Tom Schweich  

Biodiversity

Appendices

1 — Introduction

2 — Geography

3 — History of Botanic Exploration

• 310yyyymmxxnameseq

4 — Useful Publications

• 411 — Floras
  • 4112017w — "411" & publication year & author.
• 412 — Botanical but not a flora.

5 — Methods

6 — Results

• 61 — Collections Found
• 62 — Collections Made

63 — Discussion

• 631 — Rare Plants
• 632 — Notable Native Plants
  • 6321 -- Ferns, if any.
  • 6322 -- Gymnosperms, if any.
  • 6323 -- Dicots
    • 6323280Erinaugra -- "6323" & family & genus & species & subspecies or variety
  • 6324 -- Monocots
• 633 — Notable Non-Native Plants
• 633n — Noxious Weeds
  • 63402 — Non-Native Grasses in the Golden Landscape.
    • 63404020Agrcri -- "63404" & family & genus & species & sequence number, if needed.
  • 6342 — Non-Native Mustards in the Golden Landscape
    • 6342106Alyaly -- "6342" & family & genus & species & sequence number, if needed.
  • 6343 — Non-Native Sunflowers in the Golden Landscape
  • 6349 — Other Families
• 637— Distribution of Natives
  • 6371 — Global
  • 6372 — Circumpolar
    • 63720510088Stelon — Stellaria longipes Goldie
  • 6373 — Eastern North America
  • 6374 — northern prairie
  • 6375 — Texas
  • 6376 — Rocky Mountains
  • 6377 — Cordillera
  • 6378 — southern Cordillera
    • 63780510250Giloph — Gilia ophthalmoides

7 — Conclusion

8 — Acknowledgements

• 90 — Ecological Systems of Colorado
• 91 — GIS Resources to Accompany the Checklist Flora
• 92 — How the Flora is Built
• 93 — Source Data
  • 9305 — Names and Abbreviations of Historical Reports
  • 931 — Types from the Golden Area
  • 932 — Namesakes of the Golden Area
  • 933 — Notes on All Taxa, Regardless of Nativity.
    • 9330300 — Notes on Ferns and Allies.
    • 9330400 — Notes on Gymnosperms.
    • 9330510 — Notes on Dicots.
    • 9330520 — Notes on Monocots.
  • 934 — Studies of Prairie or Foothill Ecosystems
  • 935 — Restoration, and Effects of Attempts Thereof
  • 936 — Recreation in Foothill and Prairie Ecosystems
  • 937 — Notes on Non-Native Species
    • 937 0520 — Notes on Non-Native Monocots -- Do not use, place with the 933s.
• 94 — Keys
• 95 — Schemas
• 96 — Vegetation Descriptions
• 97 — Reminders
• 98 — Mystery Locations

Ecological Systems of Colorado

Notes:

1. ^[R3C3] Stipa comata grassland of 30-60 acres near western rim of mountain, may be partly due to effects of the 1988 fire.

Recognized Ecological Systems

Ecological Systems Recognized by the Colorado Natural Heritage System

Ecological systems are dynamic assemblages or complexes of plant and/or animal communities that 1) occur together on the landscape; 2) are tied together by similar ecological processes, underlying abiotic environmental factors or gradients; and 3) form a readily identifiable unit on the ground. These systems provide a coarser level unit than plant associations and alliances as defined under the International Vegetation Classification standard, and are more easily identified on the ground.

The descriptions and summarized viability guidelines presented here are intended to serve as a tool for conservation and management planning by providing a context for conservation and management (i.e., what systems do we have in Colorado), and by providing easy access to ranking and evaluation criteria for key ecological attributes of each system (i.e., what is the condition of our systems).

System descriptions and viability guidelines are based on materials compiled by NatureServe or developed by the Colorado Natural Heritage Program. Funding for the development of these documents was provided in part by the Bureau of Land Management, The Nature Conservancy, and the USDA Forest Service (CNHP, 2005).

Southwest Regional Gap Analysis Project (SWReGAP)

USNVC -- United States National Vegetation Classification

EcoVeg

GIS Resources to Accompany the Checklist Flora

How the Flora is Built

Source Data

Mentzelia

Notes:

1. ^bMentzelia dispersa S. Watson. Snow (2009) follows Dorn (2001) in not recognizing varieties in our region.
2. ^aMentzelia montana (Davidson) Davidson is represented by two collections made by George E. Osterhout with Ira W. Clokey, Osterhout's #3095 (RM95508) and #5741 (RM162001). The collections were made 22 June 1918 and the locality is Morrison, Jefferson County, Colorado.

