strigosa (Muhl. ex Willd.) DC.)
Prairie Fleabane.
31. Sect. Stenactis Torr. & A. Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2(1): 172. 1841. Lectotype: (Nesom 1989c): Erigeron pumilus Nutt.
There are two collections of “Cutleaf Daisy” — Erigeron compositus Pursh —
made on the higher edges of Golden s.l. of Lookout Mountain.
This is consistent with other collections made in Jefferson County, and throughout Colorado,
with a few collections made on the higher plains, such as the Palmer Divide,
but generally in the foothills and higher mountain ranges.
The species was described by Pursh (1814) from Lewis & Clark collections on the Kooskoosky (Clearwater) River.
Of the western Erigerons found in Golden s.l. the first to be described was E. compositus Pursh.
The holotype was collected by Meriwether Lewis on the Kooskoosky (Clearwater) River, date unknown, and the voucher is now at ANS.
Pursh (1814) described it as follows:
Syngenesia Superflua. Erigeron
535
14.
E. pilosum, subacaule; foliis radicalibus longe petiolatis
triplicato-3-partitis,
laciniis linearibus divaricatis,
caulinis linearibus plerumque indivisibus,
caule superne nudo unifloro.
compositum
On the banks of the Kooskoosky.
M. Lewis.
♃.
July, Aug. v. s.; v. v. cultum.
Not above a span high;
flowers resembling a daisy exceedingly;
they change during their flowering,
from white to a lively pale red.
My collection of this taxon was made as Little Scraggy Peak, (Buffalo Creek Recreation Area), Jefferson County, Colorado.
Coll. No. 1901, Erigeron compositus
A. Gray (1862) proposed variety discoideus. The name is now treated as a synonym of the species.
Macoun (1884) proposed variety glabratus, but the name is not now recognized. The name is now treated as a synonym of the species.
Other articles: • Glossary:
fastigiate; Coll. No. 2092, Erigeron divergens
The first publication of the entity we now call Erigeron divergens was by Nuttall (1840).
Erigeron *divaricatum;
☉
hirsute, stem branching from base;
branchlets one-flowered, rather naked, fastigiate;
radical leaves spathulate, the rest linear, sessile, acute, attenuated below, all entire;
inner pappus of about eight setæ
rays nery numerous, narrow, white.
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains and the plains of Oregon.
About one foot high, at length very much branched,
the leaves an inch or more long, about a line wide.
Pappus double in ray and disk,
the inner of remarkably few rays, very deciduous.
It might be helpful to remember that the plains of Oregon would include a good part of southwest Wyoming.
The name E. divericatum had been previously used by Michaux (1803) and was not available for use by Nuttall.
Torrey & Gray (1841, p. 175) in Flora of North America
proposed Erigeron divergens for the small fleabane that
was previously illegimately published by Nuttall as E. divaricatuum.
26. E. divergens:
somewhat hoary with a minute hirsute pubescence,
diffusely branched from the base;
leaves small, entire, acute;
the radical somewhat spatulate, narrowed into a short petiole;
the cauline scattered, sessile, linear, narrowed at the base;
heads (small) mostly solitary terminating the naked branchlets or pecuncles;
rays very narrow and numerous, twice the length of the hirsute involucre;
inner pappus of few (8-12) very slender and deciduous bristles.
—
Erigeron (Oligotrichum) divaricatum, Nutt. ! In trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (n. ser.) 7. p. 311, not of Michx.
Rocky Mountains, and plains of the interior of Oregon, Nuttall !
— ①
Stems about a foot high, diffuse, ascending, slender, at length much branched.
Leaves half an inch to an inch long, 1 to 2 lines wide, mucronate-acute.
Heads rather smaller than in E. tenue; the rays (white, Nutt.) nearly similar;
the exterior pappus shorter.
Gray (1849, p. 68) described E. flagellare from a Fendler collection along Santa Fe Creek.
334. E. flagellare (sp. nov.):
bienne? striguloso-puberulum, pumilum;
caulibus gracillimis e basi ramosis,
floriferis seu primariis simplicibus superne aphyllis monocephalis, sterilibus patentibus flagelliformibus;
foliis spathulatis mucronulatis inferioribus in petiolum attenuatis integris seu radicalibus parce inciso-lobatus,
ramealibus parvulis sublinearibus sessilibus;
ligulis numerosis gracilibus (albis purpureo tinctis) involucrum hirsutum duplo superantibus;
pappo radii et discii conformiduplici,
exteriore coroni-forme-squamellato conspicuo, interiore e setis sub-20 fragilibus.
—
Low, moist places, along Santa Fe Creek; May, June.
(381.)
—
Root slender.
Flowering stems 5 to 7 inches high, very slender, few-leaved below the middle, naked, and pedunculiform above;
the head rather than the preceding species;
the involucre, &c., similar.
Lower leaves one to two inches long, including the slender petiole;
those of the runner-like sterile branches decreasing to 2 or 3 lines in length.
This species should rank next to the foregoing.*
The “preceding species” and “foregoing” was Erigeron cinereum (sp. nov.),
now treated as a synonym of E. tracyi Greene.
The head was described as “… as large as those on Bellis perennis …”
and the involucre was described as “… hirsutum duplo superantibus …”
[… coarse erect or ascending hairs doubly … ??? ]
The asterisk “*” refers to some collections sent by Mr. Spaulding from Oregon,
which I don't think are particularly relevant to E. flagellaris.
Nuttall (1818) described E. pumilum found on the plains of the Missouri.
Original Text
Comments
2. *pumilum.
Hirsute;
stems aggregated, 1-flowered, leaves obling-linear, entire and sessile;
flower large and hemispherical, before flowering nutant;
calix very hirsute.
Hab.
On the plains of the Missouri.
Flowering in May.
E. hisutum. Ph. 2. Suppl. p. 742.
but this name has been previously employed for another species.
Obs.
Stems several from the same root, often, indeed, connected at the base,
4 or 5 inches high, 1-flowered.
Leaves 2 inches, more or less, nearly linear, more or less, nearly linear,
attenuated downwards, scarcely 2 lines wide.
Flower naked, (or pedunculate) white, and large as a Daisy;
rays as long as the calix, narrow and numerous.
Pappus double, internal short, about 12-rayed.
Calix imbricated, subhemispherical, in fruit often reflected.
Rays of the corolla linear, very narrow, and numerous.
Receptacle naked.
Pappus double, exterior minute, interior pilose, of few rays. (12 to 25?)
Herbaceous;
stems simple or branched, flowers solitary, axillary and terminal, subcorymbose or fastigiately paniculate;
radii white, or purplish, rarely destiture of pappus.
Seed very small, rather smooth, oblong, and compressed;
pappus simply pilose, deciduous, not much longer than the seed,
exterior pappus minute and paleaceous.
§ I. Stem simple
SPECIES.
1. E. alpinum.
2. * pumilum.
Hirsute;
stems aggregated, 1-flowered, leaves oblong-linear, entire and sessile;
flower large and hemispherical, before flowering nutant;
calyx very hirsute.
HAB.
On the plains of the Missouri.
Flowering in May.
E. hirsutum.
Ph. 2. Suppl. p. 742.
but this name has been previously employed for another species.
OBS.
Stems several from the same root, often, indeed, connected at the base, 4 or 5 inches high,
1-flowered.
Leaves 2 inches, more or less, nearly linear, attenuated downwards, scarcely 2 lines wide.
Flower naked, (or pedunculate) white, and large as a Daisy;
rays as long as the calix, narrow and numerous.
Pappus double, internal short, about 12-rayed.
The first of the Erigeron found in the Golden, Colorado area was described from a collection made in Pensylvania.
Willdenow (1803) published the name from a description written by Mühlenberg.
11. ERIGERON ʃtrigoʃum.
E. foliis lanceolatis utrinque attenuatis ſubdentatis ſtrigoſo-piloſis,
floribus corymboſo-paniculatis. W.
Erigeron ſtrigoſum. Mühlenb. In litt. Behaartes Berufungskraut. W.
Habitat in Penſylvania. (v. ʃ.)
Caulis erectus ʃtriatus, pilis ʃparʃis albis obʃitus.
Folia alterna lanceolata baʃ et apice attenuata, utrinque oilis copioʃis adpresʃis obʃita,
integerrima, vel medio utrunque ʃerraturis 2. ʃ. 3 inʃtructa.
Flores corymboʃo-paniculati.
Radius copioʃus filiformis albus. W.
5. S. strigosa,
caule erecto sparse et patentim piloso,
foliis lanceolatis utrinque stteniatis dentatis strigoso-hispodid, capitulis laxe corymboso-paniculatis,
invol. Glaberrimo, ligulis numerosis filiformibus.
② ? In Pensylvania (Muhl.),
Noveboraco (Torrey!).
Erigeron strigosum Muhl. In Willd. Sp. 3. p. 1956.
Erig. Australe Horn. Ex Spreng.
An Erig. Strigosun Ell. Sketch 2. p. 394 et Doronicum ramosum Walt. Fl. Car. 206 in Carolina cresc. Ad hanc speciem referenda?
(v. s. comm. A cl. Torr.)
Erigeron divergens Torrey & A. Gray var. cinereus A. Gray
Erigeron tephroides Greene
Erigeron williamsii Phil. The Plant List and the Global Composite Checklist each give E. williamsii Phil as a synonym of E. tracyi. IPNI.org does not. I suspect that E. williamsii is a valid name for a South American species, and does not apply to E. tracyi.
The first known description of the taxon we now call E. tracyi was by A. Gray (1849) in Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae, a description of plants collected by Augustus Fendler in New Mexico in 1841
333. E. cinereum (sp. Nov.):
bienne?
Undique molliter cinereo-pilosum:
caule e basi ramoso;
ramis adsurgentibus apice longe nudis monocephalis;
foliis spathulatis vel lineari-oblongis basi attenuatis integerrimis seu radicalibus paucidentatis incisisve;
ligulus numerosissimis gracilibus (albis nunc purpureo tinctis) involucrum hirsutum duplo superantibus;
pappo radii et disci conformi duplici, exteriore coroniformi-squamellato,
interiore e setis sub-20 fragilibus deciduis.
—
Var. a. Is a dwarf, vernal form, only a span high, quite hoary, the primary flowering stems erect and almost scapiform
(no. 374 of the distribution).
Dry, exposed places around Santa Fe; May.
Var. ß has taller and more diffuse stems (10 inches high),
the leaves almost lanceolate, entire, the lower tapering into slender petioles.
Low, sandy banks of the Rio del Norte and of Santa Fe Creek; May to June. (380.)
Var. ? is a larger, coarser, and much more leafy state;
from the valley of Santa Fe Creek, near irrigating ditches; May to July. (385.)
—
The heads are as large as those of Bellis perennis, solitary on peduncles, or the naked summit of the stems,
of from 2 to 4 inches in length.
The species belongs to the first division of the section Phalacroloma, Torr. & Gray, l. c. †
Some forms of this, or of an allied species (possibly E. affine, DC.),
with rather less numerous and white rays, and either entire or incised leaves,
were gathered at Buena Vista and Encantada by Dr. Gregg.
Unfortunately, the name was unavailable, having been previously used by Hooker and Arnold for their E. cinereus, a native of Chile.
Gray (1852, pt. 1, p. 91) places his E. cinereum as a variety of E. divergens in Plantae Wrightinae.
He make no comments that describe his thinking.
268. E. divergens, var. cinereum.
E. cinereum, Gray, Pl. Fendl. p. 68.
New Mexico; the locality not recorded.
Gray (1852, pt. 2 p. 77) also places his E. cinereum as a variety of E. divergens in Plantae Wrightinae, part 2.
E. divergens, var. cinereum, Gray, Pl. Wright, l. c.
Moutains, around the copper mines; Oct: a late, much-branched state. (1169)
Hills near El Paso; March, April: the early normal form (1398.)
This placement is still accepted by Harrington one hundred years later (Harrington, 1954, 1964 2nd ed.).
These plants were collected by the author while engaged in the State Geological Survey of Texas, during 1860 and '61.
Specimens of them are in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia,
and also in the herbarium of Elias Durand, Esq.
…
Erigeron (Eurigera) nudiflorum, s. n.
—
Hirsutum pumilum, ramosum;
foliis lineari-oblongis, integris, sentis, confertissimis;
ramis apice longe nudis, monocephalis;
ligulis albis, plurimis, subuniseriatis, involucrum duplo excidentibus, acheniis oblongis glabris vel parum pilosis;
pappo radii et disci conformi, duplici;
exteriore breve setacea.
Northern Texas. May.
Very much branched from the root.
Stems erect, 4-6 inches high;
leaves numerous near the root and upwards on the stems about 3 inches;
the upper stems, two inches below the flowers, naked;
whole plant strigose hirsute, the white hairs not appressed;
flowers about 1/4 of an inch in diameter;
leaves 1/2 - 1 inch long and a little more than a line wide.
E. L. Greene (1902) then published two names for what we now treat as a single species.
The names he published were: Erigeron commixtus and E. tracyi.
Erigeron commixtus.
With the habit of E. flagellaris, smaller, less stoloniferous,
the leaves relativelt broader, some entire,
others with one or more conspicuous lobes at base of the blade,
the whole plant almost hoary with stiffly hirsute pubescence,
this spreading on the leaves and petioles, retrorse on the stems and peduncles:
heads, rays, achenes, etc., much as in E. flagellaris.
Cañon of the Limpia, mountains of western Texas, 26 April 1902, S. M. Tracy and F. S. Earle;
also collected by the present writer, in the same general region,
namely in the mountains near Silver City, New Mexico, 18 May 1880, and distributed for E. flagellaris.
The species last named has a rather obscure, fine closely appressed hairiness.
That of the new one is so extremely different,
that were the plants the size of a Sunflower or Goldenrod,
no botanist would confuse them as one species,
were the pubescence the only character.
I may remark that true E. flagellaris reaches the mountains of even southern New Mexico,
where, however, it occurs only in a more elevated biological zone
Erigeron Tracyi.
Allied to the last (Erigeron commixtus — Ed.) but dwarf,
only 2 or 3 inches high, densely leafy at base and with no stolons (at least at flowering time):
petioles of the spatulate-lanceolate entire leaves shorter than the blade or obsolete;
the whole herbage silvery-hoary with a fine dense strigulose pubescence,
or this more sparse and spreading on the solitary scapiform peduncle:
involucre hispidulous:
outer pappus very conspicuous though consisting of only shorter and setiform hairs,
the inner of a few very delicate capillary ones.
Davis Mountains, western Texas, Tracy and Earle, 28 April 1902.
E. commixtus was published before E. tracyi, quite literally a matter of a few inches.
It would therefore seem to have priority over E. tracyi.
Samuel Mills Tracy (1847-1920) was the first Director of the Mississippi Experiment Station.
Tracy is well known for his work in the taxonomy of various grasses, plant breeds,
and for adapting numerous forage plants to the biomes of the Southern United States.
He is perhaps best known for his work, Flora of Missouri, which was published in 1886.
Franklin Sumner Earle (1856-1929), served as the superintendent of the Mississippi Agriculture Experiment Station (1892–1895).
Soon after that Earle worked as a biologist and horticulturist of the Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station (1895–1900).
Tracy and Earle to not appear to be part of any particular expedition.
Perhaps, they were just two old botanists out for some fun field work.
33. Erigeron colo-mexicanus A. Nels.
Stems few to several from s slender annual taproot, ascending,
naked pedunculiform above the middle,
very leafy, flowering when very short, the later heads on stems 7-15 cm. long:
leaves mostly linear-spatulate to linear, the basal sometimes oblanceolate and 3-lobed at apex,
all softly cinereous-pubescent:
heads musc as in E. divergens.
(E cinereus Gray, Pl. Fendl. 68. 1848; not E. cinereus H. & A. Comp. Bot. Mag. 2: 50. 1836)
—
Southern Colorado and New Mexico.
It is interesting to me that A. Nelson does not mention Greene's (1902) publication of Erigeron tracyi, whereas other names of Greene are acknowledged.
E. cinereus A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. 4: 68. 1849. Not E.cinereus H. & A. 1836.
E. colo-mexicanus A. Nels,; Coult. & Nels. New Man. Cent. Rocky Mts. 529. 1909.
Another specific name proposed by Professor Nelson, Erigeron colo-mexicanus,
to replace the untenable E. cinereus A. Gray,
is in my opinion rather distasteful.
Fortunately I do not need to use the name,
as the same species has been described by Dr. Greene under the name E. commixtus.
Cronquist (1947) accepts Grays (1852) treatment of E. tracyi as a variety of E. divergens.
Along the way his key uses arrangement of hairs on stems as as a character to distinguish between E. divergens and E. flagelaris:
6. Some or all of the hairs of the stem appressed or closely ascending, or the stem glabrous.
which leads to E. flagellaris. The other half of the couplet:
6. Hairs of the stem all spreading.
leads to E. divergens where E. tracyi is treated as a variety.
Key to the varieties of Erigeron divergens
1. Earliest heads on leafy peduncles; plant without long stoloniform branches.
A. var. typicus.
1. Earliest heads on long naked peduncles; plant later producing long leafy stolons or stoloniform branches.
B. var. cinereus.
112B. Erigeron divergens var. cinereus A. Gray, Pl. Wright. 1: 91. 1852.
E. cinereus A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. II 4:68. 1849. Not H. & A. 1836.
E. nudiflorus Buckl. Prec. Acad. Phil. 1861: 456. 1862.
E. commixtus Greene, Pittonia 5:58. 1902.
E. tracyi Greene. Pittonia 5: 59. 1902.
E. divergens nudiflorus A. Nels. Man. Bot. Rocky Mts. 529. 1909.
E. colo-mexicanus A. Nels. Loc. Cit.
? E. dicladus Greene. Leafl. 2: 214. 1912.
Earliest heads on long naked peduncles;
plant later producing long loafy stolons or stoliform branches;
basal leaves more often persistent than in var. typicus.
Southern Nevada and Utah, through Arizona and New Mexico to northern Mexico, central Texas, western Oklahome, and southwestern Kansas;
reported from Colorado and western Arkansas.
Type: Fendler 374, near Santa Fe, New Mexico, 1847 (NY).
…
Texas:
Tracy & Earle 279, Limpia Canyon, April 26, 1902 (type of E. commixtus Greene) (MI, NY);
Tracy & Earle 320, Davis Mountains, April 28, 1902 (type of E. tracyi Greene) (MI, NY);
…
Colorado:
Rydberg & Vreeland 5438, 5 miles southwest of La Veta, Huerfano Counto, May 22, 1900 (NY);
…
The variety cinereus has usually been treated as a distinct species under the name E. nudiflorus
Buckl., but there are two many intermediates for it to stand.
There are occasional intermediates with E. modestus,
having the pubescence of the latter, and habit of E. divergens var. cinereus.
These plants are more likely to have conspicuously lobed basal leaves than is typical var. cinereus.
The variety cinereus is what we are calling E. tracyi today.
Harrington (2nd ed., 1964, p. 565) placed E. tracyi as a variety of E. divergens.
This repeats his treatment of the taxon in his first edition (Harrington, 1954).
8B. Erigeron divergens cinereus A. Gray, (var.) Pl. Wright. 1:91. 1852.
E. cinereus A. Gray;
E. nudiflorus Buckl.;
E. commixtus Greene;
E. colo-mexicanus A. Nels.;
E. divergens nudiflorus (Buckl.) A. Nels.
--
Earliest heads on long naked or nearly naked peduncles;
plants producing long leafy stolons later in the season.
---
Dry often sandy soil.
Kansas ro Nevada, south to Texas and Arizona.
Our records scattered over Colorado, mostly in the southern part, at 4000-8000 feet.
Of note is Harrington's acceptance of E. commixtus but not E. tracyi.
Nesom (1989c) accepted E. tracyi as having priority over E. colomexicanus.
Original Text
Comments
Erigeron tracyi an earlier name for Erigeron colomexicanus
I have been using Erigeron colomexicanus as the name for this species,
but both E. tracyi and E. commixtus were published seven years earlier,
simultaneously (immediate succession in the same paper: Greene 1902).
Plants of the type collections of E. tracyi, as well as those of E. commixtus,
are early season forms
(essentially a basal rosette with a single, subscapiform, monocephalous stem)
that had not yet produced runners characteristic of the species.
Erigeron tracyi Greene, Pittonia 5:59. 1902. Type: U.S.A. Texas. [Jeff Davis Co.:] Davis Mts., 28 Apr 1902,
S. M. Tracy and F. S. Earle 320 (Holotype: US!; Isotypes: GH!, NY!, OC!).
Erigeron commixtus Greene, Pittonia 5:58. 1902. Type: U.S.A. Texas. [Jeff Davis Co.:] Cañon of the Limpia, Mountains of west Texas, 26 Apr 1902,
S. M. Tracy and F. S. Earle 279 (Holotype: US!; isotypes: GH!, NY!, TAES!, TEX!).
Erigeron cinereus A, Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts n.s., 4 [Pl. Fendler.]; 68. 1849 (not Hook. & Arn. 1836).
Erigeron divergens Torrey & A. Gray var. cinereus (A. Gray) A. Gray, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3, Art. 5 [Pl. Wright.]:91. 1852.
Erigeron colomexicanus A. Nels. [nom. Nov.], Man. Bot. Rocky Mts., 529. 1909. Type: U. S. A. NEW MEXICO. [Santa Fe Co.:] near Santa Fe, 1847,
A. Fendler 374 (Holotype: GH!; isotypes: GH, NY! UC-2 sheets!, US!).
Erigeron cinereus A. Gray 1849, not Hooker & Arnott 1836;
E. colomexicanus A. Nelson;
E. commixtus Greene;
E. divergens Torrey & A. Gray var. cinereus A. Gray
Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 2.5–8(–12, 18) cm;
usually taprooted, sometimes fibrous-rooted, caudices simple or branched.
Stems first erect (greenish proximally), then producing herbaceous, leafy,
prostrate runners (stoloniform branches, sometimes with rooting plantlets at tips),
densely hirsutulous (hairs spreading-deflexed, of relatively even lengths and orientations),
sparsely minutely glandular.
Leaves mostly basal (persistent in early season);
blades oblanceolate to spatulate (obovate-elliptic laminae), 10–30(–60) × 3–6(–12) mm,
cauline abruptly reduced distally, margins entire, dentate, or lobed, faces densely hirsute, eglandular.
Heads 1(–3 rarely, from midstem or proximal branches).
Involucres 3.5–4.5(–6) × 6–9(–12) mm.
Phyllaries in 3–4 series, sparsely to moderately hirsute, minutely glandular.
Ray florets 60–130; corollas white, often purplish abaxially,
sometimes with an abaxial midstripe, 5–9 mm, laminae not coiling or reflexing.
Disc corollas 2–3 mm (throats indurate and slightly inflated).
Cypselae 0.7–1.3 mm, 2-nerved, faces sparsely strigose;
pappi: outer of setae, inner of 12–16 bristles. 2n = 27.
In March through June, plants of Erigeron tracyi produce leaves in a basal rosette usually with a single, erect, monocephalous, stem.
Stoloniform branches are soon formed (often recognized on pressed specimens by the leaves mostly on one side of the branches),
and by the end of the season (August through October), prostrate runners are usually evident, sometimes forming terminal, rooting plantlets.
Erigeron tracyi is similar in habit to E. flagellaris, particularly in the herbaceous stolons or stoloniform branches;
the stem pubescence of E. tracyi is different, the stolons much less commonly produce rooting plantlets at the tips,
and the plants tend to be perennial with woody or lignescent caudices, although they are variable both in habit and duration.
Apparent hybrids with E. modestus and E. flagellaris are occasionally encountered,
and the most common form of E. tracyi is perhaps (speculative) a stabilized, apomictic hybrid between the latter and E. divergens.
All chromosome counts thus far have shown E. tracyi to be triploid and asynaptic.
11a. [10] Heads solitary on elongate, mostly leafless stems from the basal leaf clusters;
plants developing long, nonrooting, stolon-like, spreading shoots.
E. tracyi Greene [for Samuel Mills Tracy, 1847-1920].
Dry, gravelly floodplains and meadows, mimicking E. flagellaris but with spreading stem hairs.
Flowering very early in the spring.
The FNA suggests that this is a triploid apomictic hybrid between E. divergens and E. flagellaris.
(E. colomexicanus is a later name.)
Ackerfield's (2015) description of E. tracyi does not describe the stem hairs, or the direction in which they point.
Also, I think the stated length of the stoloniferous branches is quite short.
Perhaps, the length should be expressed in decimeters, such as “... stoloniferous branches, 1-3(6) dm. Long.”
Finally, the only synonym identified is E. colomexicanus perhaps because it has long been used in Colorado and New Mexico, but
E. commixtus and E. nudiflorus are not noted.
Erigeron tracyi Greene, Running Daisy. [E. colomexicanus A. Nelson].
Annuals, biennials, or short-lived perennials, 1-4 dm.;
leaves oblanceolate to linear, entire or few-toothed, the stems forming stoloniferous branches, 1-3(6) cm. long;
involucre 3-5 mm. hih, hirsute with curved hairs;
disk flowers 2-2.5 mm. long;
ray flowers 4-6 mm. long, white or pink;
pappus double.
Common on the eastern slope in open meadows and on dry slopes, with scattered occurrences on the estern slope, 4000-9000 ft. April-July. E/W
Couplet 24 of Ackerfield's key to Erigeron addresses the question of stem hairs:
24a Stems with spreading or tangled (pointing in all directions) hairs or mostly glandular … 25
24b. Stems with appressed or ascending hairs (at above the middle), not glandular … 34
Couplet 25 eventually ends up at Couplet 29 which differentiates between E. tracyi and E. divergens.
Densely cespitose-puvinate perennial ; stems 5-8 cm. high,
hirsute, few-leaved ; leaves linear or linear-oblanceolate, hirsute,
2-4 cm. long; heads solitary, about 7 mm, high ; bracts hnear,
acuminate, hirsute as w^ell as slightly glandular-puberulent ; rays
purple, 8-10 mm. long, over i mm. wide; achenes strigose;
pappus more or less double.
In dry places on high mountains of southern Colorado at an
altitude of 2400-3000 m. It is intermediate between E. radicatus
and E. glandulosus, resembling the former most in pubescence,
and the latter in habit.
Colorado: Mountains near Veta Pass, 1900, Rydberg & Vreeland
5427 (type); Veta Mountain and Ojo, 5421, 5422; West
Spanish Peak, 5424.
(a) Le réceptacle (loquitur de Amello tenuifolio)
est chargé de paillettes , ainsi que chaque semenee ,
dont l'aigrette n'est pas formée par des
poils: ce caractère indique un rapport marqué entre
les deux premières espèces de ce genre, et les Verbesines.
Verbesina biflora. Hort. Reg. Parisiens.
Caulis herbaceus, glaber, bipedalis, ramis oppositis, iterum ramosis.
Flores axillares et terminales, pedunculis elongatis uni aut bifloris.
Calix glaber, hemisphaericus, imbricatus squamulis ovatis dupli serie: harum quinque exteriores carinatae, apice scariosae; interiores vero planiusculae coloratae.
Radii fere semper quinque, aliquando septem, quorum corolla brevis alba:
hermaphroditorum corolla lutea, quemadmodum anthera et stigmata.
Receptaculi paleae apice bi-trifidae, nonnumquam integrae; papi vero brevissimae, sublineares, ciliatae.
Habitat in Peruvia. O Floret Septembri.
Explìc. tab. a Flos integer. b Calix. c Radius auctus. d Flosculus disci auctus.
e Semen. f Idem auctum. g Papi palea. h Receptaculi paleae.
Obs. Hanc plantam vidi in Regio horto Parisiensi anno 1785 nomine Verbesinae biflorae,
ibi enata ex seminibus e Peruvia missis a D. Dombeyo : in patriam redux vidi eam
iterum in Regio horto Matritense, cuius nomen tandem mutatum fuit in debitum Galinsogae.
Obs. I saw it in the Royal Garden of Paris, in the year 1785 given the name of Verbesina biflorae,
arisen from the seeds of Peru, which were sent by D. Dombeyo from there.
I also saw it in my own country in the Royal Garden of Madrid, under a changed name,
that of Galinsoga.
Moore, et al. (2012) used DNA sequence data from the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS and chloroplast
psaI-accD regions to revisit hypotheses on biogeographic history across the genus.
Grindelia as a whole is well-supported
and is composed of two sister clades, one native to South America and the other native to North America including Mexico.
The North American taxa constitute two clades that largely occur on different sides of the Continental Divide.
The diverse radiation of Grindelia in the California Floristic Province appears to be most closely related to species from the Great Basin
and Colorado Plateau and evidently descended from drought-adapted ancestors.
Greene, E. L.
1896.
Pittonia. v. 3, part 15.
New or Noteworthy Species, XVII pp. 91-116
pp. 102-103
GRINDELIA INORNATA. Stout and low, the several stems
decumbent, the root perennial: both the short-petioled radical
and broad-based sessile cauline leaves of oval or obovoid
outline and saliently serrate-toothed all around, obtuse at
apex: corymbose-panicled heads large, hemispherical, ray-less:
bracts of the involucre numerous, all squarrose: outer
achenes only somewhat thicker than the thin inner ones, all
truncate at su mmit, only very finely striate: pappus-awns 2,
barbellate below the very acute apex.
Very frequent in southern Colorado, at Cañon City, etc.;
evidently forming a part of Gray's G. squarrosa, var. nuda,
though not at all the G. nuda of Wood. It is most certainly
distinct from G. squarrosa not so much by its discoid heads
as by its perennial root. Not only this but also both the
preceding new species have a persistent tap root surmounted
by a central tuft of radical leaves, around which tuft the
stems of each succeeding year are produced. G. squarrosa,
as I have noted during many seasons, is always strictly biennial,
the stem erect and terminal to the root-axis, the radical
leaves dying as the plant approaches maturity, quite as in
all biennials. Herbarium specimens usually fail to show
these things, hence much confusion in the herbaria and in
books.
In open prairies, on the banks of the Missouri.
M. Lewis.
♃
Aug. Sept. v. s. in Herb. Lewis. ; v. v. cult.
Flowers yellow, resembling those of Inula.
The whole plant is viscous, and has a strong
resiniferous or balsamic scent.
Caulis erectus, teres, albidus, corymboso-ramosus.
Rami alterni, angulati, apice uni- aut triflori.
Folia alterna, basi dilatata, amplexicauiia, oblonga,
acuta aut obtusa, serrata, glabra,
utrinque squamulis punctiformibus resiniferis obsita.
Flores 1 — 3. in summitate ramulorum, corymbosi, flavi,
ante explicationem copiose resiniferi.
Calyx hemisphaericus, arcte imbricatus :
Squamis apice filiformibus, revolutis et quasi
caput Medusae referentibus.
Flosculi radii lineari-lanceolatae, acutae.
Semina oblongo-obovata.
Pappus: aristis 2 — 4. deciduis.
Receptaculum planum, nudum, favulosum.
It approaches near to Aster glutinosus Cav. ic. 2. p. 53. t. 168.
which is the Donia glutinosaAit. kew. ed. 2. t. 4. p. 82.
which I distinguish by the following diagnosis :
Donia glutinosa : frutescens ; foliis oblongo-obcuneatis sessilibus serratis,
calycinis squamis linearibus erectis.
Greene (1898, v. 3, n. 18, p. 297) in Sect. 6. Miscellaneous New Species
describes G. subalpina.
Original Text
Grindelia subalpina. Low perennial, the stoutish
corymbose-panicled stems seldom a foot high, only sparingly
leafy except at base; lowest leaves oblanceolate, petiolate,
acute, coarsely and remotely incised, usually scabrous-
puberulent; the few cauline obloug-spatulate, rather remotely
and sharply serrate, glabrous: depressed globose
heads rather large ; bracts of the involucre numerous, with
filiform squarrose-spreading tips, the whole very glutinous:
rays numerous, narrow: bristles of the pappus 2 to 4,
slender, barbellulate.
High plains of southern Wyoming, and at subalpine elevations
on the mountains of northern Colorado. Hitherto
confused with G. squarrosa, which is wholly of the plains,
strictly biennial, branching and very leafy, perfectly glabrous,
and with stouter smooth pappus-bristles.
On the plains of the Missouri.
M. Lewis.
♃ Sept.
v. s . in Herb. Lewis.
About a span high; resembling
Hypericum Sarothra in general habit very much.
This and the two preceding have a great affinity to one another ;
but I consider them good and permanent species,
as there are no intermediate varieties, which
might lead to the suspicion that all belong to one genuine species.
The two preceding were Solidago lanceolata and Solidago tenuifolia,
which are now treated as synonyms of Euthamnia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.
and Euthamia caroliniana (L.) Greene ex Porter & Britton, respectively.
Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 163) published a new genus Brachyris and the specific name B. Euthamiae placing Pursh's (1814) in synonomy.
As it turns out, though, Lagasca's genus name Gutierrezia and Pursh's specific name sarothrae will have priority.
Torrey & Gray (1838-1843, v. 2, p. 193) recognized that our plant belonged in Gutierrezia.
However, they adopted Nuttall's (1818) specific name Euthamiae
when Pursh's (1814) Sarothrae had prioirty.
As it happens, Lane (1982) designated a neotype for
Gutierrezia linearifolia:
MEXICO BAJA CALIFORNIA [Norte]:
1 mi. S Las Juntas (Sierra Juarez), Moran #16563, 6 Sep 1969
(Neotype: LL; isotype: SD).
Lane also placed G. linearifolia Lag. in
synonomy under G. sarothrae (Pursh) Britton & Rusby (Lane, 1980).
Torrey & Gray (1842, v. 2, pp. 324-5) published H. nuttallii though apparently Nuttall, himself, had placed the name H. californicus on
specimens in the herbarium of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Philadelphia.
Thomas Nuttall collected the type on the “plains of the Lewis River” – the Columbia River – and
intended to give it the name of Helianthus californicus.
However, the name was unavailable having been previously used by DeCandolle (1836) for a collection in California by David Douglas.
Torrey & Gray (1842) applied the name H. nuttallii giving credit to Nuttall for the collection.
An image of the type may be available at JSTOR (https://plants.jstor.org/stable/viewer/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ph00014119).
However, it is securely locked away behind a paywall.
Nuttall (1840-1841) does not mention this in his description of Compositae from his 1834-5 expedition across the continent.
Original Text
* * * * *
Perennial : heads middle-sized : rays 8-24 : involucre irregularly imbricated ;
the scales loose, or with squarrose-spreading often foliaceous summits,
as long as the yellow disk (achenia glabrous).
—
Corona-solis.
†
Leaves commonly alternate or scattered,
the lower often opposite, feather-verined,
sometimes obscurely triplinerved.
16. H. Nuttallii :
stem smooth ; leaves alternate, the lower opposite,
narrowly lanceolate-linear, acute, mostly entire, scarcely petioled,
both sides scabrous ;
scales of the involucre lanceolate-subulate, hirsute-ciliate towards the base;
pappus of 2 linear-lanceolate chaffy awns or scales.
—
H. californicus, Nutt. ! in herb. acad. Philad. &c., not of DC.
Plains of Lewis River, Nuttall ! —
Stem apparently strict and simple.
Leaves 4-6 inches long, 3-5 lines wide, feather veined,
obscurely triplinerved near the base, somewhat cinereous beneath ;
the lower remotely and slightly serrate.
Heads nearly as large as in H. giganteus.
Involucre clothed with whitish hairs, or often smoothish.
The disk-corolla is 5-nerved,
of with intermediate nerves corresponding with the axis of 2 only of the laciniae,
but not reaching the apex.
Helianthus pauciflorus ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) O. Spring & E. Schilling “Stiff Sunflower”
The synonyms (POWO, 2022) of H. pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. pauciflorus,
which does not occur in Colorado, in order of date published, are:
Helianthus atrorubens Michx. In Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 140 (1803), nom. illeg. Described by Michaux as native to Pennsylvania to Carolina, whereas to day the range along the eastern seaboard is limited to Virginia.