Symphoricarpos

Botanical Explorers

Thomas Nuttall

1810-1811 Missouri River

1815-1816 The Carolinas

1816-1817 Ohio River to South Carolina

1818-1820 Arkansas

Names of Historical Reports

The following is an intentionally empty table …

One of several pre-Linnaean botanical texts.

Cited by Lamarck (1783) as a source for Arabis reptans (=Draba reptans).

Dillenius, 1732 Hortus Elthamensis

In 1732 he published Hortus Elthamensis, a catalogue of the rare plants growing at Eltham, London, in the collection of Sherard's younger brother, James (1666—1738), who, after making a fortune as an apothecary, devoted himself to gardening and music. For this work Dillenius himself executed 324 plates; it was described by Linnaeus, who spent a month with him at Oxford in 1736, and afterwards dedicated his Critica Botanica to him, as opus botanicum quo absolutius mundus non vidit, "a botanical work of which the world has not seen one more authoritative". Further, Linnaeus would later name a genus of tropical tree Dillenia in his honor. In the section on Symphyotrichum ericoides refers to the work of Paul Herman, Prodromus of Dutch Flowers, perhaps published posthumously, as follows:

Ab Aftere Novae Angliaw Linariae folio, Chamaemeli floribus, Hermannus Par. Bat. p. 95. …

This appears to refer to:

D. Pauli Hermanni Florae Batavae flores, Ejusdem Paradisi Batavi Prodromus; & tendem post idsius obitum Paradisus ipsa :

That I found in: Joannis Raii (John Ray) … 1704 … Historiae plantarum: tomus tertius … : accessit Historia Stirpium ins. Luzonis & reliquarum Philippinarum a R. P. Gee. Jos. Camello … S. J. conscripta : item D. Jos. Pitton Tournefort … Grollarium institutionum rei herbariae

Gronovius, 1738, Flora Virginica

Jan Frederik Gronovius (also seen as Johann Frederik and Johannes Fredericus) (10 February 1690 in Leiden – 10 July 1762 in Leiden) was a Dutch botanist notable as a patron of Linnaeus.

John Clayton, a plant collector in Virginia sent him many specimens, as well as manuscript descriptions, in the 1730s. Without Clayton's knowledge, Gronovius used the material in his Flora Virginica (1739–43, 2nd ed. 1762).

He was the son of Jakob Gronovius and grandson of Johann Friedrich Gronovius, both classical scholars. In 1719, he married Margaretha Christina Trigland, who died in 1726, and Johanna Susanna Alensoon in 1729. His son Laurens Theodoor Gronovius (1730–1777) was also a botanist.

Royen, 1740, Flora Leydensus Prodromus

Adriaan van Royen (11 November 1704 in Leiden – 28 February 1779 in Leiden) was a Dutch botanist. He was a professor at Leiden University and is associated with Carl Linnaeus.

He is best known for his work on flora of Southeast Asia. Adriaan van Royen formed a close relationship with Linnaeus, who had visited the Leiden Botanic Garden during a stay in Leiden between 1737 and 1738.

He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1728.

He died in Leiden in 1779.

Gmelin, 1747-1769, Publication Details

Walter, 1788, Flora Caroliniana

Thomas Walter (1740-1789) was a British-born American botanist. He is best known for his book Flora Caroliniana (1788), an early yet fairly complete catalog of the flowering plants of South Carolina.

Schreber, 1789-1791, Publication Details

The following is an intentionally empty table …

Gaertner, 1791, Publication Details

Joseph Gaertner (1732 – 1791) was a German botanist, best known for his work on seeds, De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum (1788-1792).

He was born in Calw, and studied in Göttingen under Albrecht von Haller. He was primarily a naturalist, but also worked at physics and zoology. He travelled extensively to visit other naturalists. He was professor of anatomy in Tübingen in 1760, and was appointed professor of botany at St Petersburg in 1768, but returned to Calw in 1770. Much of his productive work involved hybridization of plants and expression of traits in progeny.