Helianthus diffusus Sims in Bot. Mag. 45: t. 2020 (1818)
Helianthus pedunculatus Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 352 (1822)
Helianthus missouriensis Schwein. Ex Nutt. In Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, 7: 368 (1841)
Synonyms (POWO, 2022) of H. pauciflorus Nutt. Ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) O. Spring & E. Schilling,
which does occur in Colorado, again in order of pub;ication date, are:
Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. In Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1: 419 (1900)
Helianthus × scaberrimus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Farw. In Amer. Midl. Naturalist 8: 278 (1923)
Helianthus × laetiflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Fernald in Rhodora 48: 79 (1946)
Helianthus rigidus subsp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Heiser in Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22(3): 136 (1969)
Helianthus rigidus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Cronquist in Fl. Pacif. Northw.: 528 (1973)
Helianthus pauciflorus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Cronquist in Man. Vasc. Pl. North E. U.S. Canad., ed. 2: 864 (1991)
Helianthus rigidus var. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) B.L.Turner in Sida, Bot. Misc. 24: 6 (2003)
On his 1811 trip up the Missouri River, Thomas Nuttall collected a sunflower that has become our Helianthus pauciflorus.
The location is given as Lower Louisiana.
Since the current range of our plant is Missouri and northward,
one would assume the collection was not made south of Missouri.
He apparently brought seeds of this plant back to England.
I have seen references to plants growing in Lambert's garden, the Chelsea garden, and the royal garden of Paris.
These garden-grown plants can be found in the text below and would gave rise to multiple names for Nuttall's plant.
I have not seen any reference to collected plant material, either in US herbaria, or the British Museum.
Nuttall (1818, v. 2, p. 177) published this plant on April 3, 1818, as Helianthus pauciflorus.
The actual date of publication is important because there were two more names published later in 1818; those by Cassini (1818) and Sims (1818)
9. * pauciflorus.
Leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, nearly smooth;
stem naked, trichotomous, few-flowered;
calix closely imnricated; leaflets ovate.
HAB.
In Lower Louisiana.
—
Leaves sometimes ternately verticillate, very long, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent;
ray and disk nearly the same colour.
4 or 5 feet high.
Cassini (1818) published the same plant grown from seeds in the Jardin du Roi of Paris.
This name was published in September, 1818, per Kartesz & Gandhi (1990), below.
Harpalium rigidum, H. Cass.
Tige herbacée, haute d'environ cinq
pieds, dressée, rameuse, cyliudrique, garnie de poils roides. Feuilles
opposées, presque sessiles, lancéolées, pas sensiblement dentées, d'une
substance ferme et roide, d'un vert glauque ou cendré, munies sur
les deux faces de poils courts et roides. Calalhides grandes, solitaires
au sommet des rameaux nus et pédonculiformes ; fleurs jaunes. (Cultivé
au Jardin du Roi.)
Harpalium rigidum, H. Cass.
Stem herbaceous, about five high
feet, erect, branched, cylindrical, furnished with stiff hairs. Leaves
opposite, almost sessile, lanceolate, not noticeably toothed, of a
firm and stiff substance, of a glaucous or ashen green, provided on
both sides of short, straight hair. Calalhids large, solitary
at the top of bare and stalked branches; yellow flowers. (Cultivated
in the King's Garden.)
Meanwhile Sims (1818) Curtis's Botanical Magazine, Plate 2020 and following discussion, published a third name for our plant using an image from Lambert's garden and a description from the Botanic Garden at Chelsea.
This name was published in October, 1818, per Kartesz & Gandhi (1990), below.
Descr.Stem angular, purple, hispid :
branches distant,
rambling, bearing one terminal flower on a very long peduncle.
The whole plant is clothed with stiff, stinging hairs,
scarcely exceeds two feet in height, but spreads wide.
Leaves both opposite and alternate, oblong-ovate, rigid, very rough.
Calyx imbricated, scales ovate, in four series, smooth, with villous edges.
Flowers large : rays about twenty, oblong-ovate,
plicate, three-toothed, of a very full yellow colour.
Floscules of the disk yellow: tube filiform pedicle-like :
border cylindrical.
Anthers dark purple.
Stigmas revolute, golden yellow.
Chaff of the receptacle linear-lanceolate, concave, green.
Germens three-cornered, crowned with a two-leaved, awl-shaped pappus.
From its rambling manner of growth, this plant does not
appear very sightly in the garden ; but is one of the most
desirable flowers imaginable for ornamenting rooms, as it
lives long in water, and from its spreading branches, the
flowers dispose well, and make a very brilliant appearance.
A hardy perennial. Blooms in August and September.
Our drawing was made from a specimen communicated by
Aylmer Bourke Lambert, Esq. three years ago, out of his
collection at Boyton, where it was raised from seeds collected
on the borders of the Missouri, by Mr. Nuttall ; but our
description was taken at the Botanic Garden at Chelsea in
August last.
Nuttall's expedition to Arkansas spanned 1818 to 1820, though he was in that state mostly in 1819.
There is a voucher in the British Museum (BM001025610) that appears to be from Nuttall's trip to Arkansas.
It is currently filed as Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf. subsp. rigidus (Cass.) Desf.
Nuttall (1834b) does not mention any Asteraceae in his "Collections towards a flora of the territory of Arkansas."
He will though in Nuttall (1841) "Descriptions of new Species and Genera of Plants. "
Cuvier (1821, v. 20, p. 300) in his dictionary of natural sciences repeats Cassini's (1818) diagnosis and name,
while noting that Rene Dessfontaine (at the Jardin du Roi) thinks Sim's (1818) H. diffusus may be the same plant.
Harpalion roide ; Harpalium rigidum, H. Cass., Bull. Des Sc.,
septembre 1818. La tige est herbacee, haute d'environ cinq
pieds, dressee, rameuse, cyiindrique, garnie de poils roides.
Les feuilles sont opposees, presque sessiles, lanceolees, pas
sensiblement dentees, d'une substance ferme et roide, d'un
vert glauque ou cendre, rnunies sur les deux faces de poils
courts et roides.Les calathides sont grandes, solitaires au
sommet des rameaux nus et pedonculiformes; les fleurs sont jaunes.
Cette plante est cultivee au Jardin du Roi , ou nous avons observe,
sur des individus vivans , les caracteres generiques et
specifiques que nous venons de decrire. M. Desfontaines pense
que c'est l'helianthus diffusus, plante vivace, de l'Amerique
septentrionale, decrite dans le Botanical Magazine. (H.Cass.)
Stiff Harpalion; Harpalium rigidum, H. Cass., Bull. Of Scs,
September 1818. The stem is herbaceous, about five
feet, erect, branched, cylindrical, furnished with stiff hairs.
The leaves are opposite, almost sessile, lanceolate, not
noticeably toothed, of a firm and stiff substance, of a
glaucous green or ash, with hairs on both sides
short and stiff.
Calathids are large, solitary in
tips of bare and stalked branches; the flowers are yellow.
This plant is grown in the Jardin du Roi, where we observed,
on living individuals, the generic characters and
specific that we have just described. Mr. Desfontaines thinks
that it is the Helianthus diffusus, perennial plant, from northern America,
described in the Botanical Magazine. (H.Cass.)
“H. Cass.” = Count Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini (9 May 1781 – 23 April 1832) was a French botanist and naturalist, who specialised in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) (then known as family Compositae).
Desfontaines (1829) in his 3rd edition of the catalog,
in English, “Catalog of the Plants of the Royal Garden of Paris with annotations on new or less known plants”
published Helianthus rigidus, placing H. diffusus and Harpalium rigidum in synonomy.
Helianthus.
...
{
rigidus Am. S. ♃
diffusus? Bot Mag.
Harpalium rigidum. H. Cas. Dict. V. 20 p. 3000.
Desfontaines make no mention of Nuttall's Gen. Am. or his H. pauciflorus.
Nuttall's (1841) "Descriptions of new species and genera of plants in the natural order of the Compositae" was mostly about his 1834 travels across the continent, though he also published plants from the Arkansas trip and some of those collected by William Gambel.
He also published Helianthus crassifolius, now treated as a synonym of Helianthus pauciflorus ssp. pauciflorus.
Helianthus * crassifolius; ♃, stem simple, herbaceous, subscabrous; leaves nearly
all opposite, lanceolate, acuminate at either end, serrate, above smooth, beneath
very scabrous, and, as it were, shagreened; stem naked, one to three-flowered,
with a few small, linear leaves; involucrum closely imbricated, the scales ovate,
slenderly and finely ciliate; achenium subquadrangular, with sometimes four
scales, the two central ones smaller.
Hab. Plains of Arkansa. About two feet high, the lower part of the stem very leafy, above
nearly naked from the sudden diminution in the size of the leaves, the plant here and there scattered
with drops of resin. Leaves half a foot long, or more, about an inch wide, very thiick and
coriaceous. Rays about twenty, bidentate. Achenium pubescent above; with small scales from
the inner angles; discal florets as usual, enlarged and pubescent towards the base.
Allied to H. pauciflorus.
Torrey & Gray (1841, v. 2, p. 323-331) Flora of North America accepts H. rigidus Desf.
and treats H. pauciflorus Nutt. as an obscure or little-known species.
I would speculate this was the result of no actual plant material being available in America.
11. H. rigidus (Desf.) : stem simple or sparingly branched, rough; cauline
leaves opposite, very thick and rigid, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate at each end, subsessile, obscurely serrate or entire, somewhat
triplinerved, extremely hispid-scabrous on both sides ; the uppermost
sometimes alternate; the radical oval, obtuse, strongly triplinerved, petioled ;
scales of the involucre ovate, mostly obtuse, finely ciliate, numerous, closely
imbricated; chaff of the receptacle obtuse; achenia somewhat hairy; pappus
of 2 concave lanceolate scales, rather than awns, and frequently with
one or several intermediate small scales.
—
Desf. Cat. Hort. Par. Ed. 3. p. 184.
H. atrorubens, Michx.! Herb, in part;
Hort. Berol. ! 1839 ;
Bot. mag. T. 2668 ;
Hook. ! Compan. To bot. mag. 1. p. 98 (var. foliis acutioribus).
H. scaberrimus. Ell. ! Sk. 2. p. 423 ;
DC. I. c. p. 588.
H. crassifolius, Nutt. ! In trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. I. c.
Harpalium rigidum, Cass, in dict. Sci. nat. 20. p. 300 ;
DC. ! Prodr. 5. p. 583.
β
branches or peduncles simple, elongated; scales of the involucre
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, more acute.
—
H. diffusus, Sims, bot. mag. T. 2020 (poor.)
H. Missuricus, "Spreng. Pug. P. 21 ;"
Link. Enum. 2. p. 352.?'
H. Missouriensis, Schwein. ! Herb. ;
Nutt. ! In trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. I. c.
H. atrorubens, Bot. reg. t. 508 ;
Hook. ! Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. p. 312 ;
DC. Prodr. I. c. ex char. ; not of Linn.
Plains and prairies, western part of Georgia, Elliott !
Illinois, Mr. Buckley ! And St. Louis, Drummond! To the Upper Missouri, Nuttall!
Mr. Nicollet! Arkansas, Nuttall! Louisiana, Dr. Leavenworth! And Texas,
Drummond!
β Missouri, Nuttall! (spec, cult.) and Saskatchawan, Drummond!
Aug.-Sept.
—
Plant stout, 1-3 feet high, rather naked above ; the
rigid stem hispid with short papillose hairs, often smoothish above : the
coriaceous thick leaves (cauline 3-5 inches long, an inch or less wide) very
rough with short bristles arising from papillas, which give the surface a
cinereous hue, and often a whitish blistered appearance.
Heads few, but showy ;
the disk about an inch in diameter; the 20-24 rays an inch long. Scales of
the involucre regularly and closely imbricated in 3-4 series. Receptacle
convex : the chaff entire, ciliate on the back towards the summit. Lobes of
the disk-corolla purple : style yellow. Achenia somewhat lenticular, hirsute
when young, but more smooth when mature, except the edges and summit.
The pappus is variable, even in different flowers from the same individual ;
consisting either of the two scale-like awns without intermediate squamellae,
or of 1-4 of the latter on each side, or with the squamaellae confluent
with the lateral scales, which become dilated and auriculate or lobed
at the base, &c. &c. ; whence we conclude that Harpalium, Cass. Is
founded upon insufficient and very inconstant characters.
The var. β differs but slightly,
and passes completely into the other forms of this well-marked species,
so that it hardly merits to be distinguished. In some of the
Texan specimens, and in those described by Nuttall as H. crassifolius, the
leaves are more attenuated to each end, more serrated, and the upper surface
comparatively smooth. — The stem sometimes exudes resin in small quantity.
…
‡ Obscure or little-known species.
32. H. paucifiorus (Nutt.) : leaves opposite, linear-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, nearly smooth ; stem naked, trichotomous, few-flowered ; scales of
the involucre closely imbricated, ovate. Nutt. Gen. 2. p. 177.
Lower Louisiana. — Plant 4-5 feet high. Leaves sometimes ternately
verticillate, very long, paler beneath and somewhat pubescent. Ray and
disk nearly the same color. Nutt. — This species is unknown to us ; we find
no specimen in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
Porter & Coulter (1874, p. 71) accepted Helianthis rigidus Desf.
Helianthus rigidus, Desf.
—
Hall & Harbour ; Dr. Smith.
Cañon City, Brandegee.
Platte River, Coulter.
I don't see any vouchers in SEINet determined Helianthus pauciflorus or H. rigidus from Colorado
that pre-dates 1874 publication date.
Nor do I see any Hall & Harbour or Brandegee collections of either taxon.
These searches in SEINet would include the Gray Herbarium and New York Botanic Garden by default.
Gray (1884, v. 1, pt. 2, p. 274-175) accepts H. rigidus Desf. as
H. pauciflorus Nutt. slips farther into obscurity.
Ҥ 2. Perennials : receptacle convex, or in some at length low-conical :
lower leaves aalmost opposite. ”
“ *** Stem and (mostly opposite and triplinerves) leaves more or less hispid,
hirsute, or scabrous ... :
chaff of receptacle enture or some 3-toothed at the apex, pointless :
rays numerous and conspicuous”
“ ** Disk of the head dark purple”
H. rigidus, Desf. A foot or two (rarely 6 to 8 feet) high, rigid, sparingly branched : leaves
very firm-coriaceous and thick, both sides hispidulous-scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or
serrate, lightly triplinerved but indistinctly and sparingly veined ; lower oblong and ovate-
lanceolate, attenuate at base into short winged petioles ; upper mostly lanceolate : heads
comparatively large, showy (disk three-fourths inch high) : involucre pluriserially imbricated ;
its bracts mainly ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid, appressed, densely and minutely ciliate:
rays numerous, generally inch and a half long : akenes oblong-obovate, 3 lines long :
pappus of two large ovate-lanceolate paleae, and sometimes two or four rather stout
intermediate paleae ! more commonly none.
—
Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3, 184;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 322.
H. atrorubens, Michx. l. c, in part ;
Bot. Reg. t. 508 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 2668 ;
DC. Prodr. v. 586.
H. diffusus, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2020.
H. Missuricus, Spreng. Syst. iii. 618, name in place of diffusus.
H. scaberrimus, Ell. Sk. ii. 423.
H. Missouriensis (Schweinitz)
& H. crassifolius, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. l. c.
Harpalium rigidum, Cass. Dict. Sci. Nat. xx. 200 ;
DC. Prodr. v. 583, founded on the form with intermediate paleae to the pappus.
Plains and prairies, Saskatchewan and Michigan to W. Georgia, Texas, and eastern part of Colorado.
Sometimes the disk-corollas are at first yellow !
Coulter (1885, p. 186) also accepted Helianthis rigidus Desf. but gave no sources.
4. H. rigidus, Desf. A foot or two (rarely 6 to 8 feet) high, rigid,
sparingly branched : leaves very firm-coriaceous and thick, both sides
hispidulous-scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or serrate ; lower oblong and ovate-lanceolate,
attenuate at base into short winged petioles ; upper mostly lanceolate : heads
comparatively large, showy; disk ¾inch high, dark purple or brownish:
involucre pluriserially imbricated ; its bracts mainly ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid,
appressed, densely and minutely ciliate. Plains and prairies from Michigan
to Texas and west to E. Colorado.
Rydberg (1900, p. 419) in his Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and Yellowstone National Park publishes H. subrhomboideus Rydb.
* Helianthus subrhomboideus.
Perennial ; stem 3-6 dm. high, terete, striate, tinged with red,
sparingly hirsute, simple ; leaves opposite, firm, very scabrous, triple-veined,
generally not strongly serrate, the basal broadly ovate
or obovate-spatulate ; stem-leaves rhomboid-ovate or rhomboid-lanceolate,
short-petioled, 5-10 cm. long, the uppermost diminutive, lanceolate ;
heads mostly solitary, sometimes 2 or 3, 1-1.2 cm. high and
1.5-2 cm. in diameter; bracts in 4—5 rows, oblong, acutish, densely
white-ciliate on the margins ; disk dark brown or purplish ; rays
about 1.5 cm. long.
Nearest related to H. scaberrimus, but differs in the broader and
shorter leaves, the less acute bracts, the smaller heads, and generally
longer peduncles. It grows on prairies, up to an altitude of about
1000 m.
Montana: Sand Coulee, 1885, R. S. Williams, 249;
Columbia Falls, Mrs. Kennedy, 6 ;
Judith Mts., 1882, R. W. Springer, XXXV.
Nebraska: Keya Paha River, 1893, Clements, 2866 ;
Long Pine, 1890, G. D. Sweezey, 70;
Whitman, 1893, Rydberg, 1627 (type).
Dakota: Mouth of Big Sioux River, 1853, Hayden Survey;
Upper Missouri, Nicollet;
Custer, 1892, Rydberg, 805.
Assiniboia: Cypress Hills, 1880, John Macoum ;
Souris Plains, 1883, J. M. Macoiun.
Rydberg (1906, p. 373) accepted H. subrhomboideus replacing H. rigidus in part.
I don’t think ne intended to say that A. Gray was the author of H. rigidus.
Instead I think he meant that some of the plants that A. Gray would describe as H. rigidus should be segregated into H. subrhomboideus.
5. Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. (H. rigidus A. Gray, in part) On
plains from Man., Sask. And Mont. To Colo. And Neb. — Alt. 4000-8000 ft. —
La Pagosa ; mountains, Larimer Co. ; near Pagosa Peak ; Cheyenne Mountain;
Bosworth's ranch, Stove Prairie; Boulder; canon west of Palmer Lake;
Horsetooth Mountain.
Coulter & Nelson (1909, p. 548) accept H. scaberrimus Ell., placing H. rigidus Desf.
and H. subrhomboideus Rydb. In synonomy.
4. Helianthus scaberrimus Ell. Bot. S. C. & Ga. 2: 423. 1824. Stem 3-12
dm. high, rigid, sparingly branched: leaves very firm-coriaceous and thick,
both sides hispidulous-scabrous, shagreen-like, entire or serrate; the lower ovate
and ovate-lanceolate, attenuate at base into short- winged petioles; the upper
mostly lanceolate: heads comparatively large, showy: disk 15-18 mm. high,
dark purple or brownish ; involucre pluriserially imbricated ; the bracts mainly
ovate, obtuse or acutish, rigid, appressed, densely and minutely ciliate.
H. rigidus. (H. subrhomboideus Rydb. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 419. 1900.)
Plains and prairies; Montana to Colorado and Georgia.
Helianthus rigidus (Cass.) Desf. (Cat. Pl., ed. 3, 184. 1829) was based
on Harpalium rigidum Cass. (Bull. Sci. Soc. Philom. Paris 141. Sep 1818).
For Helianthus rigidus ssp. rigidus, Heiser (Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 22[3]:131-138. 1969)
cited several synonyms,
including Helianthus diffusus Sims (Bot. Mag. 45:2020. Oct 1818)
and Helianthus paucifiorus Nutt. (Gen. 2:177. 3 Apr 1818).
Cleariy, Helianthus paucifiorus has priority over Harpalium ngidum and
Helianthus diffusus; hence, the latter two cannot serve as basionyms. For the
North American flora, we accept Helianthus paucifiorus Nutt. As the correct
name.
The new combination Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. subrhomboideus
(Rydb.) Spring & E. Schilling (Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 18(1):22. Mar 1990)
predates H. pauciflorus ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Kartesz & Gandhi
(Phytologia 68(6):423. Jun 1990) and renders the latter to be superfluous. The
March issue of Biochemical Systematics & Ecology was received in May 1990
at UNC-Botany Library, and by this time, our article in Phytologia was
already in press. Nevertheless, we regret the oversight and correct the subspecies
authorship to: (Rydb.) Spring & E. Schilling.
H. pauciflorus ssp. subrhomboideus.
The following nomenclatural change is necessitated by the decision [6] that H. rigidus
is not the correct epithet for this taxon:
Helianthus pauciflorus Nutt. ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Spring and E. Schilling, comb. nov.
Basionym: Helianthus subrhomboideus Rydb. (1900) Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard.1, 419.
Synonym: Helianthus rigidus ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydb.) Heiser (1969) Mem. Torrey Bot. Club22, 136.
Oklahoma, Kay Co., Taylor 28348;
Indiana, Heiser 439 (IU); Iowa, Ames Co., Stolzfus 7259 (IU).
Nuttall (1841, p. 366) described the Little Sunflower from plants he collected on plains of the Platte enroute to Oregon Territory.
Original Text
Helianthus * pumilus;
♃
hirsutely pilose and scabrous;
leaves ovate-lanceolate, opposite, attenuated below,
subpetiolate, nearly entire, and three-nerved,
upper leaves lanceolate, alternate;
involucrum hoary, hispid;
sepals imbricated, lanceolate, acute,
as well as the receptacular paleae;
achenia smooth.
Hab.
Rocky Mountains and plains of the Platte.
A low, perennial, simple stemmed species,
about a foot high,
leaves two to three inches long, about an inch wide.
Capituli about three to five (apparently) sessile.
Rays about sixteen, longer than the disk,
paleae somewhat obtuse,
hirsute at the summit,
scales of the achenium rather large and wide.
There are no online data records of the Nuttall collection of his Little Sunflower.
The International Plant Names Index continues to use H. multiflorus, whereas nearly all other floras and checklists use the corrected Latin gender of H. multiflora.
Nuttall (1848, p. 171) described the genus Heliomeris and the species H. multiflorus from a collection by William Gambel in Upper California.
Original Text
* HELIOMERIS. †
Capitulum many-flowered, heterogamous;
rays ligulate, in a single series, neuter;
discal florets tubular, hermaphrodite.
Involucrum irregularly imbricated and leafy,
in about two series, and rather spreading.
Receptacle conic, the palea embracing the florets,
lanceolate and acute.
Corolla, rays ligulate, (10-12,)
those of the disk tubular, the tube short, throat wide and cylindric,
border five-toothed.
Stigmata with obling tips.
Achenia laterally compressed,
somewhat tetragonous, smooth, and without any pappus.
A perennial tall herb, exactly resembling an Helianthus,
with narrow, entire, somewhat scabrous leaves, the lower ones opposite ;
flowers yellow, terminal, numerous.
H. *multiflorus.
A stoutish perennial, three or four feet high, much branched ;
stems terete and striated ;
leaves narrow, lanceolate, entire, nearly sessile,
above somewhat scabrous, opposite below, on the branchlets alternate ;
flowers terminal, numerous and showy, bright yellow,
with to to twelve rays,
sometimes with deeper discoloured blotches towards the base or lower half,
entire and oblong ;
leaflets of the calyx oblong-lanceolate, somewhat spreading,
in nearly a simple series ;
achenia black and smooth.
Scarcely distinguishable from Helianthus,
except by a short conic receptacle,
and naked seeds.
Hab.
Mountains of Upper California, (Dr. Gambel,)
and was also collected in the Rocky Mountains by Mr. Gordon.
‡ In allusion to its close affinity to Helianthus.
Nuttall (1840) described this from the Rocky Mountain plains,
near the banks of the Platte.
Original Text
Comments
Chrysopsis * foliosa; ♃,
sericeously villous, and more or less canescent,
the margin and lower surface of the leaves scabrous;
flowers fastigiate, corymbose;
leaves entire, oblong or oblong-ovate, subamplexicaule, crowded,
acute, ciliate below;
scales of the involucrum linear, acute, villous;
achenium silky;
pappus scarcely scabrous, outer pappus slender, dimidiate.
Hab.
In the Rocky Mountain plains, near the banks of the Platte.
Flowering in August.
About a foot high, sending up many hairy stems from the same root.
Nearly allied to C. villosa,
but far more pubescent and hoary, with the leaves widest at the base.
In some specimens quite hoary, the hairs feel as soft as silk,
but on removing this clothing,
the under surface is covered with numerous scabrous elevations.
A very showy species.
Heterotheca foliosa (Nutt.) Shinners was published in a journal called Field & Laboratory, contributions from the Science Departments of Southern Methodist University (Field & Lab. 19:71 (1951).)
A.Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts ser. 2, 4(1): 102 (1849).
HYMENOTHRIX, Nov. Gen.
Capitulum multiflorum, heterogamum ;
fl. radii 8— 10 ligulatis foemineis, disci tubulosis.
Involucrum turbinatum, disco brevius, e squamis circiter 10 lanceolato-oblongis, subbiseriatis, equalibus, appressis.
Receptaculum parvum, planum, nudum, papillosum.
Ligulae spathulato-oblongae, apice 3-dentate, discum haud superantes.
Corollae fl. hermaph. elongate, tubo gracili minutim glanduligero, fauce infundibuliformi 5-loba
lobisque margine vix incrassatis glabris.
Antherae ecaudate, exserte, appendicula ovata superate.
Styli rami fl, hermaph. lineares, cono brevi superati.
Achenia lineari-cuneata, sub 4—5-gona, glabriuscula.
Pappus simplex, radii et disci conformis, corolla paulo brevior, e setis 12—13 equalibus sursum
barbellulatis infra medium membranula hyalina lanceolata integerrima utrinque limbatis.
&mdas;
Herba annua ? amara, subglabra ;
caule erecto corymboso ; foliis alternis petiolatis biternatisectis, segmentis integris vel trifidis
lobisque linearibus; capitulis corymbosis ;
floribus radii et disci flavis.
H. Wistizeni.
—
Grassy places, Ojo de Gallejo, between El Paso del Norte and Chihuahua, August, Dr. Wislizenus.
—
Stem two feet high, rigid, loosely and amply corymbose at the summit;
the branches, leaves, involucre, &c., minutely appressed-puberulent.
Lower leaves triternately, the upper biternately, dissected ;
those of the branches 3—5-parted, or the uppermost simple;
the segments a line or less in width, half an inch or more in length.
Heads 4 lines long, on slender and minutely bracteate peduncles;
the fully developed flowers nearly twice the length of the herbaceous and appressed involucre.
Disk-corollas 3 lines in length, fully as long as the spreading rays;
the sinuses between the ovate lobes slightly unequal.
Branches of the style narrowly linear, semicylindrical or more flattened, glabrous,
or minutely puberulent on the back, the prominent stigmatic lines extending to the base of the short,
minutely bearded cone with which they are tipped.
Pappus longer than the achenium, formed of narrow and diaphanous paleae with a very strong midrib
which is gradually excurrent into a prolonged, barbellate-denticulate awn.
&mdash.
I know of no genus of Euhelenieae with which this plant can be immediately compared,
except Chaetymenia, Hook. & Arn. (in Bot. Beech., which the authors refer to Tagetineae),
Burrielia, DC., and Oxypappus, Benth.
In habit, foliage, &c., it is very unlike either of these: the pappus is much as in the former;
but the style differs widely from the description and figures of this and the last-named genus.
Two pages later, i.e., p. 104, Gray will describe Amauria? dissecta, which we now know as Hymenothrix dissecta.
Gray (1849, p. 104) was unsure what name to apply to Fendler's and Fremont's specimens because they were incomplete.
See also, Gray's Hymenothrix nov. gen., two pages previous.
† 425. Amauria ? dissecta (sp. nov.) : hierbacea, puberula ; caule adscendente apice
corymbosi-polycephalo ; foliis alternis petiolatis biternatisectis segmentis cuneiformibus
vel sublincaribus saepius 2-3-fidis, summis parvis ; pedunculis glandulosis ; involucri
squamis oblongo-lanceolatis subtriseriatis, intimis subscariosis ; receptaculo convexo ;
ligulis circiter 16; styli ramis fl. disci cono brevissimo truncati-capitatis ; acheniis ad
angulos laevibus.
—
A few miles east of Mora River ; Aug. (537.) Also gathered in
Fremont's third expedition, probably towards the head-waters of the Arkansas.
—
Stem 12 or 15 inches high, apparently from a perennial root. Leaves about an inch in diameter,
cut into narrow divisions. Peduncles clothed both with viscous and capitate-glandular hairs.
Involucre herbaceous, more or less viscous, a third of an inch in diameter.
Receptacle entirely destitute of chaff. Flowers all yellow: rays linear-oblong, 2-3-toothed ;
the tube very glandular. Disk-corollas with the slender tube extremely
glandular, the expanded 5-cleft limb slightly so. Branches of the style short, flattish-semiterete,
capitate with a very short and flattish obtuse cone. Achenia cuneate-linear,
slender, compressed-quadrangular, smooth ; the ovary sprinkled with sparse and minute
hairs. Pappus none.
—
The specimen of Fendler has not matured fruit ; and the stamens
are abortive in all the disk-flowers. The specimen from Fremont's collection,
communicated by Dr. Torrey, is very imperfect, but has ripe achenia. From the character
of the Californian genus Amauria, Benth. in Bot. Voy. Sulph. p. 31, this plant differs very
essentially in the styles, and in the convex receptacle. But I am unwilling to constitute
it a distinct genus upon the present imperfect materials.*
Britton (1889, p. 68) published Bahia dissecta from collections by Dr. E. A. Mearns, in the Mongollon and San Francisco Mountains, Arizona.
Original Text
Comments
Bahia dissecta (Gray). Amauria (?) dissecta, Gray. Mem. Amer.
Acad. iv. 104 (1849); Villanova chrysanthemoides, Gray,
Smithsonian Contr. v. 96 (1853); Bahia chrysanthemoides,
Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. xix. 28 (1883). Copper Cañon.
A form with involucral scales not acuminate (183).
It is unclear which Copper Cañon this might be.
There is no Copper Cañon contained within the current named San Francisco Mountains or the Mongollon Rim.
The closest might be Copper Canyon along US Interstate 17 near Camp Verde.
Rydberg (1915, v. 34, pt. 1 [1914]) published Amauriopsis with A. dissecta being the type species.
Original Text
Comments
28. AMAURIOPSIS Rydberg, gen. nov.
Glandular-pubescent annuals. Leaves alternate, twice or thrice ternately divided.
Heads in leafy corymbs, radiate. Involucre hemispheric; bracts 16-20, herbaceous, oblanceolate
in about 3 series. Receptacle fiat, alveolate. Ray-flowers 16-20, pistillate, fertile; ligules
cuneate, 3-cleft. Disk-flowers numerous, hermaphrodite and fertile; corolla-tube densely
glandular, longer than the funnelform throat; teeth lanceolate, longer than the throat.
Achenes elongate and narrowly obpyramidal, 4-angled, striate, rounded at the apex. Pappus
wanting.
Type species, Amauria dissecta A. Gray.
1. Amauriopsis dissecta (A. Gray) Rydberg.
Amauria dissecta A. Gray, Mem. Am. Acad. II. 4: 104. 1849.
Villanova chrysanthemoides A. Gray, PI. Wright. 2: 96. 1853.
Bahia chrysanthemoides A. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 19: 28. 1883.
Bahia dissecta Britten, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 8: 68. 1888.
Eriophyllum chrysanthemoides Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 307. 1891.
Villanova dissecta Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 333. 1910.
A tall annual; stems 3-6 dm. high, puberulent and glandular, especially above; leaves
1-3 times ternately divided into obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate toothed divisions, puberulent;
involucre hemispheric, 6 mm. high, 10-13 mm. broad; bracts oblanceolate, acuminate.
glandular-hirsute; ligules spatulate, 6-8 mm. long, 3-cleft with rounded teeth; disk-corollas 3
mm. long; achenes narrowly obpyramidal, 4 mm. long, 0.5 mm. thick, glandular-puberulent,
Type locality: A few miles east of Mora River [New Mexico].
Distribution: Wyoming to New Mexico, Arizona, and Chihuahua.
Illustration: Clements, Rocky Mt. Fl. pl. 41, f. 1.
Flora of North America, Vol. 21, 2006 retains our plant in Amauriopsis.
Baldwin and Wood (2016) examined phyllotaxy within the Bahia alliance and, among other findings,
showed that merger of Amauriopsis and Hymenothrix into a common,
monophyletic genus within the Bahia alliance would simplify the taxonomy.
Hymenothrix has priority for such a group,
which is characterized
in part by alternate leaves, obtuse to acute style-branch apices,
often zygomorphic disc corollas (of outer florets), and pappus
scales generally ≥ 10 or absent.
Hab. On the undulating arid grounds of the Columbia, near the Wallawallah, and on the hanks of the
Spokan and Flat-head Rivers.
—
18 inches to two feet high, the stem loosely panicled above. This is quite
different from the H. tenuifolius of Pursh, of Mhich I possess a specimen from Mr. Nuttall, gathered on the
Arkansa. That has a remarkably dense corymb of flowers, whereas here the branches form a lax terminal
panicle, each elongated extremity bearing a solitary flower. The pappus is extremely minute.
Perennial from a tap-root; stems one to several, 4-6 dm. high,
tomentose, becoming glabrate, leafy at the base and less so to the
middle, the stem having 6-8 leaves; much alternately branched,
the branches beginning near the base; leaves 10-12 cm. long,
pinnately or bipinnately parted into very narrowly linear and
rather distant divisions, the upper smaller; inflorescence paniculate,
the heads long peduncled and single at the ends of the
branches; the bracts narrowly obovate, 5-6 mm. long, tomentose,
somewhat thickened in the middle, with a rather broad scarious
margin; flowers yellow, the throat of the corolla broadly campanulate,
scarcely 1.5 mm. long, the reflexed lobes about a third
as much, the tube of the corolla about as long as the throat,
glandular, the pappus about half the length of the tube; the
achenes narrowly obpyramidal 4 mm. long, long villous, but the
pappus not covered by their villosity.
Another perennial, yellow-flowered, Hymenopappus has been
described from Colorado, H. cinereus Rydb., but that is a smaller
plant, with fewer heads of flowers, and is less leafy. Dr. Rydberg's
description says: "Stem about 2 dm. high, branched, with
2-4 leaves." The close relationship of Hymenopappus polycephalus,
however, is not with H. cinereus but with H. tenuifolius Pursh.
It is as high and as leafy as H. tenuifolius, but the
flowers are yellow, not dull white, and it is a perennial, not a
biennial. The achenes are very similar to those of H. tenuifolius.
H. cinereus is a synonym of H. filifolius var. cinereus I.M.Johnst.
H. tenuifolius is an accepted name, for a mostly plains species, with just one collection in Jefferson County.
H. polycephalus is found on the foothills of the eastern side of
the mountains of northern Colorado at an altitude of 6,000 to
7,500 feet. It is plentiful in the open country about Livermore,
Larimer Co., Colo., and northward to Dale Creek, and on into
Wyoming, I think. It blossoms from the last of June to early
in September. I have collected it a number of times, and for a
time thought it belonged with H. tenuifolius. The type specimens
were collected in the vicinity of Livermore, Larimer Co.,
Colo., Aug. 10-11, 1917, No. 5680.
Osterhout proposed the specific name polycephalus in 1918,
but it was not taken up by other workers. He apparently was
very familiar with the plant in the field, and his numerous collections
preserved at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium, with
their annotated comments, indicate that he was dissatisfied
with placing it either under H. cinereus Rydb. or H. tenuifolius.
Nevertheless, Osterhout thought polycephalus was more closely
aligned with H. tenuifolius since, in describing the species, he
stated, “The close relationship of Hymenopappus polycephalus,
however, is not with H. cinereus but with H. tenuifolius Pursh.
It is as high and as leafy as H. tenuifolius, but the flowers are
yellow, not dull white, and it is a perennial, not a biennial.”
Johnson treated the entity as a questionable synonym of H.
cinereus stating, “Hymenoppapus polycephalus is a puzzling
form which suggests a perennial phase of H. tenuifolius.”
In the present treatment, polycephalus has been treated as a
variety of H. filifolius since its total characteristics indicate
a much closer relationship to the members of this species. In
spite of this closer affinity, var. polycephalus does have several
characters which possibly link it to H. tenuifolius; indeed,
there seems to be a considerable degree of intergradation between
the two entities with respect to leaf dissection, amount
of tomentum on the stem, and throat/lobe ratio.
It is interesting to note that var. polycephalus, so far as known,
is tetraploid with n = 34, while both var. cinereus and H.
tenuifolius are diploid with n = 17. Var. polycephalus, in
Colorado, occupies a geographical position between these two
taxa. From these facts it might be speculated that at some
past time the Rocky Mountain var. cinereus came in contact
with H. tenuifolius so that extensive hybridization occurred
on the diploid level and concomitantly amphiploidy occurred.
(Evidence of a once farther eastward extension of H. filifolius
var. cinereus is found in the disjunct races of this variety in
the panhandle region of Texas, a considerable distance from
the normal range now occupied by the variety.) With recession
of this peripheral contact at a later time, the amphiploids survived
in the habitats in which they were produced and have
since spread to the area they now occupy. In the few meiotic
slides prepared of var. polycephalus pairing appeared normal,
there being 34 bivalents. Unfortunately, seed of this variety
was germinated too late in the study of this group to provide
material for genetical experiments to test this hypothesis.
Liatris ligulistylis (A. Nelson) K. Schum. “Northern Plains Gayfeather”
There is a single collection of Liatris ligulistylis (A. Nelson) K. Schum. “Northern Plains Gayfeather”
in Golden s.l. and indeed in Jefferson County.
State-wide, collections seem to be concentrated around Colorado Springs, and then scattered in odd locations in the interior mountains.
First described as Lacinaria ligulistylis A. Nelson Bot. Gaz. 31: 405. 1901,
it was placed in Liatris ligulistylis (A. Nelson) K. Schumann Just’s Bot. Jahresber. 29(1): 569. 1903.
Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hooker “Rush Skeletonplant”
Superficially Lygodesmia juncea is very similar to Stephanomeria pauciflora.
However, it turns out they are quite distinct, being separated by consistent differences in cotyledon, achene, and pollen morphology
and base chromosome numbers (x = 9 in Lygodesmia;x = 8 in Stephanomeria).
Both Weber & Wittmann (2012) and Ackerfield (2015) separate them on morphology of the pappus, with Lygodesmia having a pappus of capillary brinstles
and Stephanomeria a pappus of plumose bristles.
Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 502) published it as Sonchus pulchellus
from an unknown dried specimen.
It was not a Lewis & Clark collection, per Moulton (1999).
Nothocalais was first published by Gray (1884, p. 420) as a section of Microseris.
Original Text
Comments and Interpretation
§
4. Nothocálais.
Pappus of 20 to 24 narrowly linear-lanceolate silvery-white
paleae, occupying two or more series, with obscure mid-nerve, very gradually
attenuate into a slender awn : akenes attenuate-fusiform : seed not reaching
to the tapering summit : bracts of the oblong-campanulate involucre narrowly
lanceolate, nearly equal, in about two series : perennial from a thick caudex.
Intermediate between Microseris and Troximon !
—
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 65.
M. troximoides, Gray.
Acaulescent or nearly so: leaves tufted on the caudex, rather
fleslhy, narrowly linear-lanceolate, entire or undulate, 4 to 6 inches long : scapes a span to a
foot high: involucre three-fourths inch high: ligules somewhat elongated: mature akenes
half-inch long : pappus somewhat longer, its almost setiform paleae a quarter of a line wide
below.
—
Proc. Am. Acad. ix. 211.
—
Wooded hills and open plains, Montana and Idaho
(first coll. by Spalding), Washington Terr., and Oregon to N. W. California.
Another first collection by Spalding was
Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida, also in Washington Territory.
Greene (1886, p. 55) elevated Gray's section Nothocalais to the rank of species.
Original Text
N. CUSPIDATA.
—
Akene little contracted, 3 lines long,
filled by the seed : pappus of 40 — 50 unequal, very narrow,
setose paleae and scabrous bristles: leaves all radical, longer
than the flowering scapes: involucre glabrous.
—
Troximon Pursh, Fl. ii. 742; Torr. & Gray, Fl. ii. 489; Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 437:
T. marginatum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 127.
On bleak, stony hills and fertile prairies, from Dakota
and Colorado to Wisconsin and Illinois. Scarcely distinguishable
from its far Western congeners except by the
pappus. The undulate-crisped, white-hairy margins of the
grassy leaves of this giving it an aspect so strikingly unlike
the general appearance of the other species of his genus
Troximon, were points not overlooked by that well traveled
and most keenly observant botanist, Mr. Nuttall. That he
noticed the peculiarity and was impressed by it is evinced
by his effort to invest the species with a new specific name,
marginatum, more appropriate than Pursh's cuspidatum,
which was given to it in reference to the acuminate rather
than cuspidate bracts, and has, therefore, no fitness, but
which must needs be retained in deference to its priority.
The name marginatum would, indeed, be equally and in the
same way, applicable to each of the three known species of
Nothocalais.
Cassini (1817, p. 31) dscribed his new genus of Oligosporus
Original Text
Translation
51. Oligosporus.
Ce genre, ou sous-genre, de la tribu des anthemidées,
comprend toutes les espèces d' Artemisia, L., dont la calathide est
composée de fleurs femelles et de fleurs males.
Telle est, par exemple, l' Artemisia campestris, L.
51. Oligosporus.
This genus, or subgenus, of the anthemid tribe,
includes all species of Artemisia, L., whose calathid is
composed of female and male flowers.
Such is, for example, Artemisia campestris, L.
Packera A. Löve & D. Löve
SEINet (2021+) data includes collections of Packera that have been
determined the following species:
Packera cana, two collections, Genesee Park, and Pine Valley Ranch.
Packera fendleri
Packera multilobata, one collection, near Evergreen (GREE24339).
Packera plattensis
Packera pseudaurea, three collections, Rocky Flats, Pine Valley Ranch, and South Platte (town).
Packera tridenticulata, eleven collections, mostly high plains, one near Evergreen.
Packera werneriifolia, Two collections, Meyer Ranch, and Rampart Range.
There are no collections of P. streptanthifolia made in Jefferson County.
Harrington (1964, 2nd ed., p. 610) distinguishes between Packera fendleri and P. plattensis by the hairiness of the achenes,
those of P. fendleri being glabrous, and those of P. plattensis hispidulous along the angles.
Trock (2006) key to Packera has two ways to get into P. fendleri and four ways to get into P. plattensis.
Packera streptanthifolia (Greene) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve, Phytologia. 49: 48. 1981.
Packera pseudaurea (Rydberg) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve, Phytologia. 49: 48. 1981.
Packera plattensis (Nuttall) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve, Phytologia. 49: 48. 1981.
Packera fendleri (A. Gray) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve
Coll. No. 2064
Rocky Mountain groundsel
False-gold groundsel
Prairie groundsel
Fendler's Ragwort
Perennials, 10–50+ cm; fibrous-rooted (caudices weak to stout, horizontal to suberect).
Perennials, 20–70+ cm; fibrous-rooted (bases simple or branched, horizontal to erect).
Biennials or perennials, 20–60+ cm; rhizomatous and/or fibrous-rooted (bases erect to suberect), sometimes stoloniferous (mostly eastern populations).
Perennials, 10–40+ cm; rhizomatous (rhizomes horizontal to suberect, branched).
Perennial herb, 25-35 cm., caudex , some, perhaps older ones, are stout and erect;
Stems 1 or 2–5, clustered, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely floccose-tomentose proximally and in leaf axils.
Stems usually 1, sometimes 2–4, clustered, glabrous or sparsely tomentose proximally.
Stems 1 or 2–3, clustered, floccose-tomentose proximally and in leaf axils, otherwise sparsely tomentose or glabrescent.
Stems 1 or multiple (crowded to subcespitose), floccose-tomentose or glabrescent.
Stem, tomentose, especially in axils, thinning distally;
Basal leaves (and proximal cauline, relatively thick and turgid) petiolate; blades spatulate to oblanceolate, or ovate to orbiculate, 20–40+ × 10–30+ mm, bases tapering to abruptly contracted or subcordate, margins entire, crenate, dentate, or weakly lobulate (faces usually glabrous, sometimes hairy).
Basal leaves petiolate; blades usually broadly lanceolate to ovate, sometimes subhastate, 20–50+ × 20–40+ mm, bases truncate to subcordate or obtuse, margins crenate, denticulate, bluntly dentate, or sharply dentate (proximal cauline leaves petiolate; margins usually pinnately lobed to laciniate, sometimes subentire).
Basal leaves (and proximal cauline) petiolate; blades narrowly elliptic to elliptic-ovate or oblanceolate to suborbiculate or sublyrate, 20–70+ × 10–30+ mm, bases tapering to rounded or abruptly contracted, margins subentire to crenate, serrate-dentate, or pinnately lobed (abaxial faces floccose-tomentose, especially along midribs, ± glabrescent).
Basal leaves petiolate; blades lanceolate to oblanceolate, 30–60+ × 10–30+ mm, bases tapering, margins shallowly, evenly pinnatifid to pinnatisect or wavy (adaxial faces floccose-tomentose or subglabrescent).
Basal leaves, petiole, 35-40 mm, long, thin not winged, tomentose, blade 20-24 mm. × 7-9 mm. wide, ovate, some (7 of 23 = 30%) lyrate, 2-7-2.8 × longer than wide, mid-vein tomentose thinning distally, tips, mostly entire, some 3-toothed;
Cauline leaves gradually to abruptly reduced (± petiolate or sessile; entire or subentire).
Cauline leaves gradually reduced (becoming sessile, sometimes clasping).
Cauline leaves gradually reduced (petiolate, sublyrate or pinnatisect, abaxial faces sparsely hairy; distals sessile, subentire to irregularly dissected).
Cauline leaves gradually reduced (sessile; lanceolate to oblanceolate, pinnatisect to wavy).
Cauline leaves, reduced distally, sessile, base not auriculate, inreasingly pinnatisect distally;
Heads 2–20+ in loose, corymbiform or subumbelliform arrays. Peduncles bracteate, glabrous or sparsely tomentose.
Heads 5–20+ in open or congested, subumbelliform arrays.
Heads 6–20+ in open or congested, corymbiform arrays. Peduncles conspicuously bracteate, sparsely to densely tomentose.
Heads 6–25+ in open or compact, corymbiform arrays.
Inflorescence, heads #3-5 per stem, >leaves;
Peduncles bracteate, glabrous.
Peduncles bracteate, densely to irregularly floccose.
Peduncles, 8-12 mm.;
Calyculi conspicuous.
Calyculi inconspicuous.
Calyculi inconspicuous.
Calyculi 0 or inconspicuous (bractlets red-tinged).
(Calyculi inconspicuous)
Involucre, 5 mm. × 9 mm. wide, ovoid, thinly tomentose;
Phyllaries (8–)13 or 21, green (tips sometimes cyanic), 4–7+ mm, glabrous.
Phyllaries (13–)21(–30+), light green, 3–8 mm, glabrous.
Phyllaries 13 or 21, green (tips sometimes cyanic), 5–6+ mm, densely tomentose proximally, glabrescent distally.
Phyllaries 13, green, 5–7 mm, floccose proximally to glabrescent distally.
Phyllaries, in 2 equal series, 5.5 mm. × 1.0-1.3 mm. wide, green, thinly tomentose, margins, flat, scarious, tip, reddish brown;
Receptacle, epaleate;
Flowers, of 2 kinds;
Ray florets 8 or 13; corolla laminae 5–10 mm.
Ray florets 0, 8, or 13; corolla laminae 6–10+ mm
Ray florets 8–10; corolla laminae 9–10 mm.
Ray florets 6–8+; corolla laminae 5–7 mm.
Ray flowers, #10-12, tube 3 mm. + blade 6.5-7.5 mm. × 2.7 mm. wide, color yellow, fertile;
Disc florets 35–60+; corolla tubes 2–4 mm, limbs 2.5–4 mm.
Disc florets 70–80+; corolla tubes 2.5–3.5 mm, limbs 2–3 mm.
Disc florets 60–70+; corolla tubes 2.5–3.5 mm, limbs 3.5–4.5 mm.
Disc florets 30–40+; corolla tubes 2.5–3 mm, limbs, 2.5–3.5 mm.
Disk flowers many, tube 4 mm. + lobes 0.5 mm., throat expanding gradually, yellow, open, bisexual;
Cypselae 1.5–2.5 mm, usually hirtellous, sometimes glabrous; pappi 6.5–7.5 mm.
Cypselae 2.5–3 mm, glabrous; pappi 4–5 mm. 2n = 46.
Fruit, 1.2 mm. × 0.5 mm. wide, compressed front-to-back, color brown, margin, thinly pubescent;
2n = 46, 92.
2n = 46, 92.
2n = 46.
Flowering late May–late Aug. Forests, open meadows, valleys, dry to damp and loamy soils; 1000–3400 m; Alta., B.C., N.W.T., Sask., Yukon; Calif., Colo., Idaho, Mont., Nev., N.Mex., Oreg., Utah, Wash., Wyo.
Flowering mid Apr–early Jun(–mid Jul, north). Prairies, meadows, open wooded areas, along highways, railroads, around mining and construction areas, usually on limestone; 50–1800 m; Ont., Sask.; Ark., Colo., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Kans., La., Mich., Minn., Miss., Mo., Mont., Nebr., N.Mex., N.Dak., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.Dak., Tenn., Va., Wis., Wyo.
Flowering late May–early Oct. Steep slopes, loose, dry rocky or gravelly soils, along streams, open forests, disturbed sites; 1600–3200 m; Colo., N.Mex., Wyo.
Packera streptanthifolia is widespread and variable throughout the Western Cordillera. It includes weakly defined phases that have been treated as distinct species or as varieties. Characteristics used to delimit those taxa often overlap and are difficult to score; some ""phases"" grade into each other. Northern populations are sometimes segregated as a distinct taxon (e.g., Senecio streptanthifolia var. borealis; J. F. Bain 1988).
Packera plattensis is abundant, widespread, and almost weedy. Putative hybrids with other species are known. Plants in mesic, remnant prairies in the east are sometimes stoloniferous.
Packera fendleri is abundant, almost weedy in the southern Rocky Mountains. It thrives in a wide range of elevations and in a wide variety of habitats; flowering times vary. It frequently grows in close association with other species of Packera and may hybridize with them.
Weber & Wittmann (2012) key focuses mainly on the shape of the basal leaves …
Original Text
Interpretation
3a. Basal leaves and most stem leaves deeply pinnatifid or runcinate-pinnatifid.
P. fendleri (A. Gray) Weber & Love.
Abundant in gravelly soil, open forests of the foothills.
Producing rosettes from long, slender rhizomes; leaf lobes uniform, shallow; leaves white tomentose.
3b. Basal leaves oval, rately pinnatifid except at the very base. … 4
4b. Basal leaves narrower, on winged petioles, irregularly toothed, lobed or entire. … 10
Leads eventually to P. plattensis.
Ackerfield (2015) key also focuses on the shape of the basal leaves …
Original Text
Interpretation
2a. Basal and stem leaves nearly all deeply and evenly pinnately dissected or runcinate-pinnatifid … 3
This couplet leads to P. multilobata and P. fendleri.
2b. Basal leaves with entire, toothed, or crenate margins
(in P. plattensis and P. tridenticulata a few basal leaves may have pinnatisect margins,
but the majority of the leaves will have entire or merely toothed margins),
stem leaves entire to pinnatisect or sublyrate … 4
This couplet eventually leads to P. plattensis after elininating seven other taxa,
and arriving at a group including P. plattensis, P. streptanthifolia, and P. pseudaurea.
Fendler's Ragwort — Packera fendleri (A. Gray) W.A. Weber & Á. Löve —
is widespread and fairly common in dry meadows and slopes of Golden s.l..
The author has collected it on Schweich Hill,
and Deadman Gulch.
Others have collected the plant on North and South Table Mountains.
P. fendleri is frequently confused with P. plattensis which is more a plant of the great plains.
Gray (1849, p. 109) writing in Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae described P. fendleri from a
collection made “ ...along the Creek, twelve miles above Santa Fé …”
The current accepted name is Santa Fe River.
Original Text
Comments
444. S. Fendleri (sp. nov.) :
perennis, flocoso-incanus, demum subglabratus ;
caule folioso erecto pedali corymbosi-ramoso ;
foliis oblongis omnibus pinnatifidis supra glabratis inferioribus in petiolum nudum attenuatis summis sessilibus haud amplexicaulibus, segmentis 11-21 confertis oblongis obtusissimis plerisque inciso-dentatis seu 2-4-lobatis ;
corymbis compositis polycephalis ;
involucro campanulato fere ecalyculato 12-phyllo multifloro ;
ligulis 7-8 oblongis disco duplo longioribus ;
acheniis glaberrimis.
—
Foot of mountains along the Creek, twelve miles above Santa Fe ;
June, July.
(478, † 480.)
—
A well-marked species, related to S. eremophilus.
Stem stout.
Leaves from 2 to 4 inches long including the petiole,
some of the lower often only sinuate-pinnatifid,
but commonly all deeply pinnatifid or pinnately parted,
the crowded lobes from one fourth to half an inch long, early glabrate above ;
but still floccose of white-wooly underneath.
Involucre 3 lines long.
Rays 4 or 5 lines long. *
There follows a half page discussion of similar Senecio found throughout the southwest, such as Senecio multilobatus (Torr. & A. Gray, ined.)
Senecio * Plattensis;
♃,
somewhat pubescent;
base of the stem arachnoidly tomentose;
leaves all pinnatifid, the radical petiolate, cauline amplexicaule,
lobes oblong, denticulate, the centre lobe sublanceolate;
corymb nearly simple;
involucrum subcampanulate, minutely bracteolate;
sepals about twenty, scute;
rays usually twelve, oblong, a little longer that the short involucrum;
achenium puberulous;
pappus about the length of the florets.
Hab.
In the Rocky Mountain range, and in Arkansa.
About ten to fourteen inches high ;
stem simple, striated.
Corymb nearly simple, with ten to twelve heads of flowers,
pedicels one to two inches long, slightly bracteolate.
The Arkansa specimen is taller and more slender,
with the primary small radical leaves entire and smooth,
the leaves more elongated, and less denticulate.
The whole habit of the plant, as well as the flowers,
are very similar to S. tomentosus,
at lease the smoother variety, but the achenium is less pubescent.
Senecio aureus var. borealis A. Gray, Pl. Wright. I : 125. 1852 ;
Not T. & G. 1843 ;
S. aureus var. compactus A. Gray, Syn. Fl. I2: 391 ; in part.
Perennial with a branched caudex, in age perfectly glabrous,
or slightly floccose at the base of the leaves : stems very slender,
about 3 dm. high : basal leaves very narrowly oblanceolate, thick
with a slender petiole, slightly 3-toothed at the apex or wholly
entire, 4-8 cm. long and 4-5 mm. wide: stem leaves linear and
subentire : cyme open and corymbiform : heads 7-8 mm. high
bracts lanceolate, acute ⅔ or ¾ as long as the disk : rays light
yellow, about 8 mm. long and 1—1.5 mm - wide > 3-nerved ; achenes
hispid-puberulent on the angles.
This species differs, from the preceding in the slender stem and
the open cyme, and also in the form of the leaves. The latter
character also separates it from the next following. It grows in
wet sandy soil. The type was growing at an altitude of 2400 m.
Wright's specimens are past blooming, and good characters could
not be taken from them, wherefore I have made Sheldon's speci-
mens the type. The latter were mixed with some of the next.
[Plate 5, f. 12.]
The preceding was Senecio compactus (A. Gray)Rydb.
and the following was Senecio oblanceolatus Rydb.,
both of which are now treated as synonyms of Packera thurberi (A.Gray) B.L.Turner.
Colorado : Cottonwood Creek, Buena Vista, 1892, C. S. Sheldon
(type in the herbarium of N. Y. Botanical Garden).
Texas: Mountains beyond the Limpia, 1849. Wright, 403.
Weber & Love (1981, p. 48) published the name Packera tridenticulata.
Locations: Santa Rita.
Pericome caudata A. Gray “Mountain Tail-Leaf” along the Peaks to Plains Trail.
Pericome caudata A. Gray “Mountain Tail-Leaf”
On the Peaks to Plains trail about 2/3 of the way from the Grant Terry Bridge to the Tough Cuss Bridge, look in the talus piles below the Canal Zone climbing area for a 4-5 foot shrub with clusters of small yellow flowers.
This is “Mountain Tail-Leaf” — Pericome caudatus A. Gray.
Though it is in the sunflower family (Asteraceae) it has only disk flowers, and not the large ray flowers that characterize the typical sunflower.
The leaves are triangular and have a long tail, giving it both its common name “Tail-Leaf” and scientific name caudatus, which means “having a tail.”
First collected by Charles Wright in 1851 who wrote that he found it “… among rocks, on the sides of mountains, at the copper mines, New Mexico …”
Mr. Wright was working with the scientific corps of the U. S. Boundary Commission.
Their itinerary from July to November 1851, was from El Paso to the copper mines of Santa Rita del Cobre in the southwestern part of New Mexico,
and then into the northern part of Mexico.
It seems certain that Wright’s collection of Mountain Tail-Leaf was made near Santa Rita del Cobre, about 12 miles east of Silver City, NM.
The town no longer exists, having been completely swallowed up by the Freeport-McMoRan Chino open-pit copper mining complex.
We now know our plant’s primary range is in the lower elevation mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, with a few scattered collections in northern Mexico, and eastern California. Near Golden, it is known only from Clear Creek Canyon, but also occurs around Pine and Buffalo Creek in central Jefferson County.
Pericome caudata.
—
Among rocks, on the sides of mountains, at the copper
mines, New Mexico ; Oct. (1195.)
—
“
Plant 4 feet high, much branched, growing
in large bunches.”
Base of the stem not gathered. Branches terete, striate, sparingly puberulent.
Leaves nearly all opposite, on long petioles, membranaceous,
3-nerved at the base, dilated triangular, or the upper hastate, with the basal angles
usually acuminate or more or less produced, often angulate-toothed below the middle,
the apex produced into a very long tail-like acumination.
The larger leaves in
the specimens are 3 inches broad at the nearly truncate base, and 4 inches long,
including the acumination, which is 1½ to 2 inches in length ; the uppermost are
narrower, but equally caudate. They are sparingly puberulent, especially on the veins,
sparsely sprinkled or dotted with minute resinous atoms, like a Eupatorium ; but
not at all pellucid-glandular after the mode of Tagetinese. Heads in terminal
cymes or corymbs, on slender pedicels, half an inch long. Involucre not bracteate,
about 3 lines long ; the scales very narrowly linear, one-nerved, their narrowly scarious
margins lightly but decidedly coalescent to near the apex, the free tips
lanuginous-ciliate.
Corolla with the elongated and exserted anthers 3 lines long, yellow ;
the slender tube very viscous-glandular, about the length of the cylindraceous
throat and short limb. Branches of the style convex externally, slightly flattened,
the rather indistinct stigmatic lines extending to very near the summit, and there
insensibly vanishing, where a fine pubescence begins ; the same pubescence extends
down the back considerably lower, and disappears insensibly. Achenia 2 lines
long, much compressed, margined all round with a strong callous nerve, which
bears a dense and conspicuous beard of hispid hairs. Pappus rather shorter than
the beard of the achenium, composed of numerous setiform squamellae which are
irregularly united below into a hyaline lacerate crown. There is no trace of any
awns.
—
A genus of even more doubtful position in the family than Perityle, Benth.,
which with Laphamia, I have continued to append to the Asteroideae. It agrees
with Perityle in the achenia and the (disk) corollas, in the prevailingly opposite
leaves, and very nearly in the style ; but difl'ers in the absence of a ray, as well as
of awns to the pappus, and in the coalescence of the strictly uniserial scales of the
involucre. The style would almost do for the Eupatoriaceae ; but the stigmatic
lines are continued almost to the tip ; and the flowers are yellow. The involucre
is like that of Hymenatherum, and the style is exactly that of a Tagetes; but
there are no large pellucid glands, and the achenia are flat. Notwithstanding, I
should append the genus to Tagetineae, were it not for the many points of
resemblance to Perityle.
Herbaceous;
leaves alternate? or opposite, palmately pinnatifid, tomentose or villous;
peduncles 1-flowered, dichotomal and terminal.
Species.
1. T. lanatum.
Actinella lanata, Ph. 2. p. 560.
Every where whitely and lanuginously tomentose;
leaves alternate,
those of the stem subpalmately pinnatifid, of the branches linear and entire;
peduncle elongated, the summit thicker.
Hab.
Near the sources of Columbia river.
M. Lewis.
Flowering in June and July.
v. s. in Herb. Lambert.
—
Perennial; stem erect and branching, about a foot high.
Leaves alternate? (perhaps not constantly so)
those of the stem elongated, narrow at the base,
dilated and divided pinnatifidly above, division ligulate and somewhat toothed, uppermost entire.
Calix oblong-cylindric, composed of a simple series of leaves,
about 12 to 14, linear-lanceolate, acute.
Rays about the same number, oblong, bidentate.
Pappus 5 to 8-leaved.
Seed pentangular? glabrous, attenuated downwards.
—
The flowers are bright yellow, and in form and character strongly
resemble those of the genus Tagetes.
This would become Eriophyllum lanatum (Moulton, 1999).
2. * oppositifolium.
Decumbent and much branched, shortly and canescently pubescent;
leaves opposite, all palmately trifid, segments ligulate, simple or divaricately subdivided;
peduncle filiform, mostly dichotomal, scarcely longer than the leaves.
Hab.
On denudated sterile hills, near Fort Mandan; abundant.
Flowering in July and August.
—
Perennial? stem diffuse, 6 to 12 inches high, grooved; oppositely branched.
Leaves petiolate, trifid, canescent, pubescence very short,
segments about an inch long, thickish and opaque,
the lateral ones mostly bifid, the central one trifid,
all somewhat obtuse and linear.
Peduncle slender, 1 to 2 inches long, a little thicker under the calix.
Calix oblong-cylindric, simple, leaflets 5 to 8,
oblong-ovate, erect;
rays about the same number, very short.
Pappus paleaceous, 5 to 8-leaved, minute, leaflets partly obtuse and somewhat lacerate.
Seen nearly smooth, rather long, and attenuated downwards, or inversely conic.
Receptacle small and naked.
—
The whole of this plant is very sensibly bitter and destitute of aroma.
There is nothing in the habit of this genus which would lead us to
suppose it allied to Actinella of Jussieu,
and scarcely more in the generic character.
In Actinella the calix is very short, flat, and horizontally spreading;
the leaflets of the paleaceous pappus awned, and the seeds villous;
the leaves are also alternate and entire.
The proximate affinity of the present genus is to Tagetes.
† The copious pubescence,
particularly distinguishing these plants from the genus Tagetes.
Britton (1901, p. 1008) Flora of the Northern States and Canada ...
Original Text
Comments
76. PICRADENIOPSIS Rydb.
[Bahia Nutt., not Lag.]
Britton gives Rydberg credit for the genus name, but I don't see a place that Rydberg ever published it himself.
… [English genus diagnosis not reproduced.] …
[Name referring to resemblance of this genus to Picradenia.]
1. Picradeniopsis oppositifolia (Nutt.) Rydb. False Bahia. (I. F. f. 3967.)
…. [English description not reproduced.] …
On plains, S. Dak., Neb. and Mont. to Kans. and N. Mex.
June-Sept.
[Bahia oppositifolia Nutt.]
Reference is to the “Illustrated Flora” figure 3967.
Greene (1902, v. 15, p. 278) published Gnaphalium maccounii
Gnaphalium macounii. Apparently biennial, the stems
rigidly erect, about two feet high, rather loosely leafy and clothed
with a somewhat hirsute and viscid glandular-pubescence : leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, acute, 3 inches long, the upper decurrent,
all white-woolly beneath, light green and merely glandular-pubescent above :
branches of the subpyramidal close panicle and the
main stem for some distance below it densely white-woolly :
involucres of middle size, their pearly scarious bracts all ovate, very
acute : flower and fruit not seen.
Collected in the Chilliwack Valley, B.C., 29 July, by Mr. Jas.
M. Macoun, No. 26,847 ; also earlier at Revelstoke, No. 11,334,
and again from the Warm Springs, Kootenay Lake, both in
British Columbia, in the year 1890. No. 34,053 from Salmon
Arm, J. R. Anderson, 1899, is also the same. The species is related
to G. decurrens, yet very distinct in habit and inflorescence, the
dense white-woolly pubescence of the upper part of stems and
branches of the panicle being very peculiar.
“Upright Prairie Coneflower” Ratibida columnifera is predominantly a Great Plains species which
extends from southeastern British Columbia to Manitoba and Michigan,
south through Illinois to Louisiana, and west through Texas and northern Mexico to Arizona.
[So, is the cypsela ciliate on the abaxial side, or the adaxial side?]
Fraser's (1813) catalogue of new and interesting plants published for the first time a number of new taxa for North America.
Many of these were Thomas Nuttall collections that were subsequently published in
Pursh (1814) Flora Americae Septentrionalis and
Nuttall (1818) Gen. Am.
Original Text
Comments
75 * Rudbeckia columnifera.
‡
Spontaneous varieties of this plant sometimes occur with bright fulvous flowers,
colored like Tagetes patula :
the stem is simple, seldom producing more than three flowers,
which are of an uncommon length,
appearing like a column of flosculi,
subtended by 5-8 neutral florets,
and a simple calyx.
Tagetes patula is commonly called the French Marigold, also in the Asteraceae, and native to Mexico and Guatemala.
76 Rudbeckia purpurea.
* serotina.
‡
Stem somewhat branching and hirsute,
flowers brighter and more numerous.
I think this might be what we now call Echinacea purpurea, not native to Colorado,
but widely cultivated, and found occasionally as a garden escapee.
* New Species. — † A Shrub. — ‡ Perennial. — M. from Missourie.
Copies of Fraser's (1813) catalogue were quite rare, so Greene (1889) republished it.
It is unclear who actually wrote the catalogue.
Greene was convinced that Nuttall wrote it having seen an original copy sent to Zaccheus Collins from Messrs. Fraser, saying
It had passed through the hands of Nuttall, and had received one or two slight corrections from his pen.
Moreover, he had written his name in ink, as the author of the Catalogue …
Calix subequal, mostly consisting of a double series of leaflets.
Receptacle paleaceous, conic.
Pappus a 4-toothed margin.
Herbaceous; leaves alternate, entire, lobed of pinnaifid ;
flowers terminal ; disk often dark, rays yellow,
rarely brown, in R. purpurea purple.
— Stigma often obtuse.
Species.
....
12. columnaris.
Hispid; stem nearly simple, 1 or few-flowered,
peduncles very long;
radical leaves nearly entire, cauline pinnatifid,
segments linear-lanceolate;
calix simple, 5 to 8-leaved, rays 5 to 8;
disk cylindric, elongated.
Hab.
On the plains of Upper Louisiana.
Flowering in July.
Perennial: 1 to 2 feet high.
Rays sometimes brown-red, as in Tagetes patula.
13.
...
A North American genus,
with the exception of R. nudicaule of Monte Video,
which appears to be scarcely distinct from R. spathulata.
The seeds of R. purpurea are pungently aromatic.
In this publication, Nuttal has altered R. columnifera to R. columnaris
not referred to R. columnifera as published in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue.
I suspect this might be enough to render R. columnaris and illegitimate name.
If so, this will have an impact on Rafinesque's proposal of Ratibida columnaris Raf., nextunder.
Rafinesque (1818) wrote a two-part review of Pursh (1814) Flora Americae Septentrionalis.
Original Text
125. Rudbeckia columnaris must form the genus Ratibida of Raf. Fl. Miss.
Ratibida columnaris Raf. is treated as a synonym of R. columnifera (Nutt.) Wooton & Standl.
The reference to “Fl. Miss.“ is a puzzle. I have seen another reference to this publication that it was “ined.”
However, it is unclear whether “Miss.” refers to either Mississippi or Missouri.
Rudbeckia columnifera Nutt. Fraser's Cat. No. 75. 1813.
Rudbeckia columnaris Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 575. 1814.
Ratibida columnaris D. Don in Sweet, Brit. Flower Gard. II. 4:pl. 361. 1838
Lepachys columnaris Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2:313. 1842.
Type locality: Upper Louisiana.
Range: British Columbia and Saskatchewan to Arizona, Texas, and Tennessee.
New Mexico: Sierra Grande; mountains west of Grants Station;
Santa Fe and Las Vegas mountains;
Clayton; Lower Plaza; White and Sacramento mountains.
Plains and low hills, in the Upper Sonoran and Transition zones.
Obeliscaria pulcherrima DC. Prodr.5:559. 1836.
Ratibida columnaris pulcherrima D. Don in Sweet, Brit. Flower Gard. II. 4:pl. 361. 1830
Lepachys columnaris pulcherrima Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 313. 1842.
Type locality: “In Mexici provinc. Texas as San-Fernando de Bejar, et in sinu Spiritus-Sancti ad lacum Sancti-Nicolai.”
Range: With the species, but more common in New Mexico.
New Mexico: Dulce; Chama; Pecos; Santa Antonita; Ramah;
near Las Vegas; mountains west of Grants Station; El Cedro;
Tucumcari; Mongollon Mountains; White Mountains; Buchanan;
Redlands; Queen; Knowles; Artesia.
This is a mere form of the type and hardly deserves a name.
Both forms almost invariably occur together,
although occasionally they grow alone,
It is possible to find in a single patch every possible gradation
in the color of the rays from pure bright yellow to solid brown-purple.
The same variation in color occurs in R. tagetes,
but since that has very small and inconspicuous rays no one has yet
thought to distinguish the various forms by name.
Reveal (1968) summarized the evidence and opinions on the author of the names in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue
and the legitimacy of them. Excerpts from Reveal's introduction were presented above, whereas his specific comments
on Ratibida columnifera are below.
75.
Rudbeckia columnifera Nutt. In Fras. Catal. 1813.
In my opinion, this species is adequately described in Fraser's Catalogue, as Nuttall states:
“Spontaneous varieties of this plant sometimes occur
with bright fulvous flowers, coloured like Tagetes patula:
the stem is simple, seldom producing more than three flowers,
which are of an uncommon length,
appearing like a column of flosculi,
subtended by 5-8 neutral florets,
and a simple calyx.”
This species was also described as R. columnaris Sims, Bot. Mag. 39: 1601. 1813,
from cultivated plants given to Sims by the Fraser Brothers
who had grown the species from seeds collected by Nuttall.
The Pursh name, R. columnaris Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 2: 575. 1814,
is an illegitimate substitute for Nuttall's R. columnifera and is thus an exact synonym of it.
The species is now commonly known as
Ratibida columnifera (Nutt. In Fras.) Woot. & Standl., Contr. U.S. Nat. Herb. 19: 706. 1915.
Rydberg (1910, v. 37, p. 467-8) published S. ambrosioides as a primarily Colorado species
and S. kingii as a primarily Utah species.
Original Text
Senecio Kingii sp. nov.
Senecio eremophilus D. C, Eat., Bot. King's Exp. 191. 1871.
Not S. eremophilus Richards. 1823.
Perennial, with a thick rootstock; stems glabrous, 3-6 dm.
high, rather stout, leafy; leaves obovate or oblanceolate In outline,
4-7 cm. long, the lower petioled, all pinnately lobed one
third to one half the distance to the midrib, with ovate or lanceolate,
more or less toothed lobes; heads numerous, corymbose-paniculate,
9-11 mm. high; involucres glabrous, campanulate,
7-8 mm, high, 6-7 mm. broad; bracts linear, acute, carinate,
sometimes with small black tips; the calyculate ones few, subulate;
rays 5-7 mm. long; achenes scabrous-papillose on the rounded
angles.
This species is related to S. eremophilus, but differs in the
somewhat smaller and erect heads, less deeply dissected leaves, and
their broad and short divisions, and shorter rays. One of the
specimens cited below was determined some years ago as S. glaucifolius,
but that species differs from this as well as from the rest
of the group in the narrower and scarcely carinate bracts.