Gaertner (1791) appears here because of his publication of Troximon. Today we treat Troximon as a synonym of Krigia Schreb. and the published names in Troximon have been dispersed primarily to Agoseris with one to Krigia and two to Nothocalais. Krigia biflora (Walter) S. F. Blake “Two-Flower Dwarf Dandelion” is found in Colorado, including one collection near Deckers in southwest Jefferson County. Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene “Prairie False Dandelion” is common around Golden s.l.

Fraser's Catalogue, 1813

Remarks the International Plant Names Index (accessed 16 August 2020): Originally distributed by Messrs. Fraser’s Nursery for Curious American Plants and was referred to as Frasers’ catalogues. Reprinted in: Pittonia. 2: 114-119. 1890. Although Nuttall is not cited as the author, he has been generally accepted as the author (see St. Louis Code Art. 46 Ex. 26). Regarding the precise date of publ.: a reference to this Cat. Is made in Bot. Mag. Ad t. 1574. 1 Aug 1813. For several names in the supplement and addenda et corrigenda portions, Pursh (Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 727-751. Dec 1813) referred to Fraser's Catalogue, e.g, pp. 728, 729, 750. For the validly and invalidly published names in this Catalogue, see: J. L. Reveal, Rhodora 70: 25-54. 1968.

• Amorpha canescens Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana [1] (1813), nom. Inval.
• Amorpha nana Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 5 (1813).
• Astragalus crassicarpus Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 6 [unpaged] (1813).
• Cactus viviparus Nutt. (= Escobaria vivipara (Nutt.) Britton & Rose), Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 22 (1813). .
• Eriogonum flavum Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana [unpaged] (1813).
• Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 45 (1813).
• Malva coccinea Nutt. (=Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb.), Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 51 (1813).
• Oenothera albicaulis Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 54 (1813), nom. Inval.
• Oenothera cespitosa Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 53 (1813).
• Rudbeckia columnifera Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 75 (1813).
• Yucca glauca Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana no. 89 (1813).

Multiple authors have considered the names published in Fraser's 1813 Catalogue, the author of the names, and the legitimacy of the names. One recent such paper was Reveal (1968) “On the Names in Fraser's 1813 Calalogue.” Original copies of Fraser's Catalogue are quite rare, leading Greene (1890) to republish. Reveal acknowledges that Greene essentially accurately reprinted the catalogue. One change that Greene acknowledges was the addition “[ By T. Nuttall. ]” to the title page, which he says Nuttall wrote in ink on the original.

Possibly among other taxa, the legitimacy of the names in Fraser's Catalogue is important for our Priairie Coneflower Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl.

Reveal (1968) thought the author must have been Nuttall, referring to several other papers on the question.

Pursh, 1814-1816, Publication Details

Pursh (1814-16) is an often cited reference for taxa found in Golden s.l.

There are forty-four taxa named by Pursh that are known to occur in Golden s.l..