Utah: Cottonwood Canon, Aug. 1869, S. Watson 676 (type,
in herb. Columbia University); Alta, Wahsatch Mountains, 1879,
M. E. Jones 1144; American Fork Canon, July 1895, M. E. Jones;
Big Cottonwood Canon, Aug. 1905, Garrett 1591; near Marysvale,
1905, Rydberg & Carlton 7068; Mount Barrette, 7206; Fish Lake,
7206.
Calix cylindric, subcaliculate:
scales sphacelate at the point.
Receptacle naked.
Pappus simple, capillary, and copious.
sphacelate = undergo necrosis.
Suffruticose or more commonly herbaceous;
leaves entire or pinnatifid;
flowers mostly corymbose or terminal;
yellow or rarely purple.
A few species are destitute of rays.
Species. 1. …
15. * integerrimis
Smooth; stem simple and attenuated;
leaves perfectly entire;
radical ones long petiolate, lanceolate, acute, cauline, sessile,
acuminate, uppermost minute;
corymb simple, 8 to 12-flowered? peduncles 1-flowered,
rays shorter than the hemisperical caliculate calix.
HAB.
In depressed and moist situations on the plains of the Missouri, near the Great Bend.
Flowering in June.
Flower large and yellow.
Stem 12 to 18 inches high.
Lower leaves thickish and somewhat carnose,
very smooth, uppermost minutes, slightly tomentose;
corymb coarctate.
Seeds smooth.
Nearly allied to S. aquaticus.
carnose = of a fleshy consistence —used of succulent parts of plants.
coarctate = crowded together.
A genus of more than 140 species principally indigenous to Europe and the Cape of Good Hope.
8. S. spartioides :
glabrous throughout;
stems suffruticose, very numerous from the same ligneous tap-root, rigid,
corymbose at the summit, leafy;
leaves fleshy, narrowly linear, perfectly entire,
rather obtuse, sessile;
heads (large and showy) fastigiate-corymbose,
on short minutely bracteolate peduncles ;
the calyculate scales subulate, minute ;
scales of the cylindrical involucre about 12, lanceolate-linear, acutish;
rays mostly 7, oblong-linear, elongated ;
achenia silky-canescent.
Upper Platte;
on a steep sand-bank of the Sweet-water River,
Lieut. Fremont!
Aug.–Sept. — Stems a foot high, forming a dense tuft.
Leaves 1-3 inches long, about a line wide, very numerous.
Heads half an inch in length.
Rays golden-yellow.
Pappus as long as the disk-corolla.
—
A remarkable and handsome species.
4. Solidago smooth stiff stems,
leaves are smooth, margins serrate;
panicles with clusters of flowers;
peduncles rough, ligules short.
Gigantic Golden-rod.
Nat. of North America.
Cult. 1758, by Mr. Philip Miller.
Mr. Philip Miller was the curator at the Physick Garden at Chelsea.
Auguft and September.
H.
♃
H. – Hardy. ♃. – Perennial.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Solidago missouriensis; Habitat of Coll. No. 1256, Solidago missouriensis at Ranson/Edwards.
Coll. No. 1732, Solidago missouriensis at North Table Mountain.
Stem slender, smooth, leafy, about a foot or so high.
Leaves scabrous at the margin.
Panicle about three inches long, the branchlets slender,
the flowers pedicellate,
and brought together in a somewhat rhomboidal raceme.
Rays as long as the calyx.
Hab.
in the upper branches of the Missouri and in Arkansas.
Even though this was described with collections by Wyeth,
the locations noted seem much more like Nuttall collections
from his 1811 trip on the Missouri River and 1819 trip to Arkansas.
Wyeth collections would have been along the Platte, Snake, or Columbia.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Solidago nana;
Solidago * nana;
somewhat cinereous and pulveulently pubescent, dwarf,
many stems from the same root;
lower and radical leaves spathulate, obtuse, entire,
or subserrulate at the apex, stem leaves linear, narrowed below;
ramuli fastigiate, subcorymbose;
bractes linear;
involucrum nearly smooth, scales ovate;
rays about seven, oblong, as long as the disk;
achenium pubescent.
HAB.
In the Rocky Mountain range, near Lewis' River of the Shoshonee.
About a span high,
with a large, black, almost woody root.
Stem leaves small,
radical ones about one and a half inches by half an inch wide;
scales of the involucrum unusually broad,
pubescent on the margin,
rays conspicuous.
Apparently allied to S. nemoralis, though very distinct and alpine.
Solidago nemoralis Aiton ssp. decemflora (de Candolle) Brammall ex Semple “Gray Goldenrod”
DeCandolle (1836, v. 5, p. 332) ...
Original Text
Translation
15. S. decemflora, caule erecto tereti foliisque pube brevissima subscabris,
foliis oblongis mucronulatis integerrimis subtriplirierviis ,
radicalibus basi attenuatis,
racemis subsecundis in paniculam corymbosam dispositis,
invol. glabri squamis linearibus , capitulis 10-floris, ligulis 5 minutissimis.
♃ in Mexicanae prov. Texas districtibus orientalibus legit cl. Berlandier
(pl. exs. n. 1924).
Achaenia sericeo-villosa. Herba pedalis. (v. s.)
15. Solidago decemflora stems erect,
leaves rounded and short scabris;
oblong leaves mucronulate entire subtri-nerved;
Radical base attenuate,
corymbose panicle, subsecundis in the clusters have been arranged,
involved, smooth, linear phyllaries, heads 10-flowered, ligules 5 minute.
♃ (perennial) In Mexican Prov. East Texas, eastern districts
per the collector Berlandier
(Pl. Exs. N. 1924).
Achaenia silky-villous. The plant a foot tall.
(Seen in the dried condition.)
27. *speciosa.
Stem tall and smooth, simple or virgately branched;
leaves lanceolate, entire, somewhat carnose.
scabrous on the margin, the lower very broad,
radical ones subserrate;
racemes mostly terminal, erect and compound, pubescent;
pecuncles mostly shorter than the calix;
rays elongated about 5;
seed smooth.
Hab.
In shady woods, on the banks of the Schuykill, also in Jersey;
near Philadelphia, but rare.
S. sempervirens. Mich.
S. integrifolia? Persoon, 2. p. 449.
Allied to S. petiolaris.
Stem often 6 feet high, smooth and sulcate.
Lowest leaves a span long, and 3 inches broad,
irregularly and remotely subserrate, upper leaves very entire.
gradually diminishing upwards, in dry and shady situations,
membranacei=ous and veined,
in gardens subcarnose and smaller, with the veins partly obliterated,
racemes also numerous, but always rigid, terminal and erect.
Flowers larger than the preceding, with the calix also coloured
(which in the preceding is green);
rays bright yellow, unusually broad.
The seeds in this species are perfectly smooth,
in our sempervirens pubescent.
This is one of the most ornamental plants of the genus.
Torrey (1827, p. 210) published several of Dr. James collections,
placing them all tentatively in Prenanthes.
Original Text
Comments
202. Prenanthes juncea, Pursh fl. ii. p. 498.
Nutt. gen. ii. p. 123. On the Platte and Missouri.
This is a synonym of Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hooker
Obs. Near the Rocky Mountains, Dr. James collected two
species of a genus allied to Prenanthes, but differing in their
plumose and sessile pappus. They will probably hereafter
be referred to a new genus. Their principal characters are
as follows:
Coulter & Nelson (1909, p. 588) placed P. pauciflora Torr. in
Stephanomeria
Original Text
Comments
2. Stephanomeria pauciflora (Torr.) Nels. Similar to the preceding, usually
lower, smaller in all of its parts, and somewhat woody at the base: the lower
leaves at least more or less runcinate-pinnatifid: pappus plumose nearly to
the base. S. runcinata in part. (Ptiloria pauciflora Raf. Atl. Journ. 145.
1832.) Sparingly if at all in our range; on the plains; from Nebraska to Texas.
Flora Leydensus Prodromus, published by Adriaan Royen in 1740.
Royen was a professor of botany at Leyden and well aquainted with both Cliffort and Linnaeus.
After ericoides dumofus. Dill. elt. 40. t. 36. f. 40.
Aster ericoides dumosus.
Johan Jacob Dillenii, 1732. Hortus Elthamensis, a catalogue of the rare plants growing at Eltham, London.
†
317. A. Fendleri (sp. nov.):
stems with many spithamae from a sublignous caudex
ascending rigid, sparingly hispidulis;
branches with corymbose-paniculate, monocephalic;
leaves with sessile, rigid, leathery, small, linear, mucronulate, entire, glabrous
with single-nerved, hispido-ciliate margins, the lowest subspathulate, very short rameals;
involucres with campanulate scales with 3-seriate linear-oblong, glandular-scabrellious,
mucronulate,
exterior herbaceous, obtuse, loose, interior acute, slightly longer;
achenes pubescent. —
On the Ocaté Creek and the Rio Colorado (Upper Canadian) ;
Aug. (372.) —
On the Ocaté Creek and the Rio Colorado (Upper Canadian) ;
Aug. (372.) —
A low species, of the group Ericoidei, or perhaps Amelli,
with much the aspect of Diplopappus linariifolius.
The longer leaves are only three fourths of an inch in length.
Involucre one fourth of an inch in diameter.
The rays have apparently been violet or blue.
A low species, of the group Ericoidei, or perhaps Amelli,
with much the aspect of Diplopappus linariifolius.
The longer leaves are only three fourths of an inch in length.
Involucre one fourth of an inch in diameter.
The rays have apparently been violet or blue.
A. hesperius.
Resembles A. paniculatus and A. salicifolius of the East, equally variable,
from nearly glabrous and smooth to scabrous-pubescent . leaves lanceolate, entire or the
larger with a few denticulations (2 to 5 inches long, 3 to 8 lines wide) : heads rather
crowded, 4 or 5 lines high : involucre of narrowly linear or more attenuate acute or gradually
acuminate erect bracts, either unequal and imbricated, or with some loose and slender
herbaceous exterior ones which equal the inner : rays either white or violet, 3 or 4 lines
long. — Damp soil and along streams, S. Colorado and New Mexico to Arizona
and S. California.
Has been variously taken for A. longifolius, Novi-Belgii,
aestivus, &c., and coll. by
Wright, Greene, Rothrock, Cleveland, Parish, Lemmon, &c.
Publication of Aster ericoides L. var strictus Porter in Porter and Coulter (1874, p. 56) ...
Original Text
Aster ericoides, L., var. strictus, Porter. Low, ¾°-1° high, glabrous,
except the scabrous margins and ciliate bases of the leaves, erect,
slender, paniculately branched above, branches short; scales of the involucre
narrowly linear, lax, outer ones very acute, often entirely green,
inner ones scarious with a central green line; radical leaves narrowly
oblanceolate. — “In the mountains at middle elevations,”
Hall & Harbour, 254. Near Denver, Coulter.
Foot-hills west of Denver, Porter; Meehan; Hoopes.
33. B. foliis omnibus 2pinnatifidis lineari-filiformis glabris,
floribus fubgeminis pedunculatis erectis difcoideis,
involucro colorado anthodium aequante.
Ad fl. magnum Amer. auftr.
(Rio grande. Sello.)
megapotamica*
33. Bidens leaves all 2-pinnatifid, linear-filiform, glabrous,
peduncle erect,
heads equal, sub-budded (refers to calyculi??),
involucre reddish-brown,
flowers discoid.
On large rivers of the American west.
(Rio grande. Sello.)
Thelespermum megapotamicum OK.
(Bidens m. Spr. 1826 —
Th scabiosodes Less. 1831.)
Argentina: Villa Merceded, Ceres.
Plants of the World (Kew) does not accept Kuntze's authorship of this name,
instead accepting Thelesperma megapotamicum (Spreng.) Herter, Revista Sudamer. Bot. 7: 235 (1943).
I am unable to find that publication online.
Hooker (1834,v. 2. p. 16) described Townsendia and T. sericea
that will become a synonym of T. exscapa.
Original Text
58. TOWNSENDIA. Nov. Gen.
Capitulum heteroganium.
Flosculi radii ligulati foeminei; disci hermaphroditii regulares.
Involucri foliola plurisermlia imbricata.
Pappus uniserialis; radii brevis, paleaceo-subulatus,
inaequalis; disci pilosus, pilis elongatis scabriusculis.
—
Herba Americae borealis humilis acaulis.
Radix fusiformis, lignosa, longe descendens ; superne saepe divisa, reliquiis foliorum
vetustorum obtecta. Folia omnino radicalia, numerosa, erecto-patentia, linearia, subspathulata,
integerrima, utrinque adpresso-sericea, basi dilatata, et utrinque ciliata.
Flos solitarius, foliis
immersus et obtectus, ratione plantae magnus.
Involucrum ovatum, foliolis sericeis, lineari-subulatis,
erectis, imbricatis.
Flosculi radii ligulati, erecti, pallide rosei, marginibus involuti,
apice dentibus tribus conniventibus.
Stigma bifidum, purpureum, glabrum.
Ovarium oblongum, compresso-triquetrum, pubescens.
Pappus brevis sed valde inaequalis, uniierialis, e pilis seu
paleis subvlatis, basi membranaceis.
Flosculi disci tubulosi, lutei.
Pappus pilosus, pilis
scabriusculis longitudine corollae.
Ovarium sericeum.
Receptaculum alveolato-punctatum, nudum.
1. T. sericea. (Tab. CXIX), Aster? exscapus. Rich, in Frankl.
1st. Journ. ed. 2. App. p. 32.
Hab. Carlton House upon the Saskatchawan. Dr. Richardson.
Rare, upon the dry banks of the Saskatchawan and among the Rocky Mountains. Drummond.
—
This highly interesting little plant, no less on
account of its habit than its pappus, deserves to be separated from Aster, of which,
indeed, it was by Dr. Richardson, considered a doubtful species.
“the bud is formed in the autumn,” and what Dr. Richardson
further observed in the living plant,
I find to be characteristic of all the specimens in this Collection,
that “the florets of the ray are mostly involute, rarely expanded, and always narrow,
nearly of the same colour with the pappus and inconspicuous; the flowers, indeed, n
ever fully expanding.”
I have named the Genus in compliment to David Townsend, Esq.
of West Chester, Pennsylvania, who having imbibed the most ardent love of
Botany from his friend and instructor Dr. Darlington of the same city,
has devoted his leisure hours to the science with eminent success.
The plant now under consideration is peculiarly worthy of bearing his name,
because he has studied and ably discriminated the numerous Pennsylvanian species of the
allied Genus Aster.
Tab. CXIX. — Fig. 1, Flowers ;
fig. 2, Floret of the ray;
fig. 3, Portion of the pappus from the ray;
fig. 4, Floret of the disk;
fig. 5, Portion of a hair from the pappus of the disk;
fig. 6, Stigma from the disk;
fig. 7, 7, Scales of the involucre;
fig. 8:
— all more or less magnified.
Townsendia * grandiflora;
stem canescent, divaricately branching from the base,
branches one or few-flowered,
leaves linear-sublanceolate, very acute, nearly smooth,
or minutely pubescent, green ;
capitulum hemispherical ;
involucrum of three series, the sepals lanceolate, filiformly acuminate,
minutely fringed ;
rays twenty-eight to thirty, or more, bidentate.
Hab.
With the preceding, which it resembles wholly in habit,
but with the flower as large nearly as that of the China Aster,
(Callistephus Chinensis)
Branching from the base, and spreading out sometimes from six to ten inches along the ground,
Leaves linear, much attenuated below, and very acute,
when green rather succulent, and appearing smooth,
though somewhat pubescent beneath, (seen through a glass.)
Sepals elegantly imbricated, perfectly lanceolate, much acuminated,
scariose, except the centre, which is green,
the margin minutely lacerate-ciliate.
Rays pale lilac, longer than the disk.
—
A plant which well deserves cultivation, from its large, showy flowers.
The prededing was Townsendia strigosa which was found
“On the Black Hills, (or eastern chain of the Rocky Mountains,)
near the banks of the Platte.” In Colorado, it is found only in westernmost counties.
Nuttall (1840-1841, p. 304-305) describes a collection as T. sericea
which is later to be determined T. hookeri
Original Text
TOWNSENDIA. (Hooker.)
Townsendia sericea; caespitose; leaves narrow linear, acute, scarcely half a
line wide, canescently sericeous; capituli sessile on the caudex: scales of the
involucrum numerous, very narrow and acuminate. — Achenium as in the rest
of the genus, obovate, margined, and flatly compressed, sericeous, with a
numerous connate series of white, silky pappus, almost plumosely barbellate, and
remarkably attenuated above.
Hab. On the Black Hills, (an alpine chain toward the sources of the Platte.)
Flowering probably in April.
By the achenium, this genus makes some approach to Calimeris, though totally
unlike in habit.
Nuttall goes on the describe Townsendia incana that he describes as with the above.
Beaman (1957, p. 95-100), in a six-page section described Townsendia hookeri
from an Ira W. Clokey collection in Mount Vernon Canyon.
10. Townsendia Hookeri Beaman, sp. nov.
Type: Clokey 4338, dry hills, Mt. Vernon Canon, 1730 m. alt.,
Jefferson Co., Colorado, 13 April 1920 (*COLO 12061, holotype; CAN,
CAS, DS, F, GH, MICH, MO, MONTU, NA, PH, POM, *RM, UC, US, UTC, WS,
WTU, isotypes).
This seems to be the only collection made by Ira W. Clokey on 14 April 1920,
indeed the only collection Mr. Clokey made in the week from 10 April to 16 April 1920.
Clokey also collected a large number of duplicates, i.e. 18 duplicates according to Beaman (1957).
SEINet reveals 3 more duplicates, at IND, NO, and MIN.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Xanthisma spinulosum; Coll. No. 2438, Xanthisma spinulosum
Xanthisma spinulosum (Pursh) D. R. Morgan & R. L. Hartm. “Spiny Goldenweed”
Nuttall (1813) may have been first into print with:
81 * [Sideranthus] pinnatifidus.
Fl. of both these species yellow,
and considerably like those of the genus Aster,
but from which they are sufficiently distinct.
M
Unfortunately, Sideranthus was a nomen nudum when this was published,
as the name was not validly published until 1840.
Both species are an intermediate link between Aster and Inula.
They approach the nearest to Amellus ;
but the receptacle is not, properly speaking, paleaceous, but only setaceous.
14. Xanthisma spinulosum (Pursh) D. R. Morgan & R. L. Hartman, comb. nov.
Basionym: Amellus spinulosus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:564. 1813.
…
Type: U.S.A. [South Dakota. Lyman or Brule Co.: Reveal et al. 1999], in open
prairies on the Missouri, 15 Sep 1804, M. Lewis s.n. (Lectotype: PH! [designated by
Hall 1928]; isolectotype: UC!).
…
The following two binomials are not valid as the genus Sideranthus was a nomen
nudum when the combinations were published: Sideranthus pinnatifidus Nutt.,
Fraser's Catalogue, no. 81, 1813, non Aplopappus pinnatifidus Nutt., 1840 and
Sideranthus spinulosus (Pursh) Sweet, Hort. Brit., 227. 1826.
Obs.
Ce genre parait avoir beaucoup d'affinité avec le Calamagrostis;
mais, si on l'examine avec quelqu’attention , il est
facile de le distinguer; 1°. l'Achnatherum porte une arête ;
2°. sa Paillette inférieure est simplement échancrée sans aucune
soie; 3°. la Pail. supér. est entière.
This genus appears to have many similarities with Calamagrostis;
however, upon closer examination, it is easy to distinguish them:
1. Achnatherum bears an awn;
2. its lower lemma is simply notched without any bristles;
3. the upper lemma is entire.
Romaschenko, et al. (2012) conducted a molecular phylogenetic study of the tribe Stipeae using nine plastid DNA sequences, the nuclear ITS DNA regions, and micromorphological characters from the lemma surface. Their large original dataset includes 156 accessions representing 139 species of
Stipeae representing all genera currently placed in the tribe.
Among other conclusions, their analysis showed that the North American
“Achnatherum” form a unique group substantially separate from the Eurasian Achnatherum.
They refer to the North American taxa as the Eriocoma group.
Peterson, et al. (2019) published the nomenclature for a revived Eriocoma in North America.
Lives in a damp place with the first, i.e., A. geniculatis.
Flowers June, July.
Swimming in lakes.
Perennial.
[Belarusian] Fox horsetail is smooth.
Sobolewski.
The native range is North America from Utah to the east, and from Saskachewan south to Costa Rica (POWO, 2021).
How it got the the Geneva Botanic Garden is unexplained.
Gerardi.
Andropogon with spikes digitate, flowers alternately twinned,
the sessile flower is hermaphroditic and bristled,
the pedunculate flower is masculine and pointless.
[Published in] Gerard, 1760. Flora Gallo-Provincialis with figure.
In Provence.
The location literally translates to “In Provence,”
but I think it might really mean “In the French provinces [of Canada.]”
The honoree's name is
Gérard, Louis, 1760, author of
Flora Gallo-Provincialis.
Parisiis : Ad Ripam PP. Augustinorum, Apud C. J. B. Bauche, Bibliopolam, Ad insigne St.ae Genovefae, & S.ti Joannis in deserto 1761
Literature Cited: - Nuttall, Thomas, 1834b. Coll. No. 1140, Aristida purpurea Coll. No. 1140, Aristida purpurea var. longiseta
First collected and described by Nuttall (1834) in his report in his near-fatal trip to Arkansa Territory.
Original Text
1. Aristida stricta. 2. A. oligantha. 3. A. dichotoma.
4. A. pallens
5. A. * purpurea.
Panicula erectiuscula gracili ;
cal. Valvulis remotis aristulatis apice bifidis ;
aristis capillaribus longissimis ;
foliis brevibus scabris.
—
Hab.
On the grassy plains of Red river, in arid situations.
Flowering in May.
—
Obs.
Perennial '
leaves narrow, short and scabrous ;
ligula pilose ;
culm about one foot high ;
panicle many flowered, a little spreading, branches capillary ;
flowers commonly in pairs (after the manner of the genus), bluish purple ;
one valve of the calyx nearly double the length of the other,
both bifid at the summit and shortly awned,
the longer valve exceeding the corolla ;
awns equal, capillary, nearly three times the length of the corolla and scabrous ;
corolla minutely stipitate.
Gramen avenaceum elatius, juba longa fplendente.
Raj. meth. 179. angl. 3. p. 406.
Morif. hift. 3. p. 214. f. 8. t. 7. f. 37.
Scheuch. gram. 239.
Hall. helv 225.
J. Presl & C. Presl (1819, p. 17) published A. elatius adding our grass to
Beauvois' (1812) Arrhenatherum.
Original Text
Translation and Comments
113. A. elatius B., O. wywysseny;
flosc. superiore submutico, inferiore arista geniculata,
culmi geniculis glabris,
radice nodosa.
H. G. 2. 49.
Prata, pascua.
♃. 6, 3.
B. = Palisot de Beauvois. Essai d'une nouvella Agrostographie.
Our current citation is “P.Beauv. ex J.Presl & C.Presl”
meaning the grass was described by Beauvois in Presl & Presl (1819).
H.G. = Host. Gramina austriaca.
Numerus prior tomum alter tabulam indigitat.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Avena fatua;
Johann Friedrich Gleditschens Buchhandlung. 1752.
Commentarii de rebus in scientia naturali et medicina gestis
[Commentaries on achievements in natural science and medicine]
vol. 16, p. 223.
Tab.XV. Auena fatua, Wild - oder Wind - Hafer.
Moleftiffimam eandem agricolis noftris effe, quotidie
experimur; hinc varios Cl. Auctor recenfuit
modos, quibus eam imminuere et plane tandem exftirpare
poffemus. Ariftas aliquando hygrometra
conftituere, nota res eft, Et cum auenae huius ariftae
peculiari ratione conftructae fint, hinc etiam ab
aere ficco et humido euidenter mutentur et perfectum
eiufmodi hygrometrum praebeant, etiam de
eodem egit Auctor, eiusque praeftantiam et vfum
expofuit.
Tab.XV. Wild Oats, Wild - or Wind - Oats.
We experience this same nuisance to our farmers every day;
hence the Author has devised various ways by which we can
diminish it and eventually eradicate it.
It is a well-known fact that oats sometimes form hygrometers,
and since oats of this type are constructed in a peculiar way,
hence they are also evidently changed by cold and humid air
and provide a perfect hygrometer of this kind,
the Author has also dealt with the same,
and has explained its advantages and disadvantages.
The genus Bouteloua was described in 1805 by Mariano Lagasca.
The generic name honors two Spanish brothers Claudius (d. 1842) and Exteban Boutelou (d. 1813) professors of botany and agriculture respectively.
Lagasca's original spelling of the genus name was Botelus.
In a later publication (1816), he corrected this to Bouteloua.
…
Las quatro especies de este nuevo genero se debel al zelo y
actividad del infatigable viagero Son Luis Nee,
quien las collecto en la Nueva España, y en las Islas Filipinas.
Tre de ellas las he visto vivas en el Real Jardin Botanica,
donde se cultivan actualmente.
…
The four species of this new genus are due to zeal and
activity of the tireless traveler Don Luis Nee,
who collected them in New Spain, and in the Philippine Islands.
I have seen three of them alive in the Real Jardin Botanica,
where they are currently grown.
p. 133
…
…
(1) Dedico este genero, que sin duda contiene
especies utiles para la agricultura, a los Señores Don
Claudio Boutelou, Profesor segundo, y Jardinero
mayor del Real Jardi Botanico de Madrid, y a Don
Esteban su hermano, Jardinero mayor de los Reales
Jardines de Aranjuez, cuyos nombres deben perpetuarse
juntos en la botanica y agricultura, ciencias en
que han hecho progressos bien conocidos, y acreditados
por el numerosisimo herbario que traxeron de
Francia e Inglaterra, a donde fueron pensionados por
S. M. para instruirse en ambas ciencias por las memorias
botanicas insertas en los anales de ciencias
naturales; por los tratados de agricultura sobre las
Plantas de hortaliza, y de flores de adorno, y
por las muchas y preciosas memorias publicadas en
el seminario de agricultura, de que son actualmente
muy dignos redactores.
I dedicate this genus, which undoubtedly contains
species useful for agriculture, to the Lords Don
Claudio Boutelou, Second Professor, and Gardener
mayor of the Real Jardi Botanico of Madrid, and Don
Esteban his brother, senior outfielder of the Royals
Gardens of Aranjuez, whose names must be perpetuated
together in botany and agriculture, sciences in
who have made well-known and accredited progress
for the numerous herbarium that they brought from
France and England, where they were pensioned by
S. M. to be instructed in both sciences through memoirs
botanicals inserted in the annals of science
natural; by agricultural treaties on
Vegetable plants, and decorative flowers, and
for the many precious memoirs published in
the agricultural seminar, of which they are currently
very worthy editors.
p. 134
…
…
When published in 1805, Lagasca's surname was spelled “La Gasca.”
However, over time,
Spanish naming conventions often turned compound surnames like “La Gasca” into a more streamlined form “Lagasca” when used in academic or bibliographical contexts.
This reflects a broader trend toward orthographic simplification and consistency.
Today, his correct and commonly accepted name is Mariano Lagasca (or Mariano Lagasca y Segura in fuller form),
abbreviated Lag.
Lagasca proposed five species,
Boutelua racemosa. Bot pendula H. R. M.
Boutelua hirsuta. Bot. hirta. H. R. M.
Boutelua barbata.
Boutelua simplex.
Boutelua prostrata, H. R. M.
but did not designate a type species.
Griffiths (1912), Hitchcock (1920), and Hitchcock et al. (1939) all have accepted the first species, B. racemosa, as the type.
As plants of the type species had been named Chloris curtipendula by Michaux in 1803,
the legitimate name for this taxon is Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.,
first published in R.B.Marcy, Explor. Red River Louisiana: 300 (1853).
See the discussion of B. curtipendula, below.
Some additional information about La Gasca can be found in Constance & Rodriguez (1975).
Griffiths (1912) paper on
“The grama grasses: Bouteloua and related genera” is a foundational taxonomic monograph
—
an important early systematic treatment of the grama grasses (genus Bouteloua) that set names, descriptions, keys and distributions that later workers built on.
Griffiths’ 1912 work,
was published as a United States National Museum contribution and provided a comprehensive account
(descriptions, identification keys, illustrations, geographic notes and many nomenclatural combinations)
of Bouteloua known at that time.
That made it the go-to reference for North American grama taxonomy for decades.
Many modern treatments and species authorships still trace back to Griffiths’ names and combinations (you’ll see “Griffiths” cited in botanical author citations for some Bouteloua names).
Later, more comprehensive revisions and molecular studies updated and refined Griffiths’ work (for example Frank W. Gould’s later revision of Bouteloua in the late 1970s/1980), but those later authors treated Griffiths’ monograph as an important baseline to compare against.
Griffiths had a knack for combining detailed field observation with careful herbarium work, so even though his taxonomy has been refined since, that 1912 paper still feels like a solid piece of botanical craftsmanship.
Abstract.
Bouteloua was established in 1805 by Mariano Lagasca.
The type species is B. curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey, originally named B. racemosa by Lagasca.
In the present treatment, 39 species are recognized, 29 of these restricted to North America and Central America,
2 species are endemic to the Antilles, 2 species occur in the Antilles, as well as at other locations,
5 species are distributed in both North and South America, and 1 species, B. megapotamica,
is represented only in southern South America.
Bouteloua is a characteristic member of the tribe Chlorideae of the subfamily Eragrostoideae (Chloridoideae).
The species all are C4 plants with typical Kranz leaf anatomy and starch storage features.
Chromosome numbers have been reported for 29 species with most species being diploid (2n = 20) or tetraploid (2n = 40).
Aneuploid records or series of counts have been reported for 9 species.
All species of Bouteloua are characterized by features of the Kranz Syndrome.
They are C4 in their photosynthesis and have a characteristic chloridoid leaf anatomy.
Starch storage is in specialized plastids of the leaf sheath bundles,
and the arrangement of cells in the leaf blade is typically Kranz.
The 39 recognized species are all variously adapted to shortgrass prairies, desert grasslands,
and xeric sites along desert shrub areas, and sandy shores.
Two subgenera, Bouteloua and Chrondrosium (Desvaux) Gould.
Weber & Wittmann (2012) retain Chrondrosium at the rank of genus,
though spelling it Chrondrosum Desvaux,
suggesting that we see Clayton, W. D., 1986, Genera Graminum: Grasses of the World. Kew Bull. Addit. Ser. XIII. 389 p.
Peterson, et al. (2015) treat Chrondrosum as a section of Bouteloua containing B. gracilis and
one other known in Colorado, B. simplex.
The basionym of B. curtipendula is Chloris curtipendula Michx.
Original Text
My Interpretation
CHLORIS. Sw.
CHLORIS. O. P. Swartz (1788) Nova Genera & Species Plantarum seu Prodromus
Spicae unilateriflorae, spiculis subsessiliter biseriatis : quarum
gluma communis 2-valvis, 2-6-flora :
floribus dissimilibus ;
valva altera ( saltem nonnullorum ) aristata :
uno hermaphrodito , fertili ;
caeteris inperfectis , masculis neutrisve ;
ultimo pedicellato.
Spikes unilateral flowered, darts subsessiliter biseriatis, of which the husk common 2-doors,
2-6-flowered, flowers are different;
second valve (at least some) anstata one hermaphrodito, fertile;
the rest of the imperfect, or the males neutrisve;
last pedicellatae.
…
…
curtipendula.
C. racemo erecto longo ;
e spicis plurimis , distiche alternis ,
e basí emittens rudimentum secundi floris inane ,
promisse aristatum ; intra quod bina alia rudimenta
quasi in sola arista consistentia.
curtipendula.
Chloris, even on a long raceme;
very many out of the ears of corn, distiche every other day,
And I will send the initial stage of the second base of the flower out of the void,
Retz promised; the rudiments of other things, and within it two of every sort
as the only grain condition.
Plantae cultae statura major; spicae 6-12-glumes.
If cultivated plants are taller; 6-12-spike glumes.
Hab. in aridis regionis Illinoensis ad Wabast et in
rupibus ad prairie du rocher.
♃
Habitat.
In arid regions of Illinois to Wabash River and watercourses of Prairie de Rocher (a town in southwest Illinois).
Perennial.
Prairie du Rocher is one of the oldest communities in the 21st century United States having been founded in 1722 by French colonists, mostly migrants from Canada.
About four miles to the west, closer to the Mississippi River, is Fort de Chartres, site of a French military fortification and colonial headquarters established in 1720.
Emory (1848) hinted as the existence of Bouteloua curtipendula as a name but this
would be invalid because he really did not place B. racemosa
in synonomy.
I assume that Emory had heard from Torrey that B. curtipendula
was the correct name but perhaps did not know that Torrey had not published
the name.
____teloua racemosa, Lagasca. ? Culm erect, simple; spikes nu-
____s (20-40,) reflexed, 3-flowers; lower glume linear subulate;
____ one linear-lanceolate, scabrous, entire, nearly as long as the
____ts; lower palea of the perfect flower unequally tricuspidate,
____ent; abortive flower reduced to a slender awn which is nearly
____g as the perfect flower, furnished at the base with 2 short
____onspicuous bristles. Valley of the Gila, rare. This plant
____pretty well with Kunth's description of B. (Eutriana,) race- ____xcept in the pubescent lower palea, and the minute bristles
____base of the neiter flower. Whether it be the plant of La-
____r not is very difficult to determine from his brief character.
It certainly is very different from B. racemosa of the United States,
which has a large 3-awed neuter flower, and if distinct from La-
gasca's, must receive another name. That of B. curtipendula would be appropriate.
IPNI (2020) indicates that Bouteloua curtipendula was credited to Torrey in Marcy (1854),
whereas Marcy seems to credit Torrey in Emory's report.
IPNI also suggest that new combination was invalid,
“Torrey (in Emory, Notes milit. Reconn. 154. 1848) mentioned this comb. nov. (invalid)”
Bouteloua racemosa, Lag. Var. Cienc. (1805) p. 141 ;
Torr. in Emory's Rep., p. 154 ;
not of Torr. Fl. N. York.
Dinebra curtipendula, DC.? Kunth, Syn. Pl. Eq. 1, p. 281 ;
excl. syn. Michx. Eutriana curtipendula, Trin. Fund. P. 161 (in part);
Kunth, Enum. 1, p. 280, and Suppl. P. 233 ;
excl. syn. Michx. and Willd.
Main Fork of Red River; July.
The detailed description of this species by Kunth, l. c.,
(drawn from a Mexican specimen collected by Humboldt)
shows that the Chloris curtipendula of Michaux (Bouteloua curtipendula, Torr.)
is a distinct species, as indicated in Emory's report, l. c.
Buffalo Grass was first recognized in the field and published by Nuttall (1818).
However, Nuttall only saw the staminate plants, and published the grass that way.
He also was not sure of the genus, but settled on Sesleria as his best guess.
95. SESLERIA. L. (Moor-grass.)
Calix 2 to 5-flowered.
Corolla 2-valved, valvea toothed at the point.
Stigmata somewhat glandulous.
—
Flowers spiked, often purplish, base of the spike breacteate, or involucrate.
Early flowering subalpine grasses, growing in calcareous mountains.
Species. 1. S. Dactlyoides.
Culm setaceous, leafy;
leaves short, flat, subulate, and somewhat hairy;
stipules bearded;
spikes 2 or 3, few-flowered;
flowers in 2 rows, disposed upon an unilateral rachis,
calix mostly 2-flowered, and with the corolla acuminate and entire.
Hab. On the open grassy plains of the Missouri;
abundant.
Flowers in May and Junes.
v. v.
Root after flowering resembling a bulb.
Culm smooth and round, furnished with 2 or 3 leaves, about 4 or 5 inches high.
Leaves flat, subulate, and somewhat hairy, 1 to 2 inhes in length, and about 2 lines wide;
sheathes shorter than the internodes, very hairy around the stipules.
Spikes 2 or 3, somewhat ovalm subtended by a single leaf, with which they are at first sheathed;
rachis compressed, margined,spikelets 6 to 8, by pairs, inclined to one side.
Calix 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered, vales very unequal, each with a single nerve and carinate,
the larger oblong-ovate, mucronulate.
Outer valve of the corolla oblong-lanceolate, entire, 3-nerved, smooth, and menbranaceous,
longer than the calix;
inner 2-nerved, nearly the length of the outer.
Anthers linear, entire, fulvous, exserted.
Styles filiform, pubescept.
This species appears on the one hand, alloed to Atheropogon,
and on the other to Dactylis.
Though rather a Sesleria than any other genus,
it recedes from it in having the valves of the corolla entire at the apex,
and thus it approaches Dactylis at least, the D. glomerata.
With the exception of the present species,
the genus Sesleria is confined to the alpine regions of Northern Europe.
Sesleria dactyloides, Nutt. Gen, 1, p. 65; Kunth, Enum, 1, p. 323;
Torr, in Emory's report, p. 323, t. 10.
Upper tributaries of the Red River; July.
This is the well known Buffalo-grass of the western prairies.
It is remarkable that neither the grain nor the fertile flowers of this grass are known.
The grasses, though usually hermaphrodite, show a tendency to a separation of the sexes,
and polygamous flowers are not rare among them.
About 25 to 28 genera, one-twelfth of the whole number known,
comprising only 75 to 80 species,
about one seventy-fifth of all species, *
are described as having monoecious and mostly heteromorphous flowers.
Only two genera of dioecious grasses are known to the books;
of these, Spinifex, Lin., with 6 species from the East Indies and Australia,
bearing on some plants staminate and on others complete flowers,
is only incompletely dioecious;
the other genus is Gynerium, H. B. K., five South American species.
Some other dioecious species of genera,
generally hermaphrodite, are noticed;
such as Calamagrostis dioica, Lour., and Guadua dioca, Steud.
The unisexual grasses mostly belong to Oryzeae, Phalarideae, Paniceae, and Rottboellieae;
none have been known among the tribes of Stipeae, Agrostideae, Chlorideae, Avenaceae, Festiceae,
and Hordeeae.
They were unknown in the northern temperate zone,
with the exception of Zizania and Tripsacum of North America
and the cultivated Zea, all with heteromorphous staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant.
The dioecious grasses of our Flora are both species of Brizopyrum;†
Eragrostis reptans is also frequently or mostly dioecious,
and other species of this genus seem to be imperfectly so.
In the following pages, two new dioecious North American grasses are described,
both types of new and very distinct genera,
and both, it is believed, belonging to Chloridae.
* In the latest work on Grasses, Steudel's Glumaceae,
published in 1855, about 6,000 species of Grasses are described,
very unequally distributed in about 300 genera,
many general containing only a single species,
while Panicum alone comprises 864,
Andropogon 461,
Eragrostis 247,
and Festuca 239 numbers.
† Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook. Is from the eastern seacoast,
and B. strictum from the saline soils of the Missouri region and of Utah.
The flowers of both sexes are conform,
but the staminate plants are readily distinguished from the pistillate ones
by their more slender growth, the spikes overtopping the leaves;
while in the pistillate plants the latter are longer than the spikes.
= Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene
Engelmann's description of the new genus:
Original Text
Comments and Interpretation
BUCHLOË, Nov. Gen.
BUCHLOË, New Genus
Gramen plantitierum Americae Septentrionalis aridarum
Missouriensium, Texensium, Mexicanarumque gregarium,
perenne, stoloniferum, humile, sparse pilosum vel glabriusculum;
ligulis barbatis.
—
Buchloe pro nimis longo Bubalochloe nomen vernaculum
“Buffalograss,” graece reddit.
Grass of arid North America, Missouri, Texas, Mexico,
perennial stoloniferous, small, sparsely hairy or glabriusculus;
ligules bearded.
—
Buchloe from a long form, Bubalochloe
(Χορτ ο βου β αλ ου)
The name of the breed “ Buffalograss” in Greek.
Syn. Plantae masculae:
Sesleria dactyloides, Nuttall, Gen. I. p. 64.
Sesleria (?) dactyloides, Torrey, in Emory's Rep. 1848, p. 153, Pl. X;
id. In Whipple's Rep. Pacif, R.R. Expl., IV., p. 157.
Calanthera dactyloides, Kenth (?) in Hooker's account of Geyer's Rocky Mountain plants, in Kew Journ. Bot., VIII., p. 18.
Triodiae spec., Bentham, in Pl. Hartweg, nro. 250, p. 28.
Lasiostega humilis, Rupprecht (ined) in Benth, Pl. Hartw. Corrig., P. 347.
—
Drummond Tex., Ill., nro. 378.
Lindheimer, Pl. Tex. Exsicc. 569.
Fendler N. Mex., 940.
Berlandier, nro. 1612 and 1614.
Hartw, 250 (fide Gray).
This remarkable plant is found in our western prairies from the British possessions
throughout the Missouri Territory, Nebraska, Kansas, and New Mexico, down to Texas and Northern Mexico,
and is, under the name of “Buffalo-grass,”
well known to hunters and trappers as one of the most nutricious grasses,
on which, for a part of the year, subsist and fatten immense herds of buffalo
and the cattle of the hunter and emigrant.
Since the time of Nuttall, who published an account of it,
in his “Genera,” as early as 1818,
the male plant has been collected by almost every botanist traversing those regions.
The female plant had escaped the observers until it was described by Steudel,
in the year 1855, from Drummond's Texan specimens,
as a totally different plant and belonging even to a different tribe.
Though Prof. Torrey had already, in Emory's Report, 1848, suggested the
probability of the Buffalo-grass being a dioecious plant,
the possibility that Nuttall's Sesleria dactyloides
and Steudel's Antephora axilliflora could be the male and female of the same species
was not even suspected,
till finding both together in a collection sent by my brother,
Henry Engelmann, who, as a geologist, accompanied the topographical corps attached to the army of Utah,
I was struck with their similarity.
My surmise, much doubted at first, became a certainty,
when I discovered among some male plants,
collected by A. Fendler, about Fort Kearny on the Platte River, a monoecious specimen,
showing both male and female flowers on different stalks from the same rhizome.
A figure of this important specimen is given on Pl. XII., fig. 3.
That our plant is distinct from Sesleria has already been stated by Torrey (l. c. p. 154),
and indeed by Nuttall himself (l. c. p. 65),
and both have pointed to its affinity to Atheropogon or Chondrosium.
The description now given fully confirms both positions.
It also leaves no doubt that is is not an Antephora, nor at all paniceous.
A new generic name, therefore, had to be given, and I have preferred to
propose an abbreviated translation of the popular and widely known name of “Buffalo-grass,”
retaining of course Nuttall's original specific appellation.
The synonyms of the male plant, supplied through the kindness of Prof. Gray,
are uncertain, Kunth never having published such a name as Calanthera,
which, moreover, is quite unmeaning;
nor can I learn that a genus Lasiostega has ever been described.
The Buffalo-grass grows in dense tufts, sending out stolons.
These, in most herbarium specimens, are only a few inches long,
with internodes of 1/2-2 incles in length;
Lindheimer, however, sends specimens from New Braunfels, Texas,
with stolons 1-2 feet long, the internodes often measuring over 3 and even as much as 5 inches.
The male plant seems to throw out more numerous runners than the female,
and may often overspread and kill it out.
Which would account for the much greater scarcity of the latter.
Leaves 2-4 inches long, 1/2-1 1/2 lines wide, sparsely hairy or ciliate or glabrous;
sheaths striate, glabrous, strongly bearded at the throat.
Engelmann (1859) wrote a very long and detailed description of the staminate plant.
Engelmann (1859) then wrote a very long and detailed description of the pistillate plant.
The Engelmann article then continues with a description of Monanthochloë, and M. littoralis Engelm.
This is also known as shore-grass and not known from Colorado, so the description is not included here.
E. N. Plank (1892) argued that the plant was actually monoecious.
He based this on a single observation,
During one of my botanical rambles in Kansas,
while walking over soil newly moved by a freshet,
I noticed the peculiar appearance of the individual plants
of buffalo grass growing upon it.
There were scores of them, if not hundreds.
All of them appeared to be seedlings, having not yet sent out stolons.
All of these plants were monoecious.
That seems to be sexually the original character of the species.
The fact of the unisexual flowering stems,
proceeding from different parts of the plants,
with its stoloniferous character generally increasing and spreading in that way,
will fully account for its dioecious habit.
Hitchcock (1895) refuted Plank's (1892) observation that Buffalo Grass was monoecious.
Note on buffalo grass.
—
I read with interest an article by Mr. Plank on
“Buchloe dactyloides Englm., not a dioecious grass.”
He asserts that the grass in question is not dioecious,
as usually described,
but monoecious,
and in support records observations made in Kansas.
Wishing to satisfy myself experimentally as to the correctness
of this assertion,
a few seeds were germinated in the greenhouse in the spring of 1893.
A single seedling was transferred to an outdoor plat.
This grew vigorously through the season,
sending out stolons and forming a compact mat.
During 1894 the mat became larger and denser,
but no flowers appeared.
However, the plant flowered this season (1895).
Both staminate and pistillate flowers were present,
the former preponderating.
The flowers arose mostly from nodes that had taken root
and thus become essentially independent plants.
In no case did I find the two kinds of flowers from the same node,
but from the interwoven state of the stolons I was unable to
determine whether the two kinds of flowers
were borne upon independent stolons.
The plant was first described by Nuttall (Gen, 1: 65. 1818)
from a staminate specimen,
and named Sesleria dactyloides.
He is evidently doubtful about the plant belonging
to the genus Sesleria.
Rafinesque having occasion to review Nuttall's Genera
(Am. Monthly Mag.2: 190. 1819)
makes a note regarding this plant:
“18. Sesleria dactyloides must form a peculiar genus by
Mr. N.'s own account.
It may be called Bulbilis.”
It is upon this basis that Dr. Otto Kuntze establishes
Bulbilis dactyloides (Nutt.) Raf. (Rev. Gen. Pl. 763).
Nuttall remarks in his description:
“Root, after flowering, resembling a bulb,”
from which, doubtless,
Rafinesque derives Bulbilis.
Upon the margin of the copy of the
American Monthly Magazine
above quoted (in the library of the Missouri Botanical Garden),
someone has suggested another derivation,
“bull's bile!”
—
A. S. Hitchcock, Kansas Agricultural College, Manhattan.
Schaffner (1920) published an article on the dioecious nature of Buffalo Grass.
He combined field observations and greenhouse experiments to support his contention that
Buffalo Grass is strictly dioecious.
Hitchcock (1927) proposed conservation of Buchloë against Bulbilis and others because Engelmann's Buchloë was the first name under which both staminate and pistillate plants were described.
Buchloe Engelm. (1859) is conserved against Bulbilis Raf. (1819),
Calanthera “Nutt.&rdquo: (1856), and Casiostega Rupr. (1857).
Bulbilis was proposed by Rafinesque in a review of Nuttall's Genera as follows:
“Sesleria dactyloides must for a peculiar genus by Mr. N's own account,
it may be called Bulbilis.”
Calanthera was mentioned by Hooker in a list of Geyer's plants from the Upper Missouri.
“Calanthera dactyloides Kth.–Nutt. Sesleria.”
Casiostega (of the Nomina Conservanda, a lisprint for Lasiostega Rpur.; Benth, Pl. Hartw. 347. 1857) is a nomen nudum.
Nuttall's description of Sesleria dactyloides was based on the staminate plant only
and until Engelmann gave his full description of both sexes of the buffalo grass
there had been no mention of pistillate spikelets.
Though in Bulbilis and Calanthera the type species is indicated and a previously published description is referred to,
that description is so inadequate,
compared to the detailed study published by Engelmann,
that they may well be rejected in favor of Buchloe.
An article by Gernert (1937) appears to address the height of pistillate spikes relative to harvesting them, but is behind a paywall I have not penetrated.
Spurlock (1940) surveys monoecious and dioecious grasses in America, finding 17 genera and 54 species of monoecious,
and 13 genera and 23 species of dioecious grasses of the Western Hemisphere, of which Buffalo Grass is one of the latter.
Note is made of the controversy about the degree of dioecism seen in Buffalo Grass.
In a review of conserved names, Rickett and Stafleu (1959) note that conservation of the name “Buchloë” was superfluous.
† 308.
Buchloë Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 1 432.
1859 quadrim. 1. T.: B. dactyloides (Nuttall) Engelmann
(Sesleria dactyloides) Nuttall).
Note: Conservation superfluous:
Calanthera Nuttall ex W. J. Hooker, Journ, Bot. Kew Misc. 8: 18 (1856),
Bulbilis Rafinesque, Am. Mon. Mag. Crit. Rev. 4: 190. (1819), and
Lasiostegia Ruprecht ex Betham, Pl. Hartw. 347 (1857),
are all nomina nuda.
The meaning of the dagger (†) is unclear.
All names with daggers were subjects of a superfluous conservation.
However, not all with superfluous conservation were marked with a dagger.
Plants dioecious or monecious.
…
Type species, Buchloë dactyloides.
Name contracted from Greek boubalos, buffalo, and chloë, grass, a Greek rendering of the common name,
“buffalo grass.”
1. Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. Buffalo Grass.
…
The sod houses of the early settlers were made mostly from the sod of this grass.
In 1941 it was planted at Boyce Thompson Institute, Yonkers, N. Y., and is proving to be an excellent cover for exposed dry banks.
Abstract :
Seventy-five stands with different compositions of blue grama (B. gracilis) and buffalograss (B. dactyloides) were sampled in 1987.
Multiple regression and principal component analysis techniques were used to investigate the relationship between
blue grama and buffalograss composition and soil characteristics.
Blue grama was often more abundant on sandy soil, while buffalograss was found on clay soil.
Blue grama was also found on clay soils when lime content was high.
The essential factor underlying sand, clay and lime content of soil was interpreted as water stress.
Relative crowding coeff. calculated for blue grama and buffalograss showing
that both species had greater height and produced more vegetation when found intermingled than when growing in monoculture.
Quinn (1991) examined multiple hypotheses for dioecy in Buffalo Grass and
found support only for “out-crossing” as an advantage afforded by dioecy.
Abstract.
Buchloe dactyloides is a perennial dioecious grass in which male and female inflorescences
are so strikingly dimorphic that they were originally assigned to different genera.
The objective of this paper is to present the results of tests for sex-specific vegetative characters, ecological differences,
and sexual niche-partitioning,
combining them with prior information on the reproductive biology of Buchloe
for an evaluation of the key factors leading to the evolution of dioecy and sexual dimorphism.
Field and greenhouse data were collected from Oklahoma and Kansas populations on vegetative characters,
allocation to reproduction, and relative growth and competitive success along resource gradients.
Except for greater susceptibility to leaf rust by males,
there were no significant differences between males and females in vegetative characters, total biomass, or reproductive effort.
Field studies of spatial distributions of males and females failed to show any relation to soil, topography, or soil moisture.
In a 45-month greenhouse experiment starting at the seedling stage,
the relative growth and competitive success of randomly paired individuals showed no evidence
for differential competitive success or for niche-partitioning of males and females.
The "outcrossing advantage" and subsequent sexual specialization of the female inflorescence appear
to be the major factors underlying this dimorphic system.
Abstract.
Variations of sex inconstancy were examined for vegetative and seed samples
from eight natural populations of buffalograss located along two east-west transects
crossing the shortgrass prairies of Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas.
Each of the eight populations was found to contain inconstant (monoecious) sex forms.
Sex form distributions ranged from the Guymon vegetative sample, having no inconstant sex forms,
to the Chillicothe seed sample in which the frequency of inconstant sex forms was nearly 70%.
Frequencies of inconstant sex forms were generally higher for seed samples than for vegetative samples.
Male to female sex ratio of constant (dioecious) sex forms generally did not differ from 1:1 expectations.
Inconstant sex forms were more common among peripheral populations
where buffalograss vegetation coverage was sparse
than for more central populations having a higher concentration of buffalograss vegetation.
Quantitative measures of sex inconstancy from artificial crosses were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated
with the additive linear model of general combining ability,
suggesting that sex determination in buffalograss has high heritability.
The possible selection forces affecting the frequency of monoecious sex forms among natural populations are discussed.
Phylogenetics of Bouteloua and Relatives (Granineae: Chloridoideae): Cladistic Parsimony Analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer (nrDNA) and trnL-F (cpDNA) Sequences.
Phylogeny and subgeneric classification of Bouteloua with a new species, B. herrera-arrietae (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Cynodonteae: Boutelouinae) … Buchloe is reduced to a section of Bouteloua.
H. B. K., 1817. 5 . CHONDROSIUM gracile, t Tab. LVIII
Nova genera et species plantarum :quas in peregrinatione ad plagam aequinoctialem orbis novi collegerunt /descripserunt, partim adumbraverunt Amat. Bonpland et Alex. de Humboldt ; ex schedis autographis Amati Bonplandi in ordinem digessit Carol. Sigismund. Kunth ...
[New genera and species of plants: which were collected/described in their peregrination to the equatorial region of the new world, partly outlined by Amat. Bonpland and Alex. de Humboldt; compiled in order from the autograph sheets of Amat. Bonpland by Carol. Sigismund. Kunth ...]
... [Description of A. apludoides, syn:
Chloris curtipendula, Mich. = Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torrey – Ed.]
2. A. * oligostachyum.
Spikes 2 or 3, nearly terminal,
many flowered;
calix and corolla pilose;
outer valve of the corolla distinctly 3-awned,
the 2 lateral awns shorter,
arising near the middle of the valve;
neutral valve 3-awned.
On the plains of the Missouri with the above.
[Bouteloua curtipendula – Ed.]
Common.
Culm round, filiform, nearly naked, or with a single leaf,
8 to 12 inches high, smooth and erect.
Leaves very short, smooth, and subulate,
stipule and base of the spikes shortly bearded.
Spikes 1, 2, or 3, about an inch long,
usually curved backwards, unilateral, compressed,
and pectinate, the second spikes bibracteate, rachis semiterete.
Glumes in a double row, opposite;
each 2-flowered;
calix bluish-purple, exterior valve lanceolate, mucronate, with a single nerve;
the nerve beset with a few scattered hairs arising from so many tubercles;
inner valves shorter, very narrow.
Corolla, outer valve lanceolate, carinate, 3-awned,
pilose along the margins of the nerves, and at the base;
inner valve smooth, shortly bi-cuspidate.
Neutral flower 1-valved, obtuse, with 3 awns, and pubescent at the base.
This species, though certainly a congener of the preceding,
is considerably allied to Chloris,
appearing to unite that genus and Sesleria, agreeing partly
with the latter in the structure of the flowers,
and with the former in its habitus.
(A North American genus)
Chondrosium ciliatum Willd.; Beauv. Ess. Agrost, 158. 1812.
Beauvois lists this name in the index,
basing it upon the above manuscript name of Willdenow.
In Beauvois’s personal copy of his Essai,a
he has written in the index in his own hand that this is C. gracile H. B. K.
Chondrosium gracile H. B. K. Nov. Gen. & Sp. 1: 176. pl. 58. 1816.
The cited plate and description, together with a specimen in Willdenow’s herbarium,
“ex herb. Humboldt ex herb. Kunth”
leave no doubt in my mind that this is what in this country
we have long called B. oligostachya.
It is true that Kunth figures a single-spiked plant,
which is the uncommon form.
It is rather curious that Humboldt and Bonpland did
not collect the more common form,
but not nearly so curious as it would have been if
they had not collected this widely distributed species at all.
Kunth also figures a single-spiked form of B. hirsuta,
though this is the less common form of that species.
Actinochloa gracilis Willd.; Roem, & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 418. 1817.
Based upon Chondrosium gracile H. B. K.
Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt. Gen, Pl. 1:78. 1818.
Eutriana gracilis Trin. Gram. Unifl. 240. 1824.
Based upon Actinochloa gracilis Willd.
Atheropogon gracilis Spreng. Syst. Veg. 1: 293. 1825.
Based upon Chondrosium gracile H. B. K.
Eutriana? oligostachya Kunth, Rév. Gram. 1:96. 1829.
Based upon Atheropogon oligostachyus Nutt.
Bouteloua gracilis Lag.; Steud. Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1: 219. 1840.
Based upon Chondrosium gracile H. B. K.
Chondrosium oligostachyum Torr. in Marcy, Expl. Red Riv. 300. 1852.
Based upon Atheropogon oligostachyum Nutt.
Bouteloua oligostachya Torr.; A. Gray, Man. ed. 2. 553. 1856;
see also U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pl. 41.1890;
Britt. & Brown, Illustr. Fl. 1: 180. f. 412. 1896;
U.S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bull. 7 : 222. f. 204. 1897 and
op. cit. 20: 106 f. 80. 1900.
Bouteloua oligostachya intermedia Vasey, Grasses U.S. 33. 1883.
A name only.
No specimen so marked can be found in the National Herbarium.
Bouteloua oligostachya? major Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. S. 62. 1885;
Dewey, Contr. Nat. Herb. 2: 531. 1894;
Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 418. 1896.
Bouteloua major Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 14: 9. 1887.
Vasey publishes a name only and refers to specimens previously distributed under it.
He also states that this is a variety of B. oligostachya.
The type is a specimen cultivated from seed collected by Palmer
in Chihuahua, Mexico, in 1886.
Bouteloua stricta Vasey, Bull. Torrey Club 15: 49. 1888.
A very brief description is given;
a fuller description is furnished later.
a
The type is C. G. Nealley, without number, western Texas, 1887.
The species commonly assumes in the southwest the form represented by Vasey’s type.
Bouteloua oligostachya pallida Scribn.; Beal, Grasses N. Amer. 2: 418.1896.
Pringle 407 is the duplicate type in the National Herbarium.
There appears to be no good reason for recognizing such a variety.
Pallid and dark-colored forms may be found in nearly all species of the genus.
a This copy is now in the library of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
DESCRIPTION.
A stout, erect, smooth, cespitose perennial, forming a rough sod in the north, but
usually in isolated tufts in the south and much larger and ranker in growth; culms
branched only at the very base if at all, sheaths loose, striate, smooth; ligule reduced
to a line with at most only a few scattered hairs; blades linear, rather abundant,
about 5 to 10 cm, long, 1 to 2 mm. wide, flat, minutely scabrous-margined; spikes
normally 2, often 1 or 3 or 4, seldom 5 or 6, very variable in length, commonly above
3 cm.,b more or less recurved in age with no projecting sterile rachis; spikelets
pectinate, on short, minutely pubescent pedicels, numerous, often as many as 80,
consisting of a fertile flower and a rudiment; glumes lanceolate, short-awned, keeled,
minutely scabrous, the lower 3 to 3.5 mm. long, the upper 5 to 6 mm. long; lemma
about 6 mm. long, pubescent, 3-awned, the central awn slightly longer, all hirsute;
palet about 5 mm. long, shortly 2-awned from the nerves, the latter slightly hirsute
above; rudiment consisting of 3 scabrous, nearly equal awns with 2 or 3 scales at their
bases all supported on a short stipe, 1 to 1.3 mm. long, hairy-tufted at base and apex;
caryopsis 2.5 to 3 mm. long, 0.5 mm. wide, concave on the dorsal and sharply convex
on the ventral surface, the scutellum covering over three-fourths of the ventral surface.
(Plate 72, A, B. Figure 35.)
This is without doubt the most important economic species of the genus, extending
from Manitoba to South America. It is doubtfully reported from Tampa, Florida.
As would be expected from a plant of such wide range, it is extremely variable. The
above description is drawn in the main from my no. 6108 from the Sonoyta Valley of
Arizona, which is very different from the plains region form. The latter produces a
rough, rather bunchy sod and sends up but few culms, the abundant basal leaves
forming a curly covering close to the ground, the species on this account often being
confused in the popular mind with the buffalo grass (Bulbilis dactyloides). But in the
southern desert region where, along the Mexican border, it grows in abundance at an
altitude of about 5,000 feet it is usually in isolated large bunches. In favorable
situations in swales such as are found on the eastern slope of the Santa Rita Mountains
of Arizona it assumes more nearly the appearance of the northern form so far as habit
is concerned (Pl. 72, B). In the South the plants usually grow much larger. It is
not at all uncommon to find plants there 60 or 70 cm. high, while upon the prairies
of the Dakotas the species seldom grows over half as high.
The difference in habit has been assumed by some to indicate a different species,
but after studying the species from North Dakota to Oaxaca and cultivating it several
times I am not able to take this view. It must be considered that the prairie form of
the Dakotas and Montana occurs not only upon the cold, high prairies of the north,
but upon the high tableland of northeastern New Mexico (Pl. 72, A), upon the San
Francisco highland of northern Arizona, upon the Santa Rita highland of southern
Arizona, and in many isolated localities in highland Mexico. This low turf-forming
form passes by imperceptible gradations into the tall, robust, strictly bunchy form
represented best by the type of B. stricta.
Again, when the northern turf-forming and the southern bunched form are grown
together their habits are more alike. Both will form a turf under proper moisture
conditions, and both when cultivated become tall and rank, similar to B. stricta
(Pl. 69, B).
In the publications of the United States Department of Agriculture this species
is usually referred to as “blue grama.” The Spaniards of our southwest as well as of
Mexico refer to it simply as “grama,” which they do not distinguish from similar
species.
One of the most valuable characteristics of this species, as well as of some others of
the genus, is the short period of development. It is a 60 to 80 day grass. Upon the
Dakota prairies it produces fresh feed in late May and matures during the drought
of August. In southern Arizona and the highlands of Mexico it starts to grow about
the middle of July and matures with the close of the rainy and cooler season of late
September and early October. It grows in regions where it is cured by drought
and not by frosts, the effect being a dead herbage which retains much of its nutriment,
making good dry grazing during the winter season, the value of the grass being
proportionate to the dryness of the season. A rain after it has cured much reduces its
value.
Shear’s no. 813, Knowlton 140 and 141, Rydberg 3429, Williams 2143, Nelson 8307,
Merrill & Wilcox 447, Ward 47, and Griffiths 40 are typical of the prairie and northern
Rocky Mountain region. In unsodded regions from Colorado southward except at
higher elevations, it assumes more of the characters exhibited by specimens collected
by Wilcox at Fort Huachuca, in 1884, Mearns 2301, Metcalfe 698, Pringle 407, and
Townsend & Baker 257. Parish Brothers 1528, Herb. Colo. State Agr. College 3534
(distributed by N. Y. Bot. Gard.), Skehan 64, and Nealley from Texas, in 1887, are
mostly 1-spiked forms, and such forms occur throughout the range of the species,
They are to be looked upon as dwarfs. They appear to be very common in the lower
Sierras in California, at least they have been collected there a number of times.
There is a very peculiar form of the species in the extreme western portion of northern
Texas. It differs from the common form mainly in its hairiness, but it occurs in
perfectly circumscribed patches among the other form and can be readily distinguished
at some distance. It has been seen twice north of Texline, but has never been
collected and has not been detected in any of the collections examined. So far as
hairiness is concerned, however, it is almost perfectly matched by a collection by
Lindheimer (Herb. Texicana Exsic. no, 731) in the herbarium of the Missouri Botanical
Garden. This, however, is the large, robust, southern form which differs in general
appearance from the inhabitant of the plains.
Fic. 35.—Bouteloua gracilis. a, Spikelet; b,c,lemmaand palet of first floret; d, e, rudiments of second
and third florets. a, Scale 7.5; b-e, scale 15. From type specimen of B. stricta.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 72.—A. A growth of Bouteloua gracilis under plains conditions In northeastern
New Mexico. For several years this locality has been grazed during the winter monthsonly. B. A
turf of Bouteloua gracilis at an altitude of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. Compare with figure A.
This species does
not form a turf thus far south, except at a considerable altitude and under favorable soil and moisture
conditions.
aU.8. Dept. Agr. Div. Bot. Bull. 121: pl. 45. 1890.
bOne specimen without data from Thurber’s herbarium
in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard.
has spikes 9 cm. long.
Note: The list of herbarium specimens examined has been excluded because of its size.
Shear. 1900. A revision of the North American Species of Bromus Occurrung North of Mexico
32. BROMUS POLYANTHUS
Scribn. nom. nov.
Bromus multiflorus Scribn. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agrost. Bul. 13: 46. 1898. Not Weig. 1772, et al.
(Fig. 34.)
A rather stout, erect, short-lived
perennial. Culm smooth or
puberulent at the nodes,
mostly 6-10 dm. high. Sheaths
typically smooth, rarely sparsely
pilose; ligule about 2 mm.
long, rounded, subentire;
blades linear-lanceolate, mostly
scabrous, especially above.
Panicle elongate, erect, branches
usually short and erect or
slightly spreading. Spikelets
mostly 3-3.5 cm. long,
laterally compressed, carinate,
rather densely 7-11 flowered;
empty glumes broad, smooth
or somewhat scabrous, the lower
3-nerved, rather obtuse or
subacute, 6-8 mm. long, the
upper 5-7 nerved, most obtuse,
9-11 mm. long; flowering
glume 7 nerved, 13-15
mm. long, smooth, or scabrous,
rather obtuse, emarginate
with a broad, hyaline margin;
awn 4-6 mm. long; palea
a little shorter than its glume.
Type No. 4024, collected by Aven Nelson at Battle Lake, Sierra Madre Mountains,
Wyoming.
General distribution: Colorado and Utah north to Montana and Oregon.
Specimens examined. —
Colorado:
Glenwood Springs (Shear & Bessey 1300) ;
Buffalo Pass (Shear & Bessey 1434, 1474, 1484);
Yampa (Shear & Bessey 1421);
Red Dirt Divide, Routt County (Shear & Bessey 1347, 1362, 1385) ;
near Pallas (Shear & Bessey 1411);
Middle Park (G. Vasey) ; R
obinson (C.L. Shear 1045);
Rabbit Ears Pass(C. F. Baker 4).
Utah:
Logan (P. A. Rydberg 2347) ;
Alta (M. E.Jones 1111) ;
Fairview (M. E. Jones 5554m).
Idaho:
Beaver Canyon (C. L. Shear 596; P. A. Rydberg 2342);
Montpelier (T. A. Williams 2558).
Wyoming:
Bear Tooth Mountains (W. H. Forwood);
Bear Lodge Mountains (T. A. Williams 2619);
Jacksons Lake (W. H. Forwood);
Elk Mountain (A. Nelson 4098);
Buffalo Fork (F. Tweedy 65) ;
Rife's Ranch (A. Nelson 3759, 3827) ;
Seminole Mountains (A. Nelson 4921) ;
Sierra Madre Mountains (A. Nelson 4035).
Montana:
Lima (C. L. Shear 560½).
Oregon:
Powder River Mountains (C. V. Piper 2529).
The above species is very closely related to B. marginatus,
into which it passes and of
which it should perhaps be regarded as a variety.
It differs chiefly from the typical form of B. marginatus
in being smoother throughout.
Accepted by Harrington (2nd ed., 1964), noting that it is in the B. carinatus complex with numerous intergrades. Distinguishing characters are lemmas glabrous and sheaths usually glabrous. Harrington includes B. marginatus in that complex. We now tend to treat B. marginatus as a variety of B. carinatus, at most.
Hab. Saskatchawan. Drummond.
—
A species remarkable for the great length of its leaves,
exceeding the culm, tapering into a long, slender apex, and for the pale, very smooth, glossy flowers.
The base of the culm send out creeping shoots.
Hackel (1890) ... translated by F. Lamson-Scribner and Effie A. Southworth
138. (141) Ammophila Host.
(Psamma Beauv.)
Panicles usually narrow and spike-like.
Flowering glume and palea chartaceous, somewhat indurated, awnless;
spikelets comparatively large.
...
Obs.
—
Very nearly related to Ammophila are two N. American species,
Calamagrostis brevipilis Gray and C. longifolia Hook.,
with the loose panicle of Calamagrostis,
but the chartaceous flowering glumes of Ammophila,
distinct from both genera by the one-nerved flowering glumes ;
they may best be considered a separate genus,
Calamovilfa (Gray as a sect. of Calamagrostis).
(Hackel in MS.)
Species two, in N. America
(C. brevipilis of the Atlantic coast,
and C. longifolia of the western interior).
These species are referred to Ammophila in B. & H. Gen Pl., vol. III, p. 1153.]
The common northern Burgrass. — The common Burgrass
of open sands, from New Hampshire to Oregon, south to North
Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas and New Mexico, is
indigenous or spread from indigenous colonies through much of
this range but, singularly enough, it has always passed under
specific names which technically belong to other species. Long
identified as Cenchrus echinatus L., it was forced to resign that
name to the quite different tropical species. Similarly the name
C. tribuloides L. soon proved to belong to the very coarse tropical
and southern coastal species. Then C. carolinianus Walt., was
despairingly grasped, but Walter's type is unknown, our plant
is doubtfully in his territory, and Mrs. Chase, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. xxii. 76 (1920), believes that C. carolinianus might have
been C. incertus M. A. Curtis, which does grow in Walter's
country. In her monograph of the genus she merges our plant
with the Mexican C. pauciflorus Benth. and, until Dr. I. M.
Johnston, working upon his Mexican and southern Texan
material, segregated it off from the great bulk of specimens from
the northern and Rocky Mountain region of the United States,
it so rested. Dr. Johnston, not wishing to get involved with the
more northern and northeastern plant, called the matter to my
attention. There is no doubt that C. pauciflorus is the Mexican
(and Texan) species, Bentham having described it from Lower
California: "culmis suberectis, . . . Folia plerumque angustiora
[quam in C. echinata], spinis dorsalibus marginalibusque
validis basi dilatatis".
Cenchrus pauciflorus, then, is the Mexican and Texan species
with culms usually in erect or ascending tufts, the leaves 1.5-4
mm. broad, the summit of the sheath spreading as a chartaceous
flange; spikes 1-5 cm. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; the stramineous
involucres 8-12 mm. broad (from tip to tip of mature spines), the
dorsal and lateral spines compressed and broad-based. The
characteristic fruit, from the type of C. pauciflorus, is shown by
Mrs. Chase, 1. c. fig. 17, p. 68.
Our plant, on the other hand, has more generally decumbent
or rooting culms, up to 8 dm. long and strongly geniculate;
leaves 3-8 mm. broad, the enlarged sheaths constricted at summit;
spike 1.5-8 cm. long and 1.3-2 cm. thick, the mature
stramineous to bronze or purplish burs 1-1.5 cm. in diameter,
with the coarse spines subulate-subterete. The bur is beautifully
shown, as that of C. pauciflorus, in Chase, 1. c. 69, fig. 18, and this
figure, instead of that of true C. pauciflorus, was copied in
Hitchcock, Man. fig. 1594. As compared with that of real C.
pauciflorus it is too large, with more numerous spines, the stronger
ones more slender and without deltoid and flattened bases.
So far as I can find the only available name for the northern
and transcontinental species is C. echinatus, forma longispinus
Hackel, based upon Connecticut material collected by Harger
and distributed by Kneucker (no. 426). As a diagnosis of a form
of C. echinatus, in the loose sense, Hackel's brief description was
sufficient. Treated as a species the plant demands a fuller
account. It is fortunate that Hackel has supplied the basonym
and type. Even so, I take no comfort in having even my name
intimately associated with a Cenchrus and the keen taxonomist
who called it to my attention would not care to have the species
named for him!
Cenchrus longispinus (Hackel), stat. nov. C. echinatus, forma
longispinus Hackel in Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. ix. 169
(1903). Planta annua ; culmis decumbentibus vel adscendentibus
ad 8 dm. longis geniculatis basi ramosis; foliis 3-8 mm. latis,
vaginis distentis apice constrictis; spicis maturis 1.5-8 cm.
longis 1.3-2 cm. crassis; involucris maturis stramineis vel aeneis
vel purpurascentibus hirsutis 1-1.5 cm. diametro, spinulis majoribus
tereti-subulatis. Type of C. echinatus, forma longispinus:
Oxford, Connecticut, E. B. Harger in Kneucker, Gram. Exsicc.
Lief. XV. no. 426.
In southeastern Virginia, fortunately, Cenchrus longispinus is
rare. Our only collections are the following. James City
County: sandy field about 5 miles west of Toano, R. W. Menzel,
no. 187. Southampton County: dry white sand of clearing in
oak and pine woods bordering Assamoosick Swamp, south of
Sebrell, no. 10,941; grassy roadside about 7 miles south of
Franklin, no. 7297 (misidentified as C. incertus).