• Juniperus communis var. depressa Pursh. Common juniper
• Calligonum canescens Pursh (=Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt.)
• Musineon divaricatum (Pursh) Raf.. Leafy Wild Parsley
• Agoseris glauca (Pursh) Raf.. Pale Goat-Chicory, as Troximon glaucum Pursh
• Arnica fulgens Pursh. Shining Leopardbane
• Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.. Arrow-Leaf Balsamroot
• Dieteria canescens (Pursh) Nutt.. Hoar False Tansy-Aster
• Erigeron compositus Pursh. Dwarf Mountain Fleabane
• Gaillardia aristata Pursh. Great Blanket-Flower
• Grindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal. Curly-Cup Gumweed
• Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby. Kindlingweed
• Heterotheca villosa (Pursh) Shinners. Hairy False Golden-Aster
• Lygodesmia juncea (Pursh) D. Don ex Hook.. Rush Skeleton-Plant
• Nothocalais cuspidata (Pursh) Greene. Wavy-Leaf Prairie-Dandelion
• Xanthisma spinulosum (Pursh) D.R. Morgan & R.L. Hartman. Lacy Sleepy Daisy
• Mertensia lanceolata (Pursh) DC.. Prairie Bluebells
• Phacelia heterophylla Pursh. Variable-Leaf Scorpion-Weed
• Cleome serrulata Pursh. Rocky Mountain Beeplant
• Euphorbia marginata Pursh. Snow-on-the-Mountain
• Amorpha canescens Pursh. Leadplant ???
• Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh. American Licorice
• Lupinus argenteus Pursh. Silver-Stem Lupine
• Oxytropis lambertii Pursh. Stemless Locoweed
• Pediomelum argophyllum (Pursh) J. Grimes. Silver-Leaf Indian-Breadroot
• Psoralidium lanceolatum (Pursh) Rydb.. Lemon scurfpea
• Psoralidium tenuiflorum (Pursh) Rydb.. Slimflower scurfpea
• Ribes aureum Pursh. Golden Currant
• Linum lewisii Pursh. Prairie Flax
• Mentzelia decapetala (Pursh ex Sims) Urb. & Gilg ex Gilg. Gumbo-Lily
• Mentzelia nuda (Pursh) Torr. & A. Gray. Goodmother
• Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. Lance-Leaf Springbeauty
• Lewisia rediviva var. rediviva Pursh. Bitter root
• Mirabilis linearis (Pursh) Heimerl. Narrow-Leaf Four-O'clock
• Oenothera albicaulis Pursh. White-Stem Evening-Primrose
• Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh. Great Plains Indian-Paintbrush
• Mimulus lewisii Pursh. Great Purple Monkey-Flower
• Ipomopsis aggregata (Pursh) V. Grant. Scarlet Skyrocket
• Rumex venosus Pursh. Veiny Dock
• Androsace occidentalis Pursh. Western Rock-Jasmine
• Clematis hirsutissima Pursh. Sugarbowls
• Ranunculus cymbalaria Pursh. Alkali Buttercup
• Geum triflorum Pursh. Old-Man's-Whiskers
• Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh. Lance-Leaf Figwort
• Viola nuttallii Pursh. Yellow Prairie Violet
• Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) A. Löve. Bluebunch-Wheat Grass

Rafinesque (1818) had the following to say in his review of Pursh (1814) Flora Americae Septentrionalis.

Original Text
…
We have abundant proofs that [Pursh] has introduced many new species, not discovered by, nor belonging tohimself, and without the leave of the owners. Mr. Bradbury, for instance, has loudly complained to us, against him, for having so many of his new plants collected in the Missouri, without his permission, which he meant to publish them himself ; but the blame, if any, appears to lay with those friends who put the plants into the hands of Mr> Pursh, since the author of a general Flora is perfectly at liberty to avail himself of all the materials which come to his knowledge, and ought rather to be blamed for omitting them than otherwise.
It is advisable therefor for the discoverers of new plants to publish them speedily themselves, or keep them out of sight, and buried, as misers do their gold.
Many new plants are stated by Mr. P. to grow on the Mississippi and Missouri, without reference to their discoverers, and as he never was there himself, it is to be presumed they were collected by Mess. Lewis or Nuttall, and probably the latter ; the circumstance from which they were derived is illiberal and disingenuous.
…
After all, let no one suppose that we despise the labours of Mr. P : far from it. Few can value them more than we do ; we shal at all times be happy to give credit to any botanist for his real personal exertions : for such, and for the compilation of his Flora, Mr. Pursh does really deserve our thanks, notwithstanding so many errors and omissions. We therefore with him complete success in his future labours, and particularly in the completion of a Flora Canadensis, which we understand he has lately undertaken on the spot. C. S. R.

The following is an intentionally empty table …

Nuttall, 1818, Publication Details

Types published by Nuttall in this volume that are found in Golden s.l.

• Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. (Calligonum canescens Pursh)
• Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt.
• Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Silver Wormwood.
• Cirsium undulatum (Nutt.) Spreng. Wavy Leaved Thistle, as Cnicus undulatus Nutt.
• Erigeron pumilis Nutt. Shaggy Fleabane.
• Iva xanthiifolia Nutt. Carelessweed, =Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Nutt.) Fesen.
• Senecio integerrimus Nutt. Columbia Ragwort.
• Solidago speciosa Nutt. Showy Goldenrod.
• Collomia linearis Nutt. Tiny Trumpet.
• Solanum triflorum Nutt. Cutleaf Nightshade.
• Orthocarpus luteus Nutt. “Yellow Owls Clover.”
• Delphinium virescens Nutt. (=Delphinium carolinianum subsp. virescens (Nutt.) R. E. Brooks)
• Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm. (=Bouteloua dactyloides (Nutt.) Columbus) Buffalo Grass
• Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Little Barley, on the plains of the Missouri.
• Munroa squarrosa (Nutt.) Torr. False Buffalograss.
• Schedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel. Tumblegrass, as Lepturus paniculatus.

  Nuttall types published elsewhere.

• Sphaeralcea coccinea (Nutt.) Rydb., published in Fraser (1813) as Malva coccinea.
• Oenothera cespitosa Nutt. Tufted Evening Primrose, published in Fraser's (1813) Catalogue.
• Monarda pectinata Nutt. “Plains Beebalm”, published in 1848, Plants Collected by Gambel.
• Physalis longifolia Nutt. “Longleaf Groundcherry,” published in 1834, Flora of Arkansas
• Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) D. Dietr. “Steppe Goat-Chicory,” published in 1841 as Troximon parviflorum
• Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. “Small-Leaf Pussytoes.” published in 1841.
• Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Golden Tickseed, published in Arkansa report, 1821.
• Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Largeflower Hawksbeard, published in report of plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth, 1834a
• Helianthus pumilus Nutt. Little Sunflower. Published in 1841.
• Heliomeris multiflora Nutt. Showy Golden Eye. Published in 1841.
• Ratibida columnifera (Nutt.) Woot. & Standl. (Syn: Rudbeckia columnifera Nutt.) “Upright Prairie Coneflower.” Published in Fraser (1813) Catalogue, with the name attributed to Nuttall.
• Senecio plattensis Nutt. =Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve, published in Nuttall (1841).
• Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod, published in report of plants collected by Nathaniel Wyeth, 1834a.
• Solidago nana Nutt. Baby Goldenrod, published in Nuttall (1841).
• Leucocrinum montanum Nutt. Ex A. Gray. Star Lily, published by Gray (1848).
• Aristida purpurea Nutt. Purple Threeawn, published in Nuttall (1834) account of his trip to the Arkansa Territory.
• Muhlenbergia montana (Nutt.) Hitchc. Mountain Muhly, published as Calycodon montanus by Nuttall in his 1848 account of the collections by Gambel.

American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review, Rafinesque, 1817-1818

One of Rafinesque's several publication series.

Elliott, 1821-1824, Publication Details

Elliott (1821-1824) published his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia.

Nuttall, 1821, Publication Details

Nuttall (1821) describes his nearly disastrous exploration of the Arkansas River in 1818-1820.

Sprengel, 1826, Publication Details.

…

Although purporting to be 16th edition Linnaeus' Systema vegetabilium, this work must be attributed to Sprengel. In fact this should count as the 17th edition, as the real 16th edition that of Roemer & Schultes.

Torrey, 1828, Rocky Mountain Plants of Dr. Edwin P. James.

Torrey's final account of plants collected by Edwin James in 1820.

Rafinesque, 1833, Publication Details

Nuttall, 1834a, Wyeth Expedition

Nuttall (1834a) described plants brought back by Nathaniel Wyeth from his expedition to the Oregon Territory.

• Phlox longifolia Nutt. “Longleaf Phlox.”
• Crepis occidentalis Nutt. Largeflower Hawksbeard.
• Solidago missouriensis Nutt. Missouri Goldenrod.

Nuttall, 1834b, Flora of the Territory of Arkansas

The following is an intentionally empty table …

• Physalis longifolia Nutt. “Longleaf Groundcherry.”
• Aristida purpurea Nutt. Purple Threeawn.

Fresenius, 1836, Publication Details

Johann Baptist Georg (George) Wolfgang Fresenius (1808-1866) was a German physician and botanist, known for his work in the field of phycology. He was a native of Frankfurt am Main.

He studied medicine at the Universities of Heidelberg, Würzburg and Giessen, earning his doctorate at the latter institution in 1829. Afterwards he settled in Frankfurt am Main, where he worked as a general practitioner of medicine while maintaining an active interest in botany.

As a student in Heidelberg and afterwards, he studied botany with his friend George Engelmann (1809-1884), who later became a renowned German-American botanist. From 1831 Fresenius was curator of the Senckenberg herbarium and a teacher at the Senckenberg Research Institute (Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg). With his student Anton de Bary (1831–1888), he conducted microscopic investigations of algae and fungi. He died in Frankfurt on 1 December 1866 at the age of 58.