Roemer & Schultes (1817, v. 2, p. 690)
— essentially the 9th edition of Linnaeus Species Plantarum —
placed Avena spicata L. in Danthonia DC.
Thanks to P. de Beavois on p. 18 of the Preface to volume 1:
Original Text
Illm. Palisot de Beauvois, experientissimum Botanicum, qui nec torridissimam Africam,
nec Americam borealem ignotam sibi esse voluit.
Publication of D. spicata from volume 2, page 690:
Original Text
2 * D. spicata P. de Beauv.;
spicato paniculata, calyce flosculis sex longiore ,
corollae valvulâ exteriore apice aristatâ furcatâque.
Avena spicata Sp. Pl. p. 119. Willd. Spec. I. p. 453.
Avena glumosa, foliis subsetaceis collo vaginarum villoso ;
paniculâ parvâ subspicatâ pauciflorâ ;
calyce spiculam sexfloram superante,
valvâ florum exteriore ex apice bicorni aristatâ.
Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. I. p. 72.
Pers. Syn. I. p. 101.
Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. I. p. 86.
„Gramen angustum; folia linearia;
spica composita e spiculiis 3-4, remotis erectis,
spiculae subpedunculatae, singulis calyx diphyllus sublatus aequalis ;
flosculi sex sessiles erecti, laciniae glumae corollinae exterioris setaceae,
arista articulata longotudine spiculae.
Facies Festucae decumbentis“ Linn.
Inflorescentiam re vera paniculam esse, nee spicam,
aristamque basi spiralem, monuit b. Michaux.
A nova Anglia ad Carolinam.
♃
Obs. An huc illa cum? allata Danth. spicaeformis,
quae et Avena spicaeformis audit? sed Danthoniam glumosam
sine dubio habet P. de Beauv.
Thomas Nuttall collected a grass on arid plains of the Missouri that he described as Ægilops hystrix (Nuttall, 1818, v. 1, p. 85).
Original Text
Comments
117. ÆGILOPS. L.
Calix, lateral, 2-valved, mostly 3-flowered, valves coriaceous, broad, with many awns;
awns rigid and divergent.
Corolla 2 valved, outer valve terminated by 2 or three awns.
—
Flowers spiked, intermediate masculine;
lateral, hermaphrodite, sessile.
Small grasses, allied to Elymus, valves of the calix remarkably rigid and truncate,
deeply divided into many flat and long scabrous awns;
valves of the corolla also simularly divided and awned.
Species.
1. Æ. * Hystrix.
Spike squarrose, with very long recurved and divergent awns:
calix smooth, generally 4-parted to the base:
segments mostly bifid, unequally 2-awned;
spikelet about 4 flowered, the 2 masculine or neuter pedicellate, and intermediate;
dorsal valve of the corolla terminated by about 2 or 3 unequal awns.
Considerably allied to Elymus.
…
[Long description omitted.]
On the arid plains of the Missouri.
A search of SEINet for collections of Elymus elymoides in Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota,
showed that there are almost no collections of the grass in proximity to the Missouri River.
However, there are a few collections of the grass on or near the river from Fort Peck, Montana, and above,
or Glendive, Montana, on the Yellowstone River, and above.
Graustein (1967, p. 70) notes that Nuttall was very eager to reach the Rocky Mountains (the “Northern Andes” as Nuttall called them),
and that a trail that struck almost directly west to the Yellowstone River from Fort Mandan
doubtless enticed the naturalist.
However, we do not really know how far above Fort Mandan that Nuttall ventured.
Of this genus there are 2 species in the South of Europe,
one of them also common to Barbary,
and the other to Candia,
there are likewise 2 other species peculiar to those places.
Rafinesque's (1819) description of Sitanion elymoides Raf. is not available on Biodoversity Heritage Library,
because Part 89 is missing.
However, that part is available on the HathiTrust Digital Library.
Original Text
Translation
PRODROME
PRODROMO
Des nouveaux Genres de Plantes observes in 1817 et 1818 dans l'interior des Etats-Unis d'Amerique;
New Genres of Plants Observed in 1817 and 1818 in the Interior of the United States of America
Par C. S. RAFINESQUE,
By C. S. RAFINESQUE
Professeur de Botanique et d'Histoire naturelle dans l' Universite de Lexington.
Professor of Botany and Natural History at Lexington University.
…
II. PARTIE. MONOCOTYLEES.
PART II. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
…
32. SITANION. (Graminee.)
Fleurs polygames males en epi.
Involucre lateral pentaphylle, multiflore.
Glume univalve, convolutee, inegalement bifide et biaristee, contenant 4-5 fleurs, divisees en 2 spicules geminees.
Glumelle bivalve, valves inegales, l'exterieure tres-grande, convexe, trifide, 3-aristee;
ariste mediane tres-longue;
valve interieure concavem bifide, mutique.
3 etamines.
2 styles.
Fleur terminale communement male a 2 etamines et 2 setules ecailleuses.
—
Ce genre differe de l'Elymus par linvolucre 5-phylle, glume, glumelles, polygamie, etc.
Une espece, S. elymoides.
Chaume strie, scabre;
feuilles scabres, glauques;
epi droit, fleurs laches, involucres et aristes tres-longs, scabres, divariques;
glumes lisses, dos uninerve, glumelles scabres sur les bords.
—
Missouri.
32. SITANION. (Graminee.)
Polygamous flowers male in spike.
Lateral involucre pentaphyll, multiflora.
Glume univalve, convoluted, unevenly bifid and biaristous, containing 4-5 flowers, divided into 2 gemine spicules.
Bivalve umbilicus, valves unequal, outer very large, convex, trifid, 3-aristate;
very long median awn;
inner valve concavem bifid, mutic.
3 stamens.
2 styles.
Commonly male terminal flower with 2 stamens and 2 scaly setules.
—
This genus differs from Elymus by 5-phylinvolucre, glume, lemma, polygamy, etc.
One species, S. elymoides .
Thatch streak, scabrous;
leaves scabrous, glaucous;
spike straight, flowers loose, involucral and arist very long, scabrous, divaric;
glumes smooth, back uninerve, scabrous glumes on margins.
—
Missouri.
…
The next taxon Rafinesque described was Critesion Raf. a generic name still used as a segregate of Hordeum
by Weber & Wittmann (2012) and Shaw (2008).
Swezey (1891) described Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey in his Nebraska Flowering Plants.
Original Text
...
I have endeavored in every case to give a plant the oldest available specific name it has borne,
believing that this is the only rule which can lead ultimately to a settled nomenclature.
In some cases this may lead to less euphonius combinations as in the case of Elymus elymoides;
and here too these is more justification for the name E. Sitanion since this species constituted Rafinesque's entire genus Sitanion
when it bore the name S. elymoides.
Yet if it is an Elymus and it its original specific name was elymoides,
then it should, as it seems to me, bear the name Elymus elymoides, (Raf.), euphony or no euphony.
In this case and in that of Petalostemon compactus, (Sprengl.),
I have not been able to learn who, if any one, has used this conbination of generic and specific names before
and have accordingly left blank the name following the original author.
…
Elymus elymoides, (Raf.) — — (E. Sitanion, Schultes.) Lewellen.
So while Swezey did not know who first used Elymus elymoides, it turns out it was him!
An anonymous review says the following about this publication.
Original Text
Nebraska Flowering Plants.
Goodwin D. Swezey.
(Doane College, Natural History Studies No. 1,
Pamph. 8vo. pp. 16. Crete, 1891.
This is a list of Nebraska localities for flowering plants in the
herbarium of Doane College, based mainly on collections made
by Prof. Swezey in a tour through the western part of the State,
and by some of his students; 553 species and varieties are enumerated,
of which 76 are here first definitely recorded as occurring
within the area. The nomenclature is based on the stability of
the oldest specific name, ‘believing that this is the only rule
which can lead ultimately to a settled nomenclature.’ Two
binomials are here first proposed:
Petalostemon compactus (Spreng.) (P. macrostachyus, Torr.)
and
Elymus elymoides (Raf.), (E. Sitanion, Schultes).
The original author is cited in parenthesis.
The list is an important supplement to Mr. Webber's Flora.
N. L. B.
I suspect that “N. L. B.” is Nathaniel Lord Britton.
Sitanion hystrix was published by Jared G. Small in a series of Studies on American Grasses
published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture.
Small places all of Nuttall's Ægilops, excluding others of Linnaeus, in Sitanion,
and adds quite a few specific names one might recognize.
1. Sitanion jubatum J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
2. Sitanion villosum J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
3. Sitanion multisetum J. G. Smith, sp. nov. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
4. Sitanion polyantherix J. G. Smith, new name.
Polyantherix hystrix nees, in Ann. Nat. Hist. 1: 284 (1838), not Ægilops hystrix Nutt. (=Elymus multisetus (J.G.Sm.) Burtt Davy)
etc.
Yikes!!! It's a mess.
(Sitanion hystrix J.G.Sm., Bull. Div. Agrostol. U.S.D.A. 18: 15, pl. 2 (1899). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35499501#page/366)
The text of the Introduction was written by Lamson-Scribner.
...
Nuttall,1 who first described the species of this genus,
referred it to the European Ægilops
and named his plant Ægilops hystrix
His description was carefully drawn up and his species can be readily recognized.
A year later, Rafinesque2 published his genus Sitanion,
based upon a single species, which he named Sitanion elymoides.
It has been found impossible to determine with certainty which of the species
enumerated in the present paper was the one named by Rafinesque;
it certainly was not, however, the grass described by Nuttall.
Our leading authorities, Bentham and Hooker,3
Hackel,4 and Baillon,5
have all reduced Sitanion to a section of Elymus.
The articulate rachis, readily breaking up at maturity,
abd the usually bifid or many parted and awned empty glumes are well-defined characters,
distinguishing the wpecies from Elymus,
and justifying their separation as a distinct genus.
To be sure there are species so closely connecting Elymus
with Sitanion that it is difficult to determine to which genus they ought to be referred,
but the same is true in the case of Elymus and Agropyron;
there are intermediates which may with equal propriety be placed
either in the one genus or the other.
1 Genera North American Plants, 1: 86. 1818
2 Journ. Phys., 89: 103. 1819.
3 Genera Plantarum 3: p. 1207.
4 Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 2: part 2, p. 88.
5 Histoire des Plantes, Monographie des Graminées, 258.
12. SITANION HYSTRIX (Nutt.) J. G. Smith, new combination.
(Ægilops hystrix Nutt. Gen. N. Am. Pl., 1: 86, 1818.) Pl. II.
Culms 1 to 3 dm. high, slender, erect or ascending, scabrous above, clothed at the base with papery leaf-sheaths.
Innovations very leafy, one third to two-thirds the length of the culms.
Sheaths striate, strigose-pubescent, open at the throat, closely envoloping the internodes.
Ligule almost obsolete.
Blades narrowly linear, flat ot at length involute, strigose-pubescent throughout,
prominently 9-nerved, scabrous along the margins, erect or ascending;
those of the innovations 7 to 12 cm. long, 1 to 2 mm. wide;
culm leaves about as long, 2 to 4 mm. wide.
Spike 5 to 7 cm. long, erect or subflexuous, exserted,
or its basal portion inclosed in the uppermost leaf-sheath, closely flowered.
Spikelets 3- to 4-flowered, complessed.
Empty glumes bifid, from bear the base and unequally 2-awned;
the strongly scabrous, glaucous, divergent awns, 3 to 4 cm. long.
Flowering glume 7 to 8 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, minutely pubescent,
3-awned, the miffle awn rather slender, recurved, about 3 cm. long.
Palea as long as or longer than the flowering glume, scabrous, tipped with two slender awns, 2 to 3 mm. long.
Internodes of the rachis glaucous, linear, not at all dilated above, about 5 mm. long.
A common, worthless bunch grass on shale hills and among the sagebrush on the high plains from western Colorado to eastern Washington.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
Wyoming:
P. A. Rydberg, No. 2028, Wamsuter, July 24, 1895;
C. L. Shear, No. 280½, Wamsutter, June 24, 1895; No. 283, Green River, June 25, 1895;
Thomas A. Williams, No. 2437, dry rocky hillsides, Evanston, July 10, 1897; No. 2379, dry sagebrsh hills, Green River, July 9, 1897;
Aven Nelson, No. 3058, Green River Hills, May 31, 1897; No. 3669, Wamsutter, July 10, 1897; No. 3784, North Vermilion Creek, July 20, 1897.
Washington:
C. V. Piper, No. 2579, on sagebrish land, Ellensburg, July 9, 1897.
A. B. Leckenby, Walla Walla, July 12, 1898.
Colorado:
John Wolfe, No. 623, 1873;
C. Thomas, 1869; and
F. E. Clements, No. 60, Walsenburg, July 10, 1896.
John Wolfe, No. 623, 1873.
NY1655258, Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.
Locality, Denver, Colorado. Gift from Wesleyan Univ. Deposited NY in 1981. See Brittonia 34(4). 1982.
NY1673562, Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.
Locality, Denver, Colorado.
YU111158. Lieut. G. M. Wheeler, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army. Explorations and Surveys West of the 100th Meridian.
Locality, Denver, Colorado. Sheffield Scientific School. Daniel C. Eaton Collection.
C. Thomas, 1869, collection not found online.
F. E. Clements, No. 60, Walsenburg, July 10, 1896.This collection was not found online.
However, two other collections of the taxon were found collected later in the same year, one at La Vela (sic), Huerfano County,
and one at Villa Grove, Saguache County.
There are in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science two of Nuttall's specimens of Sitanion.
One of these, labeled “Chretomeris trichoides, R. Mts. Platte,”
is exactly identical with No. 3784, A. Nelson, and No. 283, C. L. Shear.
both collected in the Red Desert of Wyoming.
The other, labeled “Elymus difformis, R. Mts. Platte,”
in nearly identical with No. 2028, Rydberg, from Wamsutter, Wyo.
If these specimens are those from which Nuttall's description of Ægilops hystrix was drawn.
and they agree better with his description than any specimen from the
“arid plains of the Missouri” so far examined,
then there was undoubtedly a mistake made in referrinf the habitat of this to that locality.
I doubt that the two Nuttall specimens of Sitanion in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Science are
the specimens from which Nuttall described Ægilops hystrix.
It has to do with timing.
The specimens location is “R. Mts. Platte”
Yet when Nuttall (1818) published Æ. hystrix he had not yet been to the Rocky Mountains along the Platte River.
The earliest specimens from that region would have been the Wyeth specimens from 1833, a date long after Nuttall published Æ. hystrix.
I am assured by Dr. E. L. Greene that it is highly improbable that Rafinesque drew his
description of S. elymoides from Nuttall's plant, and it is certain that Rafinesque's
description (Journ. Phys. 89: 1819) differs in important particulars from
that of Ægilops hystrix, Nuttall.
I am, however, unable definitely to identify any Sitanion
with which I am familiar as the true S. elymoides, Raf.
The locality, “Missouri,” of 1819,
was then applied to what now constitutes several large States
in which a dozen of more separate species occur.
Rafinesque apparently left no type,
and the original description is too fragmentary to enable one to
more than guess at the identity of the plant which he described.
Link (1833, v. 2., p. 189) published Triticum trachycaulum
grown at the Berlin garden from seeds sent by Dr. Richardson.
Richardson is mentioned several times as having send seeds to Link,
and Link named one species after him, Stipa richardson (=Achnatherum richardsonii)
Original Text
28. Tr. trachycaulum. * Folia plana rigidiuscula
striata scaberrima. Spica longiuscula , spiculae
5—7 florae. Valvae septemnerviae acutatae. Valvula
ext. aristato-acutata. — Semina ex itinere in Americam
borealem occidentalem attulit clar. Dr. Richardson
nobisque dedit. ♃. T. Gramen ad 4 pedes in
Horto allum. Caulis superne pilis brevibus rigidis
asperrimus. Vaginae scabrae striatae, ligula vix ulla
sed auricula ad oram vaginae; lamina ped. circiter
longa sulcata asperrima 3 lin. lata. Spica ad ped.
longa ; spiculae 8 liu. longae ; valvae valvulis parum
breviores, valvulae exter. laeves superne in nervis
aristaque asperne, arista lin. longa.
Shinners (1954, p. 28) published Elymus trachycaulus
either from a manuscript by Gould,
or knowing Gould was intending to publish it.
Original Text
Elymus trachycaulus (Link) Gould, ined.
Triticum trachycaulum Link, Enum. Pl. Hort. Reg. Berol. Altera 2: 189. 1833.
Elymus pauciflorus (Schweinitz) Gould, 1947; not Lamarck, 1791.
Known in Texas from the Panhandle.
The orthography follows that of Link,
using second declension endings instead of the more usual third declension form — caulis.
Frank W.Gould (1913-1981) was an American agrostologist
who earned his PhD from University of California at Berkeley,
and served most of his career at the S. M. Tracy Herbarium
at Texas A & M University.
He was the author of 80 definitive treatments on grasses, four grass manuals, and the well known textbook Grass Systematics.
Michaux (1803) published the grass as Poa pectinacea as found in fields of Illinois.
It might be interesting to determine the relationship between the Illinois of today,
and the Illinois of Michaux's time.
It appears to me that Nees (1841, p. 374) in his
Flora of Southern Africa mentions a new name in passing
wondering whether his Eragrostis homomalla N. ab E.
could be distinguished from E. pectinaceam Michx.
In the process Nees assumed that Michaux's Poa pectinaceum
was in fact Eragrostis pectinacea.
Original Text
...
Differt ab omnibus cognitis huius affinitatis ramis paniculae
alterius lateris patentibus quin etiam refractis,
alterius contra erectis aut adpressis,
quo charactere accedente facilius iam distinguitur as Er. pectinacea Michx.,
veree distincta specie, neque cum Er. pilosa coniungenda,
cui ramuli paniculae rigidiores quidem sunt,
at vero longius a basi divisi,
et axillae praeterea pilosi.
Adnot.
An huius loci Er. verticillata Link. Hort. Ber. I. p. 189. (excl. syn.)
an potius ad Er. pectinaceam spectans ?
This is a long way from validly publishing a name,
at least according to current standards,
yet some authorities give Nees authorship.
The first time Eragrostis pectinacea appears in print
as a nominated name was in Steudel (1855, v. 1, p. 272) in the
group of north American species (Species Americae septentrionalis.)
Original Text
132. E. PECTINACEA. Michx.
(Fl. Am. I. 69. sub: Poa.)
... [Latin diagnosis omitted] ...
P. pilosa Muhlbrg.
[Circle with dot – probably means plant is an annual.]
Am. sptr.
Steudel does in a way acknowledge Michaux's basionym of Poa pectinacea.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Eriocoma;
Eriocoma Nutt. in the Golden s.l. Flora
Nuttall (1818, v. 1, p. 40) …
63. * ERlOCOMA.† (Silk-grass.)
Calix 2-valved, 1 -flowered; valves gibbous
and coarctate above, longer than the corolla,
both 3-nerved and cuspidate.
Corolla 2-valved,
roundish; valves coriaceous, vested with a silky
wool, the outer valve terminated by a short
triquetrous deciduous awn.
Anthers bearded.
Seed large, somewhat spherical.
Flowers dichotomously paniculate, peduncles flexuose,
capillary, and clavulate. Leaves very long, involute and
subulate, nodes of the culm distant, entirely sheathed.
† From εξιον, wool,
and χομη, a head of hair.
A grass producing a fastigiate tuft of silky hair upon the glume of the corolla.
Pursh (1814, v. 2, sup., p. 728) was the first to publish a name, using Stipa membranacea stating that he saw the grass in Bradbury's herbarium. However, that name was illegitimate because it was previously used by Linnaeus (1753) for a grass growing in “Hifpania” (Spain).
Roemer & Schultes (1817, vol. 2, p. 339) published the first valid name
for this grass.
Their description is identical to that of Pursh (1814),
so I think it is safe to assume that the type of Bradbury was used.
Original Text
Translation and Comments
29. S. hymenoides ;
foliis convoluto-filiformibus glabris, paniculâ laxâ, pedicellis flexuosis,
calycibus membranaceis trivervibus longe acuminatis,
corollis calyce brevioribus sericeo-villosis,
villis corollam superantibus,
aristâ nudâ rectâ calyce paulo longiore.
S. membranacea Pursh Fl. Amer. Sept. II p. 728.
29. S(tipa) hymenoides, the leaves twisted-filiform, glabrous, the panicle loose,
the pedicels flexuouse, calyx 3-nerved gradually acuminate, membranous, corolla shorter than calyx sericeous-villous,
awn nude [glabrous?] straight, slightly longer than calyx.
Altitudo 18 pollicum: spicae ovales, pilis longis sericeis tectae.
Ad littora fluvii Missouri.
About 18 inches tall; heads ovate, long silky hairs when young.
On the shores of the Missouri river.
Nuttall (1818, p. 40) published a new genus Eriocoma and, apparently not aware of Roemer & Schultes (1817), above,
published a valid name for Pursh's Stipa membranacea.
This, if course, was s superfluous name.
Original Text
Translation and Comments
63. * ERIOCOMA. † (Silk-grass.)
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered;
valves gibbous and coarctate above, longer than the corolla,
both 3-nerved and cuspidate.
Corolla 2-valved, roundish;
valves coriaceous, vested with a silky wool,
the outer valve terminated by a short triquetrous deciduous awn.
Anthers bearded.
Seed large, somewhat spherical.
triquetrous = having three corners or salient angles or edges specifically
Flowers dichotomously paniculate, peduncles flexuose,
capillary, and clavulate.
Leaves very long, involute and subulate, nodes of the culm distant,
entirely sheathed.
Stipa membranacea. Pursh, vol. ii. In Supplement. P. 729
nom. Illeg.
1. Cuspidata, C.
Description.
Root perennial; culm 2 to 3 feet high,
simple;
panicle spreading, dichotomous, flowers by pairs,
peduncles capillary flexuosa, clavulate at the summit.
Leaves very long, filiform and convolute,
a little asperate on the margin, (often more than a foot in length);
vagina half a foot,
entirely sheathing the stem and the panicle before evolution;
ligula entire, conspicuous.
Calix 2-valved, 1-flowered, valves membranaceous,
about twice the lendth of the corolla, ventricose and gibbous,
above the corolla contracted;
both 3-nerves, the lateral nerves only about one third the length of the glume,
the central nerve ending in a cusp or short awn margined by the glume at its base,
nerves a little pubescent.
Corolla 2-valved, short, nearly oval, in fruit almost spherical,
valves coriaceous, vested with an exserted silky villus,
extending beyond the corolla,
the dorsal valve terminated by a triquetrous pungent deciduous awn scarcely the length of the calix,
at first perfectly erect, afterwards a little bent;
Stamina 3, scarcely exserted beyond the valves of the corolla;
anthers small, brown, bifid at both extremities,
above terminated by small pubescent tufts.
Style 1.
Stigmas 2, short, hirsutely villous.
Ovarium sheathed by a 3-leaved perisporium(or nectary).
Seed nearly spherical.
This genus is very nearly allied to Oryzopsis,
but at the same time sufficiently distinct both in habit and character;
having a culm with remarkable long sheathing and almost filiform subulate leaves,
a dichotomous spreading panicle, a ventricose, coarctate,
awned calix twice the length of the corolla,
which last is furnished with a deciduous awn,
and a long silky villus.
Habitat.
On the grassy plains of the Missouri,
from the Arikaree village to the Northern Andes?
Flowers in June and July.
† From εξιον, wool,
and χομη, a head of hair.
A grass producing a fastigiate tuft of silky hair,
upon the glume of the corolla.
I may not have the Greek characters correct, some of them were very hard to see in the BHL image.
Frederick V. Coville, writing in the Preface to Piper (1906) Flora of the State of Washington
states Piper's obligation
“ ... to Mr. P L. Ricker and Mr. W. F. Wight, of the Department of Agriculture,
for assistance in bibliography; ...”
Piper (1906, v. 11, p. 109) published Oryzopsis hymenoides crediting Ricker as the author.
[Ricker, Percy Leroy (1878-1973)]
Peterson, et al., 2019, reorganized a lot of Stipeae, but primarily broke up Achnatherum, placing the New World members in Eriocoma, and retaining Achnatherum as a strictly Euraisian genus.
John Coulter (1890, p. 56) first published robusta as a variety of
Stipa viridula (=Nassella viridula).
Coulter gave Vasey authorship of the name, though it does not appear Vasey ever published it himself.
Vasey could have identified the grass and written the manuscript from which Coulter published the name.
However, in that case, one would expect the author to be “Vasey ex Coulter.”
Original Text
714. Stipa viridula Trin., var. robusta Vasey, n. var.
Culms densesly tufted, 12 to 18dm high, stout, leafy :
lower sheaths loose and broad, longer than the internodes;
blades flat and wide or involute above, often 6dm long, scabrous:
panicle dense and large, erect, 25 to 40cm long:
empty glumes 10mm long,
three to five nerved, callus short, densely hairy.
—
Chenate Mountains (Presidio county).
Ranges from Colorado to Mexico.
George Vasey (1884, p. 125) described Scribner Needle Grass from a collection made near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
He doesn't say who made the collection or when.
However, there are two vouchers in SEINet with type-status; one with an image at NY and labeled a co-type, and a record at MO labeled an isotype.
Original Text
New Grasses.
By George Vasey
Stipa Scribneri.
—
Culms 2-3 ft. high, stout, erect;
lower leaves half as long as the culm, smooth, flat below,
becoming involute at the long acuminate point;
upper sheath enclosing the base of the panicle,
which is narrow, erect, and 6-8 inches long,
the branches in twos or threes and appressed;
outer glumes unequal, lower one 6-7 lines,
upper about 5 lines long, both 3-nerved, acuminate;
flowering glume 3-5 lines long, hairy, hairs longer above,
and at the apex forming a white crown a line or more long;
awn rather slender, 8-9 lines long, not hairy;
stipe short, very acute, pubescent;
palet less than a line long, obtuse and adherent to the grain.
Differs from S. viridula particularly in the unequal glumes,
the hairy crowned flowering-glumes, the more slender awn,
and the very short palet.
Collected on dry hill-sides at Sante Fe, New Mexico.
At the time Vasey (1884) named the grass for him, Frank Scribner was the botanist for the Northern Transcontinental Survey.
In May 1885 he was appointed an assistant in the USDA Division of Botany, and in 1894 became the leader of the new
USDA Division of Agrostology.
The new combination of Eriocoma scribneri (Vasey) Romasch. was published in Peterson, et al. (2019)
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Festuca ovina;
Credit probably goes to Andre Michaux (1803) for first recognizing H. comata who noted the grass
lives “ … in the rocky mountains from the Hudson to Canada.”
Unfortunately, Michaux applied Stipa juncea to this grass, a name that Linnaeus had already applied to a grass occurring in Switzerland and France.
51. Stipa comata n.
Paniculae pl. min. implexo-contractae radiis subternis,
aliis fere a basi — , aliis superius floriferis; glumis subulatis,
subaequalibus, valvula inferiore 5 lineali undique brevepilosa
subduplo longioribus; arista subpersistente, torlili, plicata et varie
inflexa, subsexpollicari; anthcris barbatis.
Stipa juncea Nuttall (non L.) Gener. 1. (1818) p. 58? ad ripas
Missouri et in Virginia abundans itinerantibus molestissima.
«Arista laevis, gracilis, vix contorta, semipedalis. »
Stipa capillata Hooker! Fl. Bor. Amer. 2. (1840) p. 237.
Carlton House Fort ad fl. Saskatchawan (Drumond) ; ad ripas et in
planitie fl. Columbia prope «Missouri Portage» (Douglas).
Simillima Stipae capillatae, sed flosculo undique et ad apicem usque
barbatulo, setulis aristarum hinc inde longioribus, denique antheris
distincte barbatis diversa. Reliqua ut in St. capillata; specimen
suppetens pedale.
Stipa juncea Nuttall (1818),
which he described as a variety of Stipa juncea L., is an illegitimate name.
The name was unavailable,
having been previously used by Linnaeus for a grass found in
Switzerland and France.
Barkworth (1993) described Hesperostipa as a North American endemic that is distinct from the Eurasian Stipa s. s.
and more closely allied to the South American genera of Piptochaetium and Nassella.
The name was published in 1936 in Sergei Nevski, a Russian botanist who worked at the Main Botanical Garden in Leningrad.
Most collections before that time were originally determined Hordeum nodosum L.
Most plants are tetraploid, though there is a diploid in California.
A hexaploid has also been found.
Calyces lateral, 2-valved, mostly 1-flowered, aggregted by threes,
so as to resemble a setaceous 6-leaved involucrum;
the central flower sessile, the lateral ones stipitate, usually sterile.
Corolla 2-valved, acute; exterior valve awned.
Very nearly allied both by habit and character to the preceding genus.
Flowers spiked, imbricated mostly in 2 rows;
calycine involucrum setaceous, 6 leaved, division approaching by pairs.
In the H. hexastichon, the flowers are imbricated in 6 ranks,
because all the flowers are hermaphrodite;
probably a mere effect of cultivation.
[The preceding genus was Elymus – Ed.]
Species.
1. H. vulgare. Cultivated …
2. * pusillum
Lateral masculine or nertral flowers awnless, acute;
four internal calicina glumes, coriaceous and dilated, those of the hermaphrodite sublanceolate;
internal valve of the lateral masculine flower, subsemi-ovate.
[The description of H. vulgare is skipped. – Ed.]
Culm 4 to 6 inches, decumbent, or somewhat genoculate at the base.
Leaves rather glaucous, a little pubescent on the under surface, striate,
about one and a half inches long, and almost obtuse;
uppermost sheath tumid and very smooth, embracing the spike.
Spike linear; about one and a half inches long.
Glumes by threes, distichally imbricated.
Lateral imperfect flowers awnless, acute;
central sessile flower awned, the awn almost exactly the length of that of the subtending calix;
awns scabrous.
Calix smooth, nerveless, exterior valve in the outer flowers setaceous from its base,
the inner valves obliguely dilated, and rigidly coriaceous, all awned,
the inner divisions of the lateral flowers, appearing nearly semi-ovate,
the central ones sublanceolate.
Corolla nerveless, the inner valve furnished with a short awn, arising from its base.
Nearly allied, apparently, the the H. maritimum.
On the arid and saline plains of the Missouri.
3. jubatum.
On the calcareous islands of Lake Huron and Michigan,
also on the banks of the Missouri.
The genus Hordeum exists chiefly in Europe,
extending into Northern Africa, and Tartary in Asia.
The 2 species above described are natives of North America,
and the F. jubatum is also common to Smyrna.
[One would assume that Nuttall was referring to Smyrna in what we now call Turkey.
However, there are towns named Smyrna in Georgia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Delaware, Michigan, and Maine,
and Nuttall may have been in or near some of those towns in his travels. – Ed.]
Koeleria Pers. “Junegrass”
Koeleria is a common and widespread genus of plants in the grass family, found on all continents except Antarctica and on various oceanic islands. It includes species known generally as Junegrasses. The genus was named after German botanist Georg Ludwig Koeler (1765–1807).
Panicula subspicata, oblonga, interrupta, rhachis scabra,
trîangularis; rami brevissimi, tri - vel quadriflori.
Spiculae ovatae, biflorae.
Flosculi calycem excedentes ; glumae omnes acnminatae,
compressae, ad carinam serrtilato - scabrae.
Hab. in jugo montium Jablonnoi - Chrebet. ♃
Yablonovyy Khrebet, 350-600 km. east of and roughly
paralleling Lake Baikal, north of Mongolia.
Obs. Differt haec ab A. cristata folîis omnibus latioribus
glabris, ligula elongata ; ab A. glauca flosculis
calycem excedentibus ; ab utraque autem caule
humiliori a floribus majoribus diversa.
There seems to be general agreement (by extensive Google search) that what is called “Tall Fescue” is the grass known by its basionym of Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
1000.
Festuca arundinacea panicle spike strict, spikes oblong erect awn, calyx angular.
Gmelin, Flora Sibirica sive Historia Plantarum Siberiae. 1. p. 111.
Gramen arundinaceum, locuſtis viridi-ſpadiceis loliaceis brevius ariſtatis.
Scheuchz. Agr. p. 266. t. 5. f. 18.
Grass reed-like, …
Scheuzer, Agrostographia sive Graminum, … p. 266. t. 5. f. 18.
In prato acclivi hinter dem Biniz, loco humido.
In the steep field beyond the Biniz [East Germany], in a damp location.
“arundinacea” would mean cane-like from arundo (“cane”) +? -aceus.
“loliaceis” could mean chaffy, but Lolium itself is a name given by Virgil to a troublesome weed.
There is less agreement as to its current accepted name, whether it should be
Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh., or Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.
Starting close to home, most Colorado authors use Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.,
including Ackerfield (2015), Weber & Wittman (2015), and Shaw (2008).
Wingate (1994) uses Festuca arundinaceus Schreb., although it is a older reference. Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) used Festuca elatior var. arundinaceae (Screb.) Celak..
By way of comparison, the Jepson Manual of California (Baldwin, et al., 2012) retains Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
On a regional level, the Southwest Biodiversity Network (SEINet) taxon tree has kind of a split personality with regard to “Tall Fescue.”
The current (3 October 2019) taxon tree accepts both Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire
and Schedonorus asundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.
One consequence is that both names have to be entered into a query when searching for collections of “tall fescue.”
Collections of “tall fescue” entered into SEINet
The map at left (3 Oct 2019) shows the locations of Colorado collections of “tall fescue” that have coordinates entered into SEINet.
Within Jefferson County, collections have primarily been made at Chatfield Farms, Hildebrand Park and Deer Creek Canyon Park.
There are no collections of this grass from Golden s.l.
USDA Plants accepts Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. as a conserved name.
Festuca arundinacea Schreb and Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire are treated as synonyms.
Perhaps somewhat ironic is the USDA NRCS plant guide for “Tall Fescue” (Henson, 2001) which accepts the name of
Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S.J. Darbyshire.
Conservation of Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort. was proposed by Soreng, et al. (2001).
S. arundinaceus Roem. & Schult. Syst. Veg. 2: 700. 1817 was rejected because it is not the basionym
of any currently accepted taxon.
Rather is it a synonym of Scolochloa festucacea (Willd.) Link.
Hexaploid tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh. = Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., formerly Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Var. arundinacea] is an agronomically vital member of the grass family that has been characterized based on morphological characteristics, interfertility relationships, and, more recently, genetic criteria such as gene sequences. Efforts to improve tall fescue for forage or turf and to gain insight into processes of grass evolution hinge on an accurate depiction of the interrelationships that exist between this species and other Lolium and Festuca grasses. The evolution of hexaploid tall fescue, and a majority of grasses, has involved interspecific hybridization that obscures species boundaries but, more importantly, serves as a rapid means of combining distinct genomes into novel progeny with enhanced evolutionary potential. We discuss here the systematics of the Festuca-Lolium complex within the context of such processes and highlight the dynamic and often confounding evolutionary history that characterizes tall fescue and its relatives (Fribourg, et al., 2009).
Forage Identification: Tall fescue. Department of Plant Sciences. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (Schreb.) Darbysh) (http://www.uwyo.edu/plantsciences/uwplant/forages/grasses/tall-fescue.html)
Phylogeny of tall fescue and related species using RFLPs. Theor Appl Genet. 1994 Aug;88(6-7):685-90. doi: 10.1007/BF01253971. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24186163)
Melanie L Hand, Noel OI Cogan, Alan V Stewart & John W Forster Evolutionary history of tall fescue morphotypes inferred from molecular phylogenetics of the Lolium-Festuca species complex BMC Evolutionary Biologyvolume 10, Article number: 303 (2010) (https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-10-303)
Nuttall (1847, p. 187) described the grass from a collection by William Gambel.
Original Text
CALAMAGROSTIS.
§ *Trichagrostis.
—
Spikelets one-flowered, the flower sessile,
with long hairs at the base.
Glumes two, subequal, membranaceous, acute,
longer than the flower, the lower with a short terminal awn.
Paleae two, very acute, the lower carinate,
ending in an exserted capillary awn ;
the upper one-nerved, acuminate.