Page 1 from Index Seminum Frankfort/Am Main

Lawson, 1836, Agriculturist's Manual

Published in Edinburgh; see Linzer Biol. Beitr. 28: 1048. 1996

Names in this publication:

• Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson. “Ponderosa Pine”

Torrey & A. Gray, 1838-1843, Flora of North America

Torrey & A. Gray (1838-1943) in two volumes …

• Vicia ludoviciana Nutt. ex Torr & A. Gray

Nuttall, 1841, Tour across the Continent to the Pacific, a Residence in Oregon, and a Visit to the Sandwich Islands

In 1834, Nuttall resigned his post and set off west again on an expedition led by Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth, this time accompanied by the naturalist John Kirk Townsend. They travelled through Kansas, Wyoming, and Utah, and then down the Snake River to the Columbia. Nuttall then sailed across the Pacific Ocean to the Hawaiian Islands in December. He returned in the spring of 1835 and spent the next year botanizing in the Pacific Northwest, an area already covered by David Douglas. On the Pacific coast, Nuttall heard of the ship Alert leaving San Diego in May 1836, bound for Boston.

Nuttall types published in this volume:

• Agoseris parviflora (Nutt.) D. Dietr., published in 1841 as Troximon parviflorum
• Antennaria parvifolia Nutt. Small-Leaf Pussytoes.
• Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush.
• Helianthus pumilus Nutt. Little Sunflower.
• Heliomeris multiflora Nutt. Showy Golden Eye.
• Psilochenia occidentalis Nutt. (Syn: Crepis occidentalis Nutt.)
• Senecio plattensis Nutt. =Packera plattensis (Nutt.) W. A. Weber & Á. Löve
• Solidago nana Nutt. Baby Goldenrod.

No mention is made of any Salix.

Nuttall, 1842-1849, North American Sylva

Nuttall extended Michaux's three-volume North American Sylva, with three additional volumes, containing all the forest trees discovered in the Rocky Mountains, the territory of Oregon, down to the shores of the Pacific and into the confines of California, as well as in various parts of the United States.

Dates

Vols. 1-3 (issued as vols. 4-6 of a 6-volume series), 1842-1849
1(1): 1-56. med 1842
1(2): 57-136. Jul-Dec 1842
2: 1-123. 1846
3: 1-148. 1849.

Remarks

With Illustrated by 122 finely colored plates. By Thomas Nuttall … The whole forming six volumes, and comprising 278 plates --Note on t.-p.

Names first published in these volumes:

• Salix exigua Nutt.

Fremont, 1845, Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains

The following is an intentionally empty table …

The Catalogue of Plants for Frémont's 1842 expedition starts on page 75. The Polygonaceae is listed on page 96, those listed being Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt., E. caespitosum Nutt., E. umbellatum Torr., E. fremontii n. sp. (=E. brevicaule Nutt.), and E. annuum Nutt.

The descriptions of plants for Frémont's 1843-'44 expedition begins on page 311. The Eriogonum described include E. inflatum Torr. and Frém., E. reniforme Torr. and Frém., and E. cordalum Torr. and Frém. (=E. cordatum Torr & Frém., and is impossible to place unequivocally, per FNANM.)

No mention is made of E. alatum though Frémont and Torrey were aware of it.

Dietrich, 1847, Publication Details

David Nathaniel Friedrich Dietrich (1800 – 1888) was German botanist and gardener. In 1828 Dietrich worked as a botanical gardener in Jena. In 1836 he received his doctorate at the University of Jena, and later served as a curator at the botanical garden in Jena. Dietrich wrote pamphlets on poisonous plants, mosses, and forest flora and fauna of Germany as well as several botanical encyclopedias. His five-volume, 1839-1852 Synopsis Plantarum, cited here, included about 80,000 species and 524 genera. The five-volume Flora of Germany published from 1833 to 1864 contains 1150 colored panels. The two-volume Forst Flora and the 476 booklets of the comprehensive Flora Universalis are his most famous work (Wikipedia, 2020).

Roemer, 1847, Fam. Nat. Syn. Monogr.