Caryopsis free, cylindric-oblong,
much shorter than the glume.
C. *andina.
A simple stemmed small grass, with a compressed culm,
about two or three feet high ;
ligules minute ;
flowers in a short, paniculate, narrow spike,
about three or four inches long, half an inch wide,
with a habit very distinct from the general character of the genus ;
glumes very long and slender, each with about a single nerve ;
very narrow and membranaceous ;
one of them distinctly awned, the other acuminate ;
pappus copious, longer than the small flower ;
no lateral rudiment of another flower.
Hab.
In Upper California, on the Colorado of the West.
Gambel traveled to Los Angeles with the Rowland-Workman party, and left with them for California on September 1, 1941 (Graustein, p. 350; see also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Rowland).
Assuming they took the northern route of the Old Spanish Trail,
Gambel would have passed through territory known where Muhlenbergia andina is known to occur in proximity
to the Colorado River near Moab, Grand County, Utah.
If they traveled the southern route, Gambel might have seen it near Tsegi Canyon or Betakin Canyon.
The route traveled might be stated in Spitzzeri (1998).
Unfortunately I have been able to break through the paywalls of JSTOR or UC Press,
nor obtain a copy of the article through ResearchGate.
Vaseya Thurb., in Gray, Proc, Acad. Phila. 1863: 79. 1863.
The type is V. comata Thurb., the only species described.
This is Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitchc.
(Calamagrostis andina Nutt.).
A GIS analysis of georeferenced collections of Muhlenbergia andina (Nutt.) Hitchc. (SEINet, 2021, n=299), within 100 km of the Colorado River, and within 3 km of a trace of the Old Spanish Trail, show that the most likely location of the Gambel collection is in Tsegi Canyon and vicinity, Navajo County, Arizona. There is a tiny chance that the collection was near Moab, but only if the Rowland-Workman party followed the northern route of the Old Trail. There is also a small chance that the collection was made in Piute Canyon or along Piute Creek, 23 km. northwest of Tsegi Canyon. However, the largest number of collections are found in or near Tsegi Canyon.
There are three collections with four vouchers in this area.
These are
S. Holiday, #376, 9/9/1995 ASC63457;
Wetherill, s.n., 8/22/1935, MNA B.3488;
and M. J. A. Wetherill, #538, 8/22/1935, ARIZ91714 & ARIZ91715
There is a fourth collection just outside the Tsegi Canyon area:
D. Roth, #1308, 8/30/2001, ASC70375.
And finally, the collection in Piute Canyon is:
Kenneth D. Heil and Arnold Clifford, #17190, 8/14/2001, SJNM330.
Muhlenbergia asperifolia (Nees & Meyen ex Trin.) Parodi. “Alkali Muhley”
Literature Cited: - Trinius, C. B., 1840. Dried collection of Alkali Muhley, my collection no. 490.
Trinius (1845, 6e serie, t. 2, p. 95) published Vilfa asperifolia as described by Nees and Meyen.
asperifolia would mean “rough leaves.”
The paper was either read or communicated on 5 June 1840,
but not published until July 1845.
Original Text
† 61) Vilfa asperifolia N. et Meyen!
6 — 10-po!Iicaris.
Juba patente , subpauciflora , 4 — 5 - pollicari ;
Radiis inferioribus subtripollicaribus,
basi paullo nudis, compositis;
Spiculis vix linealibus;
Glumis parum l. paullo inaequalibus ,
valvulis pl. min. ↷ (l. injcriore fere ½)
brevioribus, dorso hispidulis; Valvula inferiore submucronata ,
superiore obtusiuscula. Foliis planis, asperis,fere lineam lotis,
culmeis 1 ½-pollicaribus, ramorum pollicaribus et brevioribus.
Chile; Rio Mayno: Copiapo.
Radix .... Culmus diffuso-ramosissimus, decumbens, glaber.
Nodi plures, glabri.
Vaginae nodis longiores, glabrae, saepe hiantes.
Ligula membranacea, brevis.
Folia patentia, aspera l. asperiuscula, in ramis
subdisticha, juniora angustissima, inferiora pollicaria,
superiora semipollicaria, in culmo pl. min. 1 ½- pollicaria,
fere lineam lata, acuta l. acnminata , glauco- viridia.
Juba (junior) basi folio subinvolucrata.
Radii strictiusculi, solitarii, paullo distantes, superne scabri,
compositi l. subcompositi.
Pedicelli spicula multo (3 — 7-ies) longiores, hispidi.
Spiculae aeneae, acutae, haud raoe biflorae.
Glumae 1-nerves, acutae, dorso hispidulae, superior ipso apice sub lente strigillosa.
Valvula inferior 1—l. sub-5-nervis, ex apice obtusiusculo mucronulata:
mucrone hispidulo; superior obtusiuscula, 2-nervis.
Antherae lineares.
Carl Bernhard von Trinius (6 March 1778, Eisleben – 12 March 1844, St. Petersburg) was a German-born botanist and physician.
As a botanist, Trinius was a specialist in grasses and described many species in his career, including Agrostis pallens, Cenchrus agrimonioides and Festuca subulata.
The genus Trinia and species Trinia glauca are named after him. The so-called "Herbarium Trinii" (a collection of roughly 4000-5000 plants) was bequeathed to the botanical museum in St. Petersburg (WikiPedia, 2021).
Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (14 February 1776 – 16 March 1858) was a prolific German botanist, physician, zoologist, and natural philosopher. He was a contemporary of Goethe and was born within the lifetime of Linnaeus. He described approximately 7,000 plant species (almost as many as Linnaeus himself). His last official act as president of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina was to admit Charles Darwin as a member. He was the author of numerous monographs on botany and zoology. His best-known works deal with fungi.
Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen (28 June 1804 – 2 September 1840) was a Prussian physician and botanist.
Meyen was born in Tilsit, East Prussia. In 1830 he wrote Phytotomie, the first major study of plant anatomy.
Between 1830 and 1832, he took part in an expedition to South America on board the Prinzess Luise, visiting Peru and Bolivia, describing species then new to science such as the Humboldt penguin.
Parodi (1928) is given credit for Muhlenbergia asperifolia in
Revista de la Facultad de Agronomia y Veterinaria. Buenos Aires
vol. 6: 117, p. 117.
I have been unable to find this volume on the Internet.
Nuttall (1848, p. 187) published Calycodon montanus from a collection by Gambel near Santa Fe, New Mexico.
Nuttall's Text
Comments and Interpretation
*CALYCODON
Spikelets one-flowered, the flower sessile, bearded at the base.
Glumes two, unequal, shorter than the flower, membranaceous,
the lower truncate, acutely three-toothed;
the lower smaller, one-toothed.
Paleae two, the lower sublanceolate, carinate,
terminaing in a longish scabrous awn;
at length indurated, with a silky pilose margin;
the upper palea lanceolate, one-nerved, indurated and involute.
Anthers three.
Stigmas two, plumose.
—
A scabrous leaved grass, with a simple inarticulated culm,
terminated by a loose, narrow, somewhat spiked panicle.
So called in allusion to the remarkable toothing of the calyx.
C. *montanum.
Leaves short and narrow, somewhat scabrous;
ligules membranaceous, elongated;
panicles four or five inches long, narrow, with the branches appressed;
flowers clustered on the branches,
three or four together, some nearly sessile and others pedicellate;
glumes variable, membranaceous and eroded at the summit, the lower, three-nerved,
with three wither short, or rather long and acute teeth,
sometimes with a fourth membranous tooth;
the upper glume also eroded, and ending in a single tooth from the nerve;
the lower palea lanceolate, carinate, scabrous, and indurated,
terminated by a long, slender, scabrous awn;
the inner margin silky, with soft shining hair,
of which there are two tufts at the base of the paleae;
the inner paleae also indurated and herbaceous in the centre,
involving the germ and the stamens.
A perennial grass, with a simple, unnjointed culm, about eighteen inches high.
Somewhat allied to Muhlenbergia,
(when restrained to its proper limits,)
but perfectly distinct by its very remarkable glumes.
The ripe seed we have not seen.
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains, near Santa Fe, Mexico.
Flowering in August.
Muhlenbergia wrightii Vasey ex J.M. Coult. “Spike Muhly”
There are five vouchers of Wright #1986, labeled Muhlenbergia wrightii: two at GH, one at MO, and two at NY.
The two vouchers at GH are lebeled isotypes.
Several are labeled isotypes.
The voucher at MO is labeled an isotype.
NY381414 is annotated “Type number of M. wrightii Vasey, Determined by Richard W. Pohl 1967.”
This voucher was from the Grass Herbarium of Mr. George V. Nash, purchased 1911.
The other voucher at NY (NY381413) is from the Torrey Herbarium and bears the note,
“Probably a new species, but I do not feel well enough satisfied with it to describe it. J. T.”
GH24000 does not give a location.
GH24001 is annotated, “Field no 511, &slquo;511, grass, Valley of Sonora, along branches, in small compact bunches, Sept 14, 1851&srquo;
east of Huachuca Mt. south of Benson. Cochise Co, Ariz!”
NY381413 gives the location as New Mexico, as does NY381414.
Coulter (1885, p. 409) first published M. wrightii noting the author was
“Vasey ined.”
2. M. Wrightii, Vasey ined.
Stems erect, 9 inches to a foot high or
more: leaves involute, rather rigid and pungently pointed, scabrous, pale;
sheaths much shorter than the internodes: panicle spike-like, 1 to 3 inches long, the
two or three lowest clusters of spikelets somewhat distant : the glumes and
palets scabrous, especially on the midribs ; lower glume the shorter, ⅓ to ½ the
length of the flowering glume, mucronate pointed ; upper glume longer, 1-nerved
and short-awned : flowering glume l-nerved, tipped by a stout rough awn about
⅓ the length of the palet. — Colorado and New Mexico.
Calix 2-valved, oblong, 1-flowered,
Corolla 2-valved, longer than the calix.
Stamina 2 or 3.
(Spike surrounded at the base by the sheath of the leaf;
or the flowers collected into a leafy capitulum.)
Culm decumbent or procumbent, extremely branched;
leaves rigid and pungent;
flowers collected in squarrose heads,
or short and dense irregularly involucrate,
lobed spikes.
SPECIES.
1. C. * squarrosa.
Stem decumbent, much branched;
leaves short, all rigid, and sharply pungent;
capituli squarrose, few flowered;
dorsal valve of the corolla coriaceous, somewhat cleft at the point,
with a shortish subulate central cusp.
On arid plains near the “Grand Detour” of the Missouri,
almost exclusively covering thousands of acres,
and as pungent as thorns.
☉
Not more than 3 or 4 inches high;
the flowers not collected into heads,
as in the European species,
but merely in squarrose terminal fascicles;
the outer glume of the corolla is likewise cleft so as to
present 3 short coriaceous subulate points.
Torrey (1859, p. 102) report on the botany of the Whipple expedition....
Original Text
Comments
MONROA. Nov. Gen.
... [Latin genus diagnosis not reproduced.] ...
Monroa squarrosa.
Crypsis squarrosa, Nutt. Gen. 1. p. 49.
Hills and ravines,
Anton Chico,
New Mexico ; September.
“On the arid plains of the Upper Missouri, near the Grand Detour, it covers, almost exclusively, thousands of acres.&rdquo
—
Nutt.
This grass is very distinct from Crypsis, and belongs, as we think, to the tribe Hordeaceae.
In the notice of Dr. James' plants,
collected in Long's 1st expedition,
(Ann. Lyc, Nat. Hist. N. York, 2, p. 254,)
it was intimated that is was probably a distinct genus.
... [Description not reproduced.] ...
We dedicate this singular genus to Major Monro,
of the East India Company's service,
who has made the grasses an especial study.
Barkworth (1990, p. 597) revised the circumscription of Nassella Desv.
to include all species of Stipeae with strongly overlapping lemma margins;
lemma apices that are fused into a crown;
paleae that are highly reduced, ecostate and glabrous;
long epiblasts;
and lemma epidermes with very short fundamental cells having silicified cell walls.
The expanded genus includes 79 species, almost all of which are South American.
Our most common Nassella in Colorado is N. viridula (Trin.) Barkworth
or “Green Needlegrass”
N. tenuissima (Trin.) Barkworth is reported from Larimer County,
and may be escaped from cultivation.
The name was applied by Linnaeus (1753) from known locations of Virginia and Jamaica.
Pascopyrum Á.Löve
Treated as a synonym of Elymus by POWO.
Pascopyrum Love. gen. nov.
(based on the description of Agropyron spicatum Scribn. & Merr. 1897, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Agrostol. Bull. 4:33
[“type *** Geyer, upper Missouri”]
not the basionym Festuca spicata Pursh; generic type P. smithii)
Differing from A. repens in the acute, compressed, diverging spikelets
and striate, bluish-green, glaucous leaves : common in meadows
of the prairie regions, reaching in the valleys an altitude of 2000 m.
See under A. spicatum above. I name this species in honor of
my friend J. G. Smith, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture who
has contributed more than any one else to the knowledge of our
Agropyrons.
Montana: Logan, 1895, Shear, 514; Rydberg, 2271;
Elk Mts., Castle, 1896, Flodman, 222; Rydberg, 3256;
Madison Co., Mrs. McNultv;
Gallatin City, 1883, Scribner, 425;
Flathead Lake, 1883, Canby, 389;
Otter Creek, Scribner, 426.
Many profound changes in mid-continental grasslands have resulted from the recent extended drought.
In the prairies of eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota, the earlier continuous stands of bluestem
(Andropogon scoparius [=Schizachyrium scoparium] and Andropogon furcatus [=A. gerardi])
have often been greatly fragmented and now occur as relict patches a few square feet to many square rods in extent.
Loss of approximately 95 per cent of little bluestem has left prairie cover very open.
Over large areas, except for weeds and a few surviving grasses and forbs, the soil was bared
(Weaver, Stoddart, and Noll, 1935; Weaver and Albertson, 1939).
Grasses more xerophytic than the bluestems have dgreatly increased, notably needle grass (Stipa spartea),
prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) and western wheat grass (Agropyron smithii).
The wheat grass has entirely replaced other grasses in many prairies and is such a vigorous competitor
for water that its invasion into countless relict areas of weakened bluestems has gradually resulted in their disappearance
together with most of the accompanying forbs.
...
Increase in abundance of this species was one of the most striking phenomena of the drought (fig. 2).
Extensive earlier studies in the prairies of eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and South Dakota (Weaver and Fitzpatrick, 1934)
have shown that western wheat
grass constituted an almost negligible part of this grassland.
Usually it occurred only where there had been some disturbance.
...
Even casual observation revealed a striking decrease
in number of forbs just as soon as one entered an area dominated by western wheat grass2
...
Field tests of soil moisture. —
Western wheat grass invaded the prairie near Lincoln that has been used
several years for experimental studies (Fredrickson, 1938; Noll, 1939).
By 1937 it had become established in numerous large patches.
...
Only two native grasses compete successfully with it. Side-oats grama has
done so inly when early spring was dry and late spring and summer moist.
Blue grama is more drought resistant than western wheat grass.
It successfully invades pure stands of this grass and may gradually replace it.
But blue grama is a short grass and yield is relatively low.
...
Summary
Agropyron smithii is a common sod-forming, perennial forage grass of midwestern prairies.
It is so successful a competitor for the meager supply of soil moisture that it often causes the death
of more mesic grasses and forbs of the true prairie.
...
Formerly occurring sparingly in the eastern portions of Nebraska and Kansas,
western wheat grass spread rapidly and widely following the great deterioration of grassland due to drought.
Competition for water resulted in great drawfing and often in wilting and death of most other prairie grasses and forbs.
Numbers of species and numbers of stems of perennial forbs were greatly decreased after western wheat grass once became thoroughly established.
In prairies on silt-loam soil and under similar precipitation, the number of perennial species of forbs was only 56 per cent
as great in wheat grass,
and the number of stems 20 per cent of that in uninvaded areas.
The large area of drought-damaged true prairie and native pasture now dominated by western wheat grass and the harmful effects of the
successful competition for water of western wheat grass with species of greater forage value present a problem of
much scientific interest and great economic importance.
Love (1980a, p. 168) published his monotypic Pascopyrum ...
Original Text
Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Love, comb. Nov.
(based on Agropyron smithii Rudberg, 1900, N. Y. Bot. Gard. Mem. 1:64).
2n = 56.
Canada: Manitoba, Sandilands, roadside. L. Cyt.T6159.
Love (1980b, p. 547) corrected his oversight and published a Latin diagnosis …
Original Text
Addendum
The author would like to take this opportunity to correct an unfortunate misunderstanding
when he, in Taxon 29(1), 1980, p. 168, failed to include the following Latin description of the
new monotypic genus Pascopyrum Love:
[… Latin description omitted …]
Typus generis: Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Love, cf. Taxon, l.c., p. 168.
It should not be planted with
aggressive introduced grasses, but is very compatible with
slower developing natives such as
bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata),
thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus),
streambank wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus ssp. psammophilus),
and needlegrass species (Achnatherum spp.,
Hesperostipa spp., Nassella spp.,
Stipa spp., and Ptilagrostis spp.)
...
It is long-lived with an extensive, very strong, rhizomatous
root system combined with a few deep roots.
...
It is a cool season perennial grass common
to intermittent moist, sometimes saline to saline-sodic,
medium to fine textured soils in the Great Plains,
Southwest, and Intermountain regions of the western
United States.
Environmental Concerns
Western wheatgrass is long-lived, spreads primarily via
vegetative means (rhizomes) but may also spread via seed
distribution.
It is not considered "weedy", but can spread
into adjoining vegetative communities under ideal
climatic and environmental conditions
...
‘Arriba’ western wheatgrass was released for dryland hay
production, grazing, and conservation seedings in the
western part of the Central Great Plains and Southwestern
United States.
It was collected from native plants
growing near Flagler, Colorado. Seed is commercially
available and the USDA, NRCS Plant Materials Center,
Meeker, Colorado maintains Breeder and Foundation
seed.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa arida;
Poa arida Vasey. “Plains Bluegrass”
George Vasey (1883) described P. arida from a collection he made at Socorro, New Mexico, in 1881.
Original Text
Type specimen collected by G. R. Vasey at Socorro, New Mexico, in 1881; other
specimens collected in Utah, Colorado, Kansas, and northward to British America.
This is P. andina Nutt., in Herb. Phila. Acad., fide F. Lamson-Scribner,
but Nuttall's manuscript name is preoccupied by a Chilian species, P. andina
Trin. It may be distinguished from Poa fendleriana (Steud.) Vasey by the
smaller spikelets, smaller florets, and the pubescence between the nerves of the
floral glumes.
Vasey (1893a, 2(2), no. 74) published Poa fendleriana. However, I have been unable to find an online version of Volume 2, Part 2.
I assume that Vasey (1893b, v. 2, p. 297) is nearly identical in content, though it is not the original publication of Poa fendleriana.
While the grass is named for Fendler, who only collected in New Mexico, and Steudel (1855) refers specifically to a Fendler collection,
Vasey gives the geographic distribution as Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada.
Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada.
This species was named without description
Sclerochloa Californica Munro in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 342 (1857), and was
described as Atropis Californica Munro in Wats. Bot. Gal. ii. 309 (1880).
In Vasey, Cat. Grasses of U. S. 81 (1885) it was again changed to Poa Californica,
and by this name it is probably most widely known.
Besides these proper synonyms, specimens have been wrongly named P. andina Nutt.
and P. tenuifolia Nutt.
It is apparently completely dioecious, and this fact is probably one cause for
the multiplicity of names and the confusion regarding the species.
The staminate panicle is more open and
has fewer spikelets than the pistillate, and the glumes are narrower, thinner,
less pubescent, and slightly smaller.
The spikelets of the staminate plant are flat,
with divergent florets open at maturity; while those of the pistillate plant are more
turgid, with merely carinate margins, the florets remaining erect and closed.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa palustris;
Poa palustris L. “Fowl Bluegrass”
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa secunda;
Poa secunda J. Presl. “Sandberg Bluegrass”
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Poa tracyi;
Vasey (1888, p. 48) described Poa tracyi collection made by
Prof. S. M. Tracy near Raton, New Mexico.
Original Text
Comments
Prof. S. M. Tracy collected in New Mexico, Arizona, S. California,
Nevada, Utah and Western Colorado, over 200 species of
grasses, many of them interesting, particularly the Oryzopsis
Webberi, collected at Reno, Nevada, the first specimens which
have been collected since those by Mr. Lemmon, on which the
species was founded by Dr. Thurber, as Eriocoma Webberi.
Currently known in Colorado as Achnatherum webberi (Thurb.) Barkworth,
though it appears we will soon revert to calling it Eriocoma webberi Thurb.
It is not known from Jefferson County, there being only one collection from Grand Junction.
The following appear to be new : Poa Tracyi, from mountain
sides near Raton, New Mexico. It is of the flexuosa group, 2 to
3 feet high, with short leaves, panicle 4 to 6 inches long, spikelets
large, flowing glumes strongly five-nerved, scabrous-pubescent,
hairy at the base ; Diplachne Tracyi, near D. fascicularis, 1 3^ to
2 feet high, erect, and narrow, leaves equaling the culm, panicle
long, branches appressed, spikelets seven to nine-flowered, flowering
glumes with two acute lobes at the apex and a short awn
between them. In clumps growing in ditches at Reno, Nevada.
On the waters of the Missouri and Columbia rivers. June
v. s. in Herb. Lewis.
Moulton (1999, no 142) confirms that there is a collection of the grass in the Lewis & Clark herbarium.
The oldest label states the collection was made on the plains of the Columbia, June 10th, 1806.
An annotation label states:
=Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) S & S
Type Festuca spicata
Determined by A. S. Hitchcock
Pseudoroegneria (Nevski) A. Love and P. spicata (Pursh) A. Love were published in “IOPB Chromosome Number Reports LXVI,” Taxon 29: 168 (1980).
Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Love, comb. Nov.
(based on Festuca spicata Pursh, 1814, Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:83).
Ssp. spicata.
2n=14.
Canada: British Columbia, near Kelowna.
L. Cyt. T6792.
113. LEPTURUS. R. Brown. (Rotbollia, species, Willd.)
Flowers polygamous, spiked.
Rachis articulated, filiform; articulations single-flowered.
—
Calix fixed, or growing to the rachis, 1 or 2-valved, the valve simple, or biparted.
With the precise characters of this genus, as described by Mr. R. Brown,
I am unacquainted, but satisfied with the propriety of separating plants of such dissimilar habits,
as have been hitherto referred to Rotbollia,
I have ventured to give it, however imperfectly.
Species.
1. L. * paniculatus.
Rachis incurved, compounded, acutely triangular, branches and summit flower-bearing;
spikes on one side, subulate, compressed, unilaterals;
calix 2-valved, acuminate, 1-flowered;
flowers all hermaphrodite, 2-valved.
Obs.
Annual.
Culm scarcely a foot high, roundish, compressed, leaves short, rigid,
sheathing the base of the panicle;
panicle of naked rachis, slender, rigid, angular, bearing 6 to 10,
compressed, subulate, spikes on one side, not soluble or fragile at the articulations,
each 1 or 2 inches long;
flowers remote, on one side of the rachis.
Calix rigidly fixed, of 2 unequal parallel valves closing the scrobiculum;
flower 2-valved, the exterior valve resembling the calix, the interion membranaceous.
On dry saline plains, near Fort Mandan, on the Missouri.
Flowering in June.
The work of Nuttall.
—
The botanical work done in Arkansas up to 1887, when the work of the present Geological Survey began,
was confined to a few individuals and a few exploring parties.
The earliest explorer was Thomas Nuttall,
one of the prominent early naturalists.
He spent several years in the territory, as it rhen was,
most of his time being occupied in botanical observations.
The results of these observations were not published as a report,
but at odd times and in different places.
They are all long out of print.
“Journal of Travels Into Arkansas Territory, 1819 : By Thomas Nuttall, p. 236, Phila., 1821.”
This book has not been obtained by the writer, and no sketch of its contents can be given.
“A Description of Some New Species of Plants Recently Introduced Into the Gardens of Philadelphia,
from the Arkansas Territory : By THomas Nuttall. Journ Phil. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, pp. 114-123 ;
Phila., 1821.”
Twelve species of Arkansas plants are described.
“Description of Two New Genera of the Natural Order Cruciferae : By Thomas Nuittall.
Ibid., Vol. V, pp. 132-135.”
The plants are Selenia aurea and Streptanthus maculatus ;
the latter from Red River, the former from the Arkansas.
“Collections Toward a Flora of the Territory of Arkansas : By THomas Nuttall.
Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. II (New Series), pp. 139-203.
Philadelphia, 1837."
There are included two fungi, and several Pteridophyta,
the remainder being flowering plants, some newly described.
The paper appears to be a list of all the plants, so far as it goes,
found in Arkansas up to the time of publication.
But the Polypetalae and several orders of the Gamopetalae (one of the Compositae) are omitted.
...
Nomenclature.
—
The oldest specific or varietal names are used in this list
(not going back of Linnaeus' Species, 1753)
under whatever genera they may originally have been employed.
On this principle Professor William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanical Gardens at St. Louis,
has kindly revised the list.
It is but just to Professor Trelease to add, however,
that the time that could be allowed for this revision was too short to admit
of the necessary investigations in all cases,
so that a few plants appear under questionable names current
in Gray's Manual or other works in general use.
...
GRAMINEAE
...
Schedonnardus, Steud.
paniculatus (Nutt.) (S. texanus, Steud.); Nuttall, Lesquereux.
...
Remarks [from Kew]:
Branner & Coville, who authored the article, acknowledged Trelease for revising their list (of plant names),
but did not ascribe any nomenclatural novelty to Trelease.
The moderately supported clade of M. sect. Pseudosporobolus ( Fig. 3 ) includes a diverse assemblage of species,
such as Schedonnardus paniculatus,
that has panicles with long primary branches that do not rebranch, hence containing nearly sessile spikelets; …
Taxonomy
—
Because our molecular analysis renders
Muhlenbergia paraphyletic, we propose incorporating Aegopogon, Bealia, Blepharoneuron,
Chaboissaea, Lycurus, Pereilema, Red?eldia, Schaffnerella, and Schedonnardus
within Muhlenbergia.
Muhlenbergia is the oldest name.
Expansion of the circumscription to include these nine genera within
Muhlenbergia requires the least amount of nomenclatural changes and still allows us to recognize a strongly
supported monophyletic and morphologically cohesive unit.
Small & Rydberg (1913, p. 59) was primarily an effort by John Small, though Per Axel Rydberg contributed the key to the orders
and perhaps other parts as well.
The section on Poaceae was contributed by Mr. George V. Nash.
Original Text
4. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.
Green or purplish, sometimes
glaucous. Stems tufted, 4.5-15 dm. tall, the branches in l's-4's : leaf-sheaths usually
glabrous, sometimes more or less hirsute ; blades 5 dm. long or less, 8 mm. wide or less,
commonly roughened, and frequently somewhat hirsute above near the base : racemes
single, 3-6 cm. long, the hairs on the rachis-internodes and pedicels grayish white :
sessile spikelet 5-7 mm. long, usually about twice as long as the internode, the first scale
generally more or less tuberculate-roughened, the awn of the fourth scale geniculate,
8-15 mm. long, closely spiral at the base, the column exserted ; pedicellate spikelet 2-4.5
mm. long, the first scale usually glabrous, tipped with an awn generally 1 mm. long or less,
the pedicel considerally shorter than the sessile spikelet.
[Andropogon scoparius Michx.]
In dry sandy soil, New Brunswick to Alberta, Florida and Texas. Summer and Fall.
Broom Grass.
Note that the common name associated with this grass is “Broom Grass”
rather than Little Bluestem that we use here in Colorado.
It is thought that cultivated rye originated in the Mount Ararat and Lake Van area of eastern Turkey,
linguistic evidence suggesting that the introduction of cultivated rye to southern and western Europe
and Central Asia were independent of each other (Sencer and Hawkes 1980).
Khush (1962) concluded that cultivated rye probably entered Europe by two routes,
one being through the northern Caucuses and the other through central Asia.
Bushuk (1976) proposed that cultivated rye was probably distributed from south-western Asia to Russia,
and thence into Poland and Germany
from where it gradually spread throughout most of Europe and eventually to North America and western South America.
Rye was introduced into China from Turkey and later the species was into Japan.
Ma et al. (2004) found that American cultivars were more closely related to Chinese cultivars than to European cultivars
and that temporal isolation had influenced the genetic diversity of rye more than geographical isolation.
In their book concerning the origin of isolating mechanisms in flowing plants,
Max et al. (1978) observed that geographical, ecological and reproductive isolation should be taken into account when studying plant evolution.
In our study we analyzed the genetic similarities of cultivated rye accessions from Asia, Europe, North America and South America,
but could not make any deductions regarding the domestication process of cultivated rye,
indicating that further studies are needed to detect the phylogenetic relationships and evolution process of cultivated rye.
Bushuk W (1976) Rye: Production, Chemistry, and Technology. In: Walter Bushuk (ed). Am Ass Cereal Chemists Inc, St Paul, pp 1-11.
Khush GS (1962) Cytogenetic and evolutionary studies in Secale. II. Interrelationships of the wild species. Evolution 16:484-496.
Ma R, Yli-Mattila T and Pulli S (2004) Phylogenetic relationships among genotypes of worldwide collection of spring and winter ryes (Secale cereale L.) determined by RAPD-PCR markers. Hereditas 140:210-221.
Max KH, William CS and Bruce W (1978) The origin of isolating mechanism in flowing plants. In: Max KH (ed) Evolutionary Biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp 185-317.
Sencer HA and Haekes JG (1980) On the origin of cultivated rye. Biol J Linn Soc 13:299-313.
Grass resembling Avena,
panicle less scattered [more dense than Avena], glumes with white soft silky hairs.
Sloane Jamaica. 35. hift. 1. p. 43. t. 14. f. 2.
Habitat in Virginia, Jamaica.
nutans.
Jan Frederik Gronovius (also seen as Johann Frederik and Johannes Fredericus)
(10 February 1690 in Leiden – 10 July 1762 in Leiden)
was a Dutch botanist notable as a patron of Linnaeus.
John Clayton, a plant collector in Virginia sent him many specimens,
as well as manuscript descriptions, in the 1730s.
Without Clayton's knowledge,
Gronovius used the material in his Flora Virginica (1739–43, 2nd ed. 1762).
Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet PRS (16 April 1660 – 11 January 1753), was an Anglo-Irish physician, naturalist, and collector,
with a collection of 71,000 items which he bequeathed to the British nation, thus providing the foundation of the British Museum, the British Library,
and the Natural History Museum, London.
He was elected to the Royal Society at the age of 24.
Sloane travelled to the Caribbean in 1687 and documented his travels and findings with extensive publications years later.
Sloane was a renowned medical doctor among the aristocracy, and was elected to the Royal College of Physicians at age 27.
He is credited with creating drinking chocolate.
Described by John Torrey (1824b, p. 151) from a collection by Edwin James, M.D.
Original Text
2. Agrostis cryptandra.*
Panicle pyramidal, with spreading subalternate branches,
hairy at the axils ; flowers racemose, unarmed ; inferior valve
of the calyx very short ; superior as long as the sub-equal corolla ;
sheaths bearded at the throat.
DESCRIPTION.
Culm 3 feet high, simple, smooth, leafy, with distant joints.
Leaves linear, 2 — 3 lines broad, smooth on both sides. Sheaths
smooth, closed, longer than the joints, a little swollen with
concealed abortive panicles, hairy on the margin, densely
bearded at the throat. Stipule a mere bearded ring.
Panicle large, pyramidal, bursting from the upper sheath, which
partly conceals its base ; branches spreading, mostly alter-
nate, nearly simple, bearded at the base, which is a little
thickened. Flowers disposed in a dense racemose manner,
purplish.
Calyx two-glumed, smooth ; inferior glume scarcely one-third
as long as the superior, very acute ; superior linear-lanceo-
late, acute, one-nerved.
Corolla two-valved, nearly equal, about as long as the superior glume,
slightly scabrous j valves one-nerved.
3. S. cryptandrus.
Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ;
the pyramidal panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually incloses its
base, its spreading branches hairy in the axils ;
upper glume lanceolate, acute, twice the length of the lower one,
as long as the nearly equal paleae ;
sheaths strongly bearded at the throat.
♃.
(Agr. and Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.)
—
Sandy soil, Buffalo, New York, and westward.
Ipswich, Massachusetts, Oakes.
Aug. — Culm 2° -3° high.
Panicle lead-color : spikelets small.
Torok, et al. 2021, reviewed the current distribution and characteristics of Sporobolus cryptandrus (sand dropseed),
an invasive C4 grass species of North American origin recently discovered in Hungary
and provided information on (i) its current distribution paying special attention to its invasion in Eurasia;
(ii) the characteristics of the invaded habitats in Central Europe;
(iii) seed bank formation and germination characteristics, crucial factors in early establishment;
and (iv) the effects of its increasing cover on vegetation composition (from the Abstract).
Habenczyus, et al., 2022 evaluated stands of the invasive grass, Sporobolus cryptandrus,
in its native North American range and its non-native European range, and found that
the spread of Sporobolus, away from its native range,
leads to the impoverishment of host communities and compromises the biomass
and floral resource-provisioning capacity of the vegetation to higher trophic levels.
Gray (1835, p. 233) published Vilfa heterolepis from collections in
New York state, in addition to collections from Connecticut, Delaware,
and Montreal, Canada.
Root perennial. Culm 1 — 2 feet in height, smooth.
Leaves convolute-setaceous, with the margins hispidly scabrous upward ; the lower ones
equalling the culm; the upper ones much shorter. Lower sheaths pilose ;
upper ones smooth. Panicle pyramidal, spreading or subcontracted;
branches solitary, nearly simple, few and loosely flowered. Glumes purplish ;
the outer one reduced to a subula, about one half the length of the
inner one, which is strikingly membranaceous in texture, ovate or ovate-
oblong, one-nerved, with the nerve produced into a short cusp. Valvesof the perianth oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, thin and membranaceous,
a little shorter than the superior glume. Inferior valve, obscurely one-
nerved, slightly apiculate. Superior valve two-nerved, a little shorter
than the outer one. Stamens 3. Anthers large, linear, orange-red.
Stigmas 2, hairy. Styles very short. Caryopsis subglobose, coriaceous,
smooth and shining.
Hab. On rocks, Watertown, Jefferson county, Dr. Crawe.
Flowers Aug. — Sept. I have also specimens collected near
New Haven, Connecticut, by Mr. J. D. Dana. In Muhlenberg's
herbarium there is a fragment of this grass with a specimen
of V. juncea, from the late Dr. Baldwin. The locality
is not noted on the label, but it was most probably collected in
Delaware. Dr. Torrey has also received specimens from the
vicinity of Montreal.
Gray (1848b, p. 576) published Sporobolus heterolepis placing his
previous Vilfa heterolepis in R. Brown's genus of Sporobolus.
Original Text
Comments
2. S. heterolepis.Leaves involute-thread-form,
rigid, the lowest as long as the culm (1°-2°), which is naked above;
panicle very loose;
glumes very unequal ;the lower awl-shaped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base)
and somewhat shorter,
the upper ovate-obling and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal paleæ.
♃
(Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.)
—
Dry soil, New Haven, Connecticut;
Watertown, New York; and Columbus, Ohio.
Aug.
—
Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sullivant),
stouter than the last [S. junceus], the spikelets thrise larger.
Utricle spherical (1" in diameter), shining, thick and coriaceous!
The stated dimensions of the seed has got to be some sort of mistake.
7. Thinopyrum A. Love, Taxon 29: 351, 1980, Fig 6.
As recognized here, Thinopyrum comprises
approximately 17 species in Eurasia, of which
three have become established in North America.
Their removal from Elytrigia is supported
by both karyotypic and genomic analyses (Cauderon,
1966; Heneen and Runemark, 1972a,b; Lyubimova, 1970).
Love (1984) places the caespitose species, such as T. ponticum, in the
genus Lophopyrum but Cauderon and Saigne
(1961), Cauderon (1966) and Dvorak (1981)
have shown that the genomes of such species
are essentially the same as those found in Thinopyrum
sensu stricto. We have previously included
Thinopyrum in Elytrigia (Barkworth,
Dewey, and Atkins, 1983; Dewey, 1982, 1983a, b),
but with considerable misgivings.
The genus Vulpia was proposed by Gmelin (1805) for plants common
in the German state of Baden (now part of Baden-Wurttemberg), Alsace and on both sides of the Rhine.
Original Text
Translation and Comments
Hab.
Utrinque paffim copiofe in agris fabulofis,
arvis et collibus apricis;
prope Carlsruhe in arvis et ad vias fabulofas paffim abunde.
Habitat.
Abundant everywhere in the sunny fields of both sides [of the Rhine River] to the hills;
and abundant near Carlsruhe.
Carex inops was published by L. H. Bailey (1886) from a collection by L. F. Henderson on sandy grounds on subalpine slopes of Mt. Hood,
Oregon, July, 1884. Described as being much like C. pennsylvanica and lacking the ribbed and hardened character of the perigynia
of that species and its allies, and the beak is straighter and more deeply cleft.
There is one voucher record online of an isotype (ORE17017) collected by L. F. Henderson, 24 July 1884,
with a locality of “[Clackamas or Hood River], Mt. Hood, alpine.”
No image available.
There is another voucher at Harvard (GH27273) labeled “Type” but dated 1885.
And possibly a third undated specimen (NY11164).
These appear to be substantially larger than the subspecies we see here in Colorado.
Carex heliophila was described by Mackenzie (1913) from a specimen he collected on the open prairie,
near Lee's Summit, Jackson County, Missouri, on May 9, 1897.
The voucher is now at NY (NY11144).
Crins (1983) reduced C. heliophila to a subspecies of C. inops.
Crins, W. J., and P. W. Ball. 1983. The taxonomy of the Carex pensylvanica complex (Cyperaceae) in North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 61(6): 1692-1717. (Carex pensylvanica)
The Carex pensylvanica complex consists of four North American taxa.
Morphological variation patterns within the complex were examined using principal-components analysis and discriminant-functions analysis.
These results indicate that two eastern species, C. lucorum Willdenow ex Link, and C. pensylvanica Lamarck,
and one western species, C. inops Bailey, should be recognized.
The latter species comprises two subspecies, C. inops subsp. inops
and C. inops subsp. heliophila (Mackenzie) Crins, comb. nov.
Cytological and geographical evidence lend support to this classification.
A key and distribution maps for the taxa are provided.
C. muricata, Olney, Bot. King's Rep. 362, in part (1871);
W. Boott, Bot. Wheeler's Surv. 277 (1878);
Bailey, Coulter's Man. 390 (1885).
C. muricata L., var. Americana, Bailey, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. xxii. 140 (1886).
Glaucous; leaves narrower than in the last, and relatively
longer; spikes more or less scattered into a very slender head
an inch or so long, the lowest one or two usually wholly
distinct; bracts scale-like, inconspicuous; perigynum larger
than in the last, turgid-ovate, abruptly short-beaked, nearly marginless
and often smooth; scales muticous.
(239c.)
Mountains, Montana to Arizona.
Whole plant pale, including the inflorescence, which is composed
of larger heads than in the type, and is more contracted;
glumes more squarrose. A well-marked variety, but I am so far
unable to detect further differences. The achenium is exactly
like that of the eastern plant. Indian Territory (E. Palmer,
No. 358, 1868); Mitchell Co., Kansas (M. A. Carleton, 1886);
Hitchcock Co., Neb. (H. J. Webber, 1888).
S. pallidus (Britton), n. comb.
Similar: leaves very pale: spikelets pale brown, very numerous in irregular glomerules:
scales elliptic=ovate, 2 to 3 mm. long with conspicuous pale midrib prolonged into lond setulose awns,
about twice as long as the achenes.
—
S. atrovirens, var. pallidus Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. sci. ix. 14 (1889)
—
Manitoba to Kansas and the Rocky Mountain.
Other articles: • Golden Checklist Flora:
Lemna minor;
Tall and rather stout (5-10 dm. high), light green : stem
erect, nearly terete, coarsely grooved : leaves several, about one
third length of culm, blades narrow (1-1.25 mm. wide), flat or involute :
sheaths nearly all blade-bearing, large and loose, margin
and short rounded auricles membranous, often slightly yellowish :
inflorescence large and open, very many flowered, 3-10 cm. long,
branches conspicuously ascending : flowers distant and scattered,
not secund, pale stramineous : bracts commonly two, exceeding
the inflorescence : bracteoles acuminate : perianth 3-4 mm. long,
its parts nearly equal, broadly subulate, very acute, scarious margin
narrow, extending on the inner to the tip, all appressed or
erect : stamens one half the length of the perianth : anthers short-oblong,
much shorter than the filaments : styles very short : capsule
oblong or rarely ovate-oblong, obtuse, barely apiculate,
equaling the perianth ; placentae not quite meeting at the axis except
at the ends : seeds oblong, rather small (.35-.50 × .14-.17
mm.), apiculate at both ends, shallowly areolate.
Illinois to Wyoming, in dry woods and prairies.
Specimes (sic) examined :
Illinois: Richmond (Vasey in Gray Herb.; type), between
Urbana and Centralia (Vasey), Athens (E. Hall, — June. Bor. Am.
Engelm. no. 21); Illinois Dr. Mead, no. 23.
Wyoming : Grand Enchantment Creek (A. Nelson, no. 3982, 1897).
The correct name is “Grand Encampment Creek”
as this can be clearly read on the image of the voucher.
The current name is the Encampment River.
Juncus interior has previously constituted the main part of the
so-called J. secundus of the Mississippi valley. Closer observation
shows however that it is quite distinct as well in structure as in
area of distribution. J. secundus is always a slender plant with
rather close sheaths, while the present species is commonly tall and
stout with much broader sheaths. The two species also differ in
the larger inflorescence of the latter, with larger flowers which are
not secund, shorter anthers and more oblong capsule. The bracts
also much exceed the inflorescence, while in J. secundus they
usually do not.
* After examing a large number of herbarium specimens and observing both
plants in the field for several years, I am convinced that Torrey's Juncus nodosus
megacephalus does not intergrade with J. nodosus proper. In view of the earlier
Juncus megacephalus of Curtis, Torrey's plant is naned as follows:
Juncus Torreyi
Juncus nodosus var. megacephalus Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 326. 1843.
89 *Yucca glauca. ‡
Leaves narrow, and filiferous ;
capsules dry, coriaceous, and large as that of Y. gloriosa.
—
Flower not seen.
—
Used in N. Mexico as a substitute for hemp.
Collected 1600 miles up the Missourie, about lat. 49°.
Yucca gloriosa L. is an accepted name for a yucca in the southeast United States.
Torrey & Gray (1855) in their report on the Botany of Gunnison's expedition,
note a Calochortus that they referred to an unknown variety of C. venustus.
Calochortus venustus,
Benth. in Hort. Trans, (n. s.) 1, p. 412, t. 15,/. 2, var ?: sepals
erect; petals obovate, bearded and without a spot below the middle, purple at the base.
Grows under trees on high mountains. Utah. Stem 2-3-flowered. Leaves grass-like, about
two lines wide. Flowers nearly 3 inches in diameter. Sepals lanceolate, striate with purple
veins externally. Petals nearly twice as long as the sepals, the upper half white, pale yellow-ish
green lower down, where the inside is bearded with longish gland-tipped hairs, which are
dark purple at the base. Near the base the hairs are more numerous, and form a transverse
tuft; at the very bottom the claw is dark purple. Differs from G. venustus in its much
narrower and less bearded petals, and in wanting the red spot above the middle.
Calochortus Gunnisoni. (C. venustus, Var. ?, Torr. Bot. Gunnison's
Rep., Pac. R. R. Surv. 2. 130.) Habit as in the last ; petals rounded
at the apex, white above, yellowish-green below the middle and dark-purple
at base, strongly bearded with longish gland-tipped hairs, which are also dark-purple
at base, the densely hairy gland transverse and occupying nearly the
whole width of the petal; anthers 5" long, rather exceeding the somewhat
dilated filaments, oblong-lanceolate, subcordate at base, narrowed above into
an awn-like termination or acute ; immature capsule narrowly oblong, attenuate
above. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Collected also in Utah by
Gunnison.
3. S. lasioneuron ; herbacea subsimplex, caule inermi erecto
subscandente siccitate angulato, foliis cordato-rotundatis obtusis cum
acuminulo 9-nerviis supra glaberrimis
subtus subglaucescentibus nervulis pilosis,
pedunculis petiolum parum superantibus folio
multo brevioribus, umbella multiflora. (Tab CLXXXVII. A.)
Hab. Carlton House Fort on the Saskatchawan. Dr Richardson.
—
This is an herbaceous species, and
allied to the last, though truly distinct,
not only in the form of the leaves,
and the downiness of the undersurface,
but in the comparatively very short peduncles.
Tab. CLXXXVII. A. S. Lasioneuron. Fig. 1, Flower.
Gray, Asa. 1867. 5th ed. Manual of the botany of the northern United States : including the district east of the Mississippi and north of North Carolina and Tennessee, arranged according to the natural system.
p. 520
9. S. herbacea, L. (Carrion-Flower.)
Stem erect and recurving,
or climbing ;
leaves ovate-oblong or rounded, mostly heart-shaped, 7—9-nerved,
smooth; tendrils sometimes wanting;
peduncles elongated (3'-4' long, or sometimes even 6'-8', and much longer than the leaves),
20-40-flowered.
—
Var. PULVERULENTA (S. pulverulenta, Michx. & S. peduncularis, Muhl.)
has the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath.
A shorter-peduncled state of this appears to be S. lasioneuron, Hook.
—
Moist meadows and river-banks: common. June.
—
Very variable, 1°-3°, or even 6°-8° high: petioles 1'-3' long.
Seeds 6.
Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar, 1760-1806. Botanical Dictionary : or, an attempt at an explanation of the most important terms and artificial words in botany. Vol. 2, p. 8.
Melanthia Batfch.
Die 37te von Batfchens Familien, movon folgenber Character angegeben mirb:
Calyx nullus.
Corolla hexapetala, patens, petalis coriaceis.
Germina tria monoftyla, faepe connata, ftylis diftinctia.
Pericarpium triplex, vel triloculare.
Folliculis introrfum dehiscentibus.
Hierber geboren die Gattungen Veratrum.
(Germ.) Melanthia Batfch.
The 37th of Batfchen's families, whose character is given below:
(Latin) Calyx none.
Corolla six-petaled, open, with leathery petals.
Buds three monostyly, often connate, with distinct phyllaries.
Pericarp three- or three-locular.
Follicles dehiscing inwards.
(Germ.) The genera Veratrum were born here.
Batsch was August Johann Georg Karl Batsch (28 October 1761 – 29 September 1802) was a German naturalist. He was a recognised authority on mushrooms, and also described new species of ferns, bryophytes, and seed plants.
Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen (3 December 1760, Giessen – 30 November 1806, Darmstadt) was a German naturalist and forester. He took part in the production of Teutsche Ornithologie oder Naturgeschichte aller Vögel Teutschlands in naturgetreuen Abbildungen und Beschreibungen by Johann Conrad Susemihl.
He received his education in Giessen, and in 1796 started work as an assessor at the forestry office in Darmstadt. In 1800, he attained the title of Kammerrat, followed by a role as counselor at the Oberforsthaus Collegium in 1804.
As a botanist, he was the taxonomic author of Alliaceae and Asclepiadaceae as well as the circumscriber of numerous plant genera and species.
...
It is interesting to note that,
even without any knowledge of the modern evidence for segregation
of [Melanthiaceae] and other lily-like families,
Rydberg presented essentially the same arrangement
in his book on the Rocky Mountain flora,
but the taxonomic establishment did not follow him.
They go on to recognize one species of Toxicoscordion in
Colorado, T. venenosum and place T. gramineum and
T. paniculatum in synonomy.
Any Toxicoscordion collected in Colorado and identified with Weber & Wittman (2012) will be T. venenosum.
This is somewhat the same issue as with Eriogonum arcuatum and E. flavum.
♃
Root bulbous?
Leaves lanceolate-linear and acute.
The scape shortly branched below,
the branches subtended by short membrabaceous leaves.
The flowers yellowish-white;
below the summit of the panicle or raceme arise the fertile flowers upon long peduncles.
Styles three, contiguous.
Stamens exserted, the anthers bright yellow.
Hab.
In the Kamas prairie, near Flat-Head river.
Flowering in June.
Zigadenus paniculatus.
(Helonias, Nutt.
Amianthium Nuttallii, Gray, Var. β., l. c.)
Stem rather stout, 15-30' high, somewhat leafy;
leaves sheathing at base,
(even the 1-2 uppermost bract-like ones,)
broad-linear, 4-8" wide, rough-margined and roughish-puberulent on both sides,
folded-carinate and mostly falcate ;
eaceme panicled, many-flowered, the lower branches spreading,
short, the terminal ones elongated, (3-10';)
flowers on slender pedicels,
often sterile and short-pedicelled in the lower racemes;
bracts membranous,
sepals 1-2" long, oblong, abruptly somewhat narrowed at the base,
the rather broad claw green and glandular ;
ovary-cells about 10-ovuled ;
capsule oblong-ovate or oblong, ½-1' long ;
seeds 3-5" long, oblong.
—
an examination of numerous specimens leaves no doubt
of the distinctness of these two species.
Bulb as in the last, but usually larger,
the whole plant stout, growing on dry foothills,
and in flower a month earlier.
The root of neither species is eaten by the Indians.
Oregon and Washington Territory.
Frequent on the foot-hills of the Virginia, Trinity, and
West Humboldt Mountains, Nevada, and in the Wahsatch ;
5-6,000 feet altitude ; May, June. (1,164.)
6. Z. paniculatus, Watson.
Very similar : usually stout:
leaves 3 to 8 lines broad,
usually all sheathing :
raceme compound :
perianth-segments deltoid, acute or acuminate, with a short claw ;
gland less deifinitely margined,
often reaching nearly to the middle of the blade :
fruiting pedicels spreading :
capsule ½ to 1 inch :
seeds 3 to 5 lines long.
—
King's Rep. 5. 344.
Amianthum Nuttallii, var. β, Gray, Rev. Melanth. 121.
Helonias paniculata, Nutt. Journ. Philad. Acad. 7. 57.
California (east slope of Sierra Nevada) and Idaho to Utah
and the Sackatchewan (sic).
In the key to Zigadenus paniculatus,
Ackerfield (2015) writes:
Original Text
Comments
...
Zigadenus paniculatus var. venenosus (S. Watson) Ackerfield
occurs to the west of Colorado
...
Ackerfield (2015) then recognizes Z. paniculatus var. paniculatus and var. gramineus.
Toxicoscordion venenosum Watson “Meadow Death Camas”
Original Text
Comments
5. Z. venenosus.
Stem slender, ½ to 2 feet high :
leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, scabrous, the cauline not sheathing :
raceme simple, short, with narrow scarious bracts :
perianth free from the ovary ;
segments triangular-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish,
2 or 3 lines long,
all abruptly contracted to a short glandular claw,
the blade rounded or subcordate at base ;
gland extending slightly above the claw with a well-defined irregular margin :
stamens somewhat adnate to the claw :
pedicels suberect in fruit :
capsule 4 to 6 lines long :
seeds 1½ to 2½ lines long.
—
California (Monterey and Mariposa Counties)
to British Columbia and east to Utah and Idaho.
Bulb poisonous.
The Coast Range form is usually stouter,
with a larger occasionally compound raceme.
Hitherto referred to the last species.
The “last species” is Z. paniculatus.
Literature Cited: - Watson, Sereno, 1879. Inflorescence of Coll. No. 2055, Toxicoscordion paniculatum
Original Text
Comments
5. Z. venenosus.
Stem slender, ½ to 2 feet high :
leaves rarely over 2 or 3 lines broad, scabrous, the cauline not sheathing :
raceme simple, short, with narrow scarious bracts :
perianth free from the ovary ;
segments triangular-ovate to elliptical, obtuse or rarely acutish,
2 or 3 lines long,
all abruptly contracted to a short glandular claw,
the blade rounded or subcordate at base ;
gland extending slightly above the claw with a well-defined irregular margin :
stamens somewhat adnate to the claw :
pedicels suberect in fruit :
capsule 4 to 6 lines long :
seeds 1½ to 2½ lines long.
—
California (Monterey and Mariposa Counties)
to British Columbia and east to Utah and Idaho.
Bulb poisonous.
The Coast Range form is usually stouter,
with a larger occasionally compound raceme.
Hitherto referred to the last species.
♃.
Stem about a foot high,
and as well as the leaves covered with a short pubescence.
Leaves three to three and a half inches long, by an inch and a half wide,
broad ovate, shortly acuminated, and amplexicaule.
Panicle about four inches long, very similar to that of S. racemosa.
The flowers are, however, as well as the petals, which are but little shorter than the stamens, and white.
Style undivided, very short.
Hab.
In the valleys of the Rocky Mountains,
about the sources of the Columbia river.
Flowering about the middle of June.
Watson (1871, p. 345) placed S. amplexicaulis as a variety of Smilacina racemosa
Original Text
Smilacina racemosa, Desf., Var. amplexicaulis.
(S. amplexicaulis Nutt. Jour. Acad. Phil. 7. 58.)
Leaves closely sessile and amplexicaul, shortly acuminate or only acute ;
style at lease half as long as the ovary and equaling the stamens.
—
Distiguished at once from the usual form by its less acuminate sessile leaves and longer style and filaments.
It is 2012 Hartweg and 353 Bridges from California, and 845 Fendler from New Mexico ;
collected also by Wyeth and Lyall in Oregon and Washington Territory and by Bourgeau in the Rocky Mountains.
728 Coulter from California, Lyall's specimens from Lower Fraser River and Bourgeau's from the Winnipeg are the
typical form, which extends southward to Southern California, New Mexico, and upper districts of the Gulf States.
Clover Mountains, Nevada, and the Wahsatch ; 6-7,000 feet altitude ; May-september. (1,168)
Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) says this about Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf.:
Original Text
Several varieties have been proposed for our western plants
S. racemosa var. amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Wats. is the most distinct.
---
Woods and thickets.
Throughout most of temperate North America.
Our records scattered in the western two-thirds of the state at 6500-10,000 feet.
LaFrankie (1986) published a morphology and taxonomy of Maianthemum,
placing M. amplexicaule as a subspecies of M. racemosum.
LaFrankie also wrote the treatment for FNANM.
LaFrankie, J. V., Jr. 1986.
Transfer of the species of Smilacina Desf. to Maianthemum Wigg. (Liliaceae).
Taxon. 35: 584-589.
Unfortunately I don't have access to Taxon through JSTOR.
Maianthemum racemosum var. amplexicaule (Nutt.) Dorn, Vasc. Pl. Wyoming 298 (1988): (1988).
Weber & Wittman (2012) treat M. amplexicaule (Nutt.) W. A. Weber as the species rank, noting “… FNA considers this to be a variety of M. racemosum; however, our species is diploid, while M. racemosum is tetraploid. Contrary to claims, these do not intergrade.”
Kim and Kim (2017) did not focus on M. racemosum, though their diagrams suggest the taxon split from the remainder of the genus s.s. early in the evolution of the genus.
A. caule nudo fistuloso tortuoso, umbella bulbifera prolifera, staminibus tricuspidatis.
Allium proliferum. Schrad. cat. hort. goett.
Habitat . . . . . . . . ♃ D.
Spatha bivalvis, valvulis ovatis concavis.
Umbella universalis bulbis tribus magnis ramisque longis tribus seu quatuor composita,
quorum longissimus saepe bipedalis atque iterum tribus bulbis terminatus
cum floribus tribus vel quatuor ;
ex hac umbella saepe alia e bulbis tribus composita ramo semipedali suffulta elongatur.
Rami laterales umbellae universalis tripollicares usque semipedales,
apice bulbiferi cum floribus nonnullis.
Corolla alba, nervo viridi ornata.
Stamina corolla longiora, alterna obtuse trifida.
Antherae virides.
Allium textile, n. n.
—
A. reticulatum Fraser in Mem. Wern. Soc. 6:36. 1827;
not A. reticulatum J. and C. Presl. Fl. Cech. 73. 1819.
Our collections made in 1912 show that this species has a wider distribution
than heretofore assigned to it. Specimens having been secured on the Snake
River, at Shoshone Falls, it seem probable that it may extend quite into
eastern Oregon.
Streptopus. Michaux. — Uvularia. Hall. — Uvulariae sp. Linn.
Streptopus. Michaux. — Uvularia. Hall. — Uvulariae sp. Linn.
Car.
Le périgone est divisé profondément en six lanières
munies à la base interne d’une cavité nectarifère ; les anthères
sont plus longues que les filamens ; le fruit est une baie lisse à
enveloppe mince.
Car.
The perigone is deeply divided into six strips
provided at the internal base with a nectariferous cavity; the anthers
are longer than the filaments; the fruit is a smooth berry with
thin envelope.
Obs.
Ce genre , confondu par Linné avec l’uvulaire , mais
don’t les anciens botarnstes connoissoient bien l’organisation ,
n’appartient pas même à la famille des liliacées , don’t l’uvulaire
fait partie; il en diffère par son fruit qui est une baie, par
ses stigmates très-courts , et par ses graines don’t la cicatricule
est dépourvue d’arille ; toutes les espèces ont le pédicelle courbé
ou tortillé dans le milieu.
Observation.
This genus, confused by Linnaeus with the uvular, but
the organization of which the former botanists knew well,
does not even belong to the Liliaceae family, of which the uvular
is part of; it differs from it by its fruit which is a berry, by
its very short stigmata, and by its seeds, the scar of which
is devoid of aril; all species have curved pedicel
or twisted in the middle.
Uvularia amplexifolia. Llnn. spec. 436. —
Streptopus distortusi. Michaux. Fl. bor. am. i. p. 200.—
Uvularia amplexicaulis. Delarb. FI. auv. 213.—
Barr. t. 719 et 720.
Uvularia amplexifolia. Llnn. spec. 436. —
Streptopus distortusi. Michaux. Fl. bor. am. i. p. 200.—
Uvularia amplexicaulis. Delarb. FI. auv. 213.—
Barr. t. 719 et 720.
Sa tige est haute de 5 décim. , rameuse , feuillée et cylindrique ;
ses feuilles sont alternes , embrassantes , pointues ,
lisses et nerveuses ; ses fleurs sont petites , pendantes , solitaires
et attachées à des pédoncules courbés dans leur milieu , et qui
naissent à la base des feuilles; leur périgone est campanulé , et
composé de six divisions lancéolées , distinguées chacune par une
petite fossette à leur base intérieure : les étamines sont très-courtes;
le fruit est une baie qui devient rougeâtre en mûrissant.
♃
Its stem is 5 decimeters high. , branched , leafy and cylindrical ;
its leaves are alternate, embracing, pointed,
smooth and sinewy; its flowers are small, hanging, solitary
and attached to peduncles curved in the middle, and which
arise at the base of the leaves; their perigone is bell-shaped, and
composed of six lanceolate divisions, each distinguished by a
small dimple at their inner base: the stamens are very short;
the fruit is a berry that turns reddish as it ripens.
On trouve cette plante dans les Alpes; les Pyrénées ;
Je Jura; au Mont-d’Or ( Lemonn. ) , etc.; dans les montagnes
du Forêt (Latour.). On la connoît vulgairement sous les noms
de sceau de Salomon rameux , laurier alexandrin des Alpes ,
noms qui indiquent sa place dans l’ordre naturel.
This plant is found in the Alps; the Pyrenees ;
the Jura mountains; at Mont-d'Or (Lemonn.), etc.; in the mountains
of the Forest (Latour.). It is commonly known by the names
of branching Solomon's seal, Alexandrian laurel of the Alps,
names that indicate its place in the natural order.
S. montanum. Plant stout, erect, more than a foot high,
herbage light-green, glabrous, not glaucescent : foliage rather
copious but short, of less than half the length of the scapes,
the broad leaves about 9-striate, the alternate lines commonly
rather obscure; scapes ancipital, each of the broad,
sharp-edged subentire wiags strongly 3-striate: spathes
mostly solitary, their bracts very unequal, the outer of more
than twice the length of the inner and 1½ to 2 inches long:
perianths apparently dark-purple; capsules large (nearly ¼
inch in diameter), almost globose, very sparsely hairy.
Meadows along the Mancos River, southern Colorado,
Baker, Earle and Tracy (n. 113), 25 June, 1898 ; also by the
same on Chicken Creek in the La Plata Mountains, at 9,000
feet, 7 July (n. 377). A large and doubtless showy species,
exceeding even the Californian S. bellum in size.
TYPE: U.S.A. Colorado. Jefferson Co.: mesic to wet alluvial meadows along Clear Creek
just W of junct. Rts. 6 & 58, Golden, 17 Jul 1982,
C. J. Sheviak, J. K. Sheviak, W. Jennings, L. Long & S. Smookler 2257
(Holotype: NYS; isotype: NY).
As near as I can tell, the first common name applied to Leucocrinum montanum was 'White Crinum' in "Woolson & Co.'s descriptive catalogue of hardy perennial plants and price list : spring and fall of 1880." Miller (1884) in "A dictionary of English names of plants applied in England and among English-speaking people to cultivated and wild plants, trees, and shrubs" lists 'Californian Soap-Root' and 'Rocky Mountain Dwarf White Lily' as common names. 'Sand Lily' does not appear until 1904 in D. M. Andrews "Wholesale catalogue of rare seeds chiefly of plants and shrubs indigenous to the Rocky Mountains of Colorado." By 1926 the D. M. Andrews catalog lists the common name as 'Sandlily or Starlily."
A. Gray (1848) writing in his Revision of North American Melanthiaceae …
Original Text
Leucocrinum montanum, Nutt. Ined.
Radix e fibris plurimis crassitie pennae Corvi.
Folia plurima, (ut videntur) crasiuscula, plana, 8 unc. Longa.
Vix 2 lin. Lata, acutiuscula.
Flores (6-8) foliis multò breviores;
pedunculis omnibus radicalibus, unifloris, demùm ferè uncialibus.
Perianthii tubus persistens, 2-3 unc. Longus, filiformis;
limbus magnitudine florum Ornithogali umbellati.
Stamina perianthium vix aequantia;
antheris linearibus.
Stylus staminibus paulò brevior;
stigmatibus ferè obcordatis.
Capsulae (immaturae) vix supra terram, membranaceae, 3-4 lin. Latae,
(ut videntur loculucidè dehiscentes,) stylo et perianthio persistente coronatae.
Semina ut in Colchico. — Floret Aprili.
Hab. In planitiebus altis fluminis Platte, Nuttall!
Obs.
Genus a Colchico diversum, stylis coalitis, antheris adnatis,
at capsulis membranaceis non inflatis,
a Bulbocodia, unguibus perianthii totus concretis, etc. ;
anutroque praesertim stigmatibus lamellatis, radice fascicilata, et defectu cormi.
Si tamen Merendera, Bulbocodium, at Monocaryum, et monet doctiss.
Brownio, * potius subgenera Colchici sunt,
forsan hoc quoque illi referendum est.
Specimina sicca a cel. Nuttallio lecta et mihi benevole communicata.
Sand-lily, Leucocrinum montanum Nutt.,
is a showy perennial that occurs widely in arid regions of the western United States.
Recently, the second author reported chromosome counts of n = 11, 13, and 14 for this species (Cave, 1970).
Plants from the Rocky Mountain region have
n = 14 (see also Löve et al., 1971),
those from several localities in California,
western Nevada, and Oregon have n = 13,
and one population from Nevada has n = 11.
In addition, Cave noted that in some populations
pollen is shed in tetrads and in others
it is shed singly.
In this paper we further discuss the variation
in chromosome number and in the condition of pollen
at the time of shedding (Ornduff and Cave, 1975).
Wilson, Scott D., 1989. The suppression of native prairie by alien species introduced for revegetation. Landscape and Urban Planning. 17(2), april 1989, pp. 113-119.
Abstract
Natural prairie has become uncommon in North America, making the revegetation of disturbed areas by native species a desirable goal. Alien species are often introduced for revegetation because of their abilities to stabilize and nitrify soil. The objective of this study was to test whether these attributes of introduced species would allow them to promote the recovery of native vegetation. Seven treatments (six commercially-available mixtures of introduced species and an unseeded control) were applied to a randomized field experiment in disturbed mixed-grass prairie in south-west Manitoba, Canada. Sampling eight years later revealed that introduced species suppressed native vegetation. Introduced species did not aid revegetation: plots seeded with introduced species did not produce significantly higher standing crop or below-ground biomass than did unseeded plots. Unseeded plots had the lowest frequency of bare ground. Allowing prairie to revegetate without sowing introduced species produced both the highest cover of bare ground and the greatest abundance of native species.
Wilson, Scott D., and Joyce W. Belcher, 1989. Plant and Bird Communities of Native Prairie and Intoduced Eurasian Vegetation in Manitoba, Canada. Conservation Biology. 3(1), pp. 39-44, March 1989.
“… introduction of Eurasian plant species to North American prairie not only replaces the native plant community, but also produces significant changes in the species composition of a higher trophic level … ”
Abstract: Large areas of North American prairie are dominated by Eurasian plant species introduced either for range improvement or accidentally as weeds. We examined the impact of introduced plants on both native vegetation and bird communities in a mosaic of North American mixed-grass prairie and Eurasian vegetation. We established ten transects five in areas of native prairie and five in areas dominated by introduced plant species. Each transect comprised five sampling stations separated by 100 m. Vegetation was sampled in four 0.5m2 quadrats at each station. The cooers of eight of the ten most common plant species varied significantly (p < 0.05) between native and introduced vegetation. One common native plans Andropogon scoparius, was absent in introduced vegetation Singing birds were identified to species at each station on three occasions during the breeding season All bird species found were native to prairie. The total number of birds did not vary between vegetation types Two out of eight bird species, upland sandpiper and Sprague's pipit were signifcantly more abundant in native prairie than in introduced vegetation No bird species were significantly more common in introduced vegetation. A correlation matrix calculated for all bird species and the ten most abundant plant species divided the bird community into two groups. The first group (western meadow lark, upland sandpiper, Sprague's pipit, Baird's sparrow and savannah sparrow) was positively correlated with native plant species and negatively with introduced plants, while the second (vesper sparrow, clay-colored sparrow, and grasshopper sparrow) was negatively correlated with native species and positively correlated with introduced Discriminant analysis separated transects from native and Eurasian vegetation on the basis of their respective bird communities. The results illustrate that the introduction of Eurasian plant species to North American prairie not only replaces the native plant community, but also produces significant changes in the species composition of a higher trophic level.
Heidinga, Lawrence, and Scott D. Wilson, 2002.
The Impact of an Invading Alien Grass (Agropyron cristatum) on Species Turnover in Native Prairie.
Diversity and Distributions.
8(5), September 2002, pp 249-258.
Abstract
Alien invasions typically reduce species richness of habitats, but few studies have examined their effects on species turnover, the difference in species composition between localities. Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (crested wheat grass) has been planted on 6-10 million ha of North American prairie, and is invading native prairie. We studied the invasion of A. cristatum into native prairie by measuring species composition along a gradient from maximum to minimum A. cristatum abundance. As A. cristatum increased, the abundance of most common native species decreased, but one appeared to be unaffected (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag.), and another (Poa sandbergii Vasey) increased. The effect of A. cristatum on species turnover was investigated by examining species-area curves for areas from 0.5 m2 to 8.0 m2. Species diversity was reduced by 35% at high A. cristatum abundances at all areas. A. cristatum reduced the intercept of the species-area curve, but not the slope, suggesting that A. cristatum affected species turnover proportionally in all areas and habitats. This unusual result may indicate a homogeneous environment where species are distributed randomly. A. cristatum produced almost twice as many seeds as all native grasses combined. The number of seeds collected of native grasses and A. cristatum was highly correlated with the number of seed heads immediately nearby, but not with transect position. This suggests most seeds were dispersed over distances less than 5 m. In sum, the invasion of native prairie by A. cristatum might be related to high rates of seed production, and has the effect of decreasing species turnover by reducing the intercept of the species-area curve.
Salesman, Jessica Bolwahn, and Meredith Thomsen, 2011. Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis) in Tallgrass Prairies: A Review of Control Methods and Future Research Directions. Ecological Restoration. 29(4), December 2011, pp. 374-381.
Abstract.
Smooth brome (Bromus inermis) is a cool-season rhizomatous grass of Eurasian origin
that has escaped intentional plantings and spread widely in natural areas. A large body of work exists regarding smooth brome's biology and response to conservation management strategies designed to reduce its competitive effects on native prairie species, particularly for the tallgrass prairies of North America. Here we summarize that literature to improve restoration practice. In tallgrass prairie, smooth brome benefits from the early start of its growing season and its rhizomatous growth form, making it a strong competitor against native warm-season grasses. Late-spring burns timed to target smooth brome when root reserves are at their lowest have shown promise as a control strategy. Uncertainty remains, however, about the relative efficacy of fire, herbicide, mowing, or grazing to accomplish late-spring defoliation, the effect of repeated treatments, and the potential benefits of treatment combinations. The responses of resident or seeded natives to brome control treatments and/or the resulting decreases in brome cover also remain largely unexamined. Research focused on the questions we highlight would reduce costs associated with the control of smooth brome and increase confidence in the outcomes of restoration efforts.
Grant, Todd A., Bridgette Flanders-Wanner, Terry L. Shaffer, Robert K. Murphy, and Gregg A. Knutsen, 2009.
An Emerging Crisis across Northern Prairie Refuges: Prevalence of Invasive Plants and a Plan for Adaptive Management.
Ecological Restoration.
27(1), March 2009, pp. 58-65.
Abstract
In the northern Great Plains, native prairies managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) can be pivotal in conservation of North America's biological diversity. From 2002 to 2006, we surveyed 7,338 belt transects to assess the general composition of mixed-grass and tallgrass prairie vegetation across five "complexes" (i.e., administrative groupings) of national wildlife refuges managed by the Service in North Dakota and South Dakota. Native grasses and forbs were common (mean frequency of occurrence 47%-54%) on two complexes but uncommon (4%-13%) on two others. Conversely, an introduced species of grass, smooth brome (Bromus inermis), accounted for 45% to 49% of vegetation on two complexes and another species, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) accounted for 27% to 36% of the vegetation on three of the complexes. Our data confirm prior suspicions of widespread invasion by introduced species of plants on Service-owned tracts of native prairie, changes that likely stem in part from a common management history of little or no disturbance (e.g., defoliation by grazing or fire). However, variability in the degree and type of invasion among prairie tracts suggests that knowledge of underlying causes (e.g., edaphic or climatic factors, management histories) could help managers more effectively restore prairies. We describe an adaptive management approach to acquire such knowledge while progressing with restoration. More specifically, we propose to use data from inventories of plant communities on Service-owned prairies to design and implement, as experiments, optimal restoration strategies. We will then monitor these experiments and use the results to refine future strategies. This comprehensive, process-oriented approach should yield reliable and robust recommendations for restoration and maintenance of native prairies in the northern Great Plains.
Recreation in Foothill and Prairie Ecosystems
Keys
1830 Alabama - Georgia - South Carolina
1834 - 1836 Oregon Trail, Hawai'i, Alta California
UTC10764: was determined Polemonium caeruleum whereas UTC19762, also bearing MEJ's #299 is determined Polemonium foliosissimum A. Gray. However, per Mary Barkworth, 11/25/2014, both are P. foliosissimum.
Harbouria trachypleura (A. Gray) J.M. Coult. & Rose. Whiskbroom Parsley. Mountain slope. Near Golden: Gray Hill. J. H. Ehlers 6848. 6/2/1938 ( RM184550 )
West Cliff
Quincula lobata (Torr.) Raf. (Syn: Physalis lobata Torr. ) Chinese Lantern. Golden, Road to West Cliff, Golden. Earl L. Johnston, with G. G. Hedgcock 813. 6/23/1917 ( RM101941 ).
If you have a question or a comment you may write to me at:
tomas@schweich.com
I sometimes post interesting questions in my FAQ, but I never disclose your full name or address.
Front Range, Eastern Slope, Rocky Mountains
;
Sobol.