Max Joseph Roemer (1791–1849) was a German botanist who worked in Weimar. He served as a Landrichter (country judge) in the Bavarian town of Aub, afterwards working as a private scientist in Würzburg. He is the taxonomic authority of the genera Heteromeles, Pyracantha and Erythrocarpus as well as of numerous plant species.

Emory, 1848, Publication Details

Nuttall, 1848, Plants collected by William Gambel

This paper describes collected by William Gambel in the vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico, between June and September, 1841, and in February-July, 1842, in California. Nuttall also used the paper to describe additional plants he collected on his 1834 trip to Oregon Territory. The publication appears in two forms.

A related publication would be Gray's (1849) Planta Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae.

Names published in this volume that Gambel collected:

• Quercus gambelli Nutt. “Gambel's Oak.”

Names published int his volume that Nuttall collected:

• Eriogonum effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat.”
• Eucycla Nutt., now treated as a subgroup of Eriogonum Michaux.

No mention is made of any willows.

Hooker's journal of botany and Kew Garden miscellany, 1849-1857

The following is an intentionally empty table …

Names published here:

• Vol. 5, Abronia fragrans Nutt. ex Hook.

Gray, 1849, Plantae Fendlerianae Novi-Mexicanae

This publication describes some of the plants collected by Augustus Fendler in the vicinity of Santa Fe, New Mexico, October 1846 to August 1847. It ends with the phrase “To be continued,” though it was not.

Gray, 1852, Plantæ Wrightianæ, Part I

Gray (1852-1853) account of plants collected by Charles Wright.

PLANTAE WRIGHTIANAE TEXANO-NEO-MEXICANAE:

AN ACCOUNT

or

A COLLECTION OF PLANTS MADE BY CHARLES WRIGHT, A. M.,

IN AN EXPEDITION FROM TEXAS TO EL PASO, NEW MEXICO, IN THE SUMMER AND AUTUMN OF 1849.

Mr. Charles Wright, who has for several years past devoted much attention to the botany of Texas, returned to Galveston from the North in the spring of 1849, and proceeded to San Antonio, purposing to avail himself of the opportunity afforded by the movement of a body of United States troops from this place across the country to El Paso, in Southern New Mexico, to investigate the natural history, and especially the botany, of this hitherto untrodden region. A recommendation from the War Department, that all proper facilities should be furnished to Mr. Wright, in furtherance of his arduous and entirely scientific undertaking, procured for him only the free transportation of his paper for preserving specimens, and of the collections he was enabled to make. This favor he owes to the kindness of Captain French, the quartermaster of the expedition, to whom and to Major Henry and Major Van Horn, Mr. Wright desires to express his thanks. The train left the frontier settlement of Castroville about the first of June, and reached El Paso early in September. The remainder of that month was devoted to making collections in the vicinity of that interesting station. Finding that much time would necessarily be lost in passing the long winter in New Mexico, Mr. Wright retraced his steps, and accompanied his rich collections back to Texas by the return train, leaving El Paso in October, and reaching San Antonio late in November. In returning he was enabled to add to his collection some species which had escaped notice during the outward journey, or which were not then in season, as well as largely to increase his collection of seeds, and of living Cactaceous plants. Specimens of the latter have been placed in the hands of Dr. Engelmann, of St. Louis, for examination. The seeds have been divided between the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, under my charge, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, under the direction of Sir Wm. Hooker.

A full set of the plants here enumerated or described is retained in my own herbarium ; another becomes the property of the Smithsonian Institution, which has efficiently patronized this exploration. It will there form, with similar sets of the collections of Fendler and Lindheimer, made in New Mexico and Texas, the nucleus of an important and authentic North American herbarium, destined to be enriched, I trust, by continued accessions, especially from our newly-acquired territories, until it shall comprise representatives of our whole flora, and specimens of all the vegetable products of our wide country.

Another set of these plants will be found in the herbarium of John A. Lowell, Esq., of Boston, who has liberally patronized Mr. Wright's scientific explorations. The others, eight or nine in number, are about to be issued to the subscribers who have applied for them.

The numbers prefixed to the names are those under which the specimens are distributed. Those marked with a †, in place of a number, were collected in single specimens, or at least not in sufficient quantity for distribution.

The whole will give a good idea of the vegetation, and consequently of the climate, general character, and capabilities, of the region traversed. I append, from time to time, notices or characters of plants gathered by other collectors in adjacent regions, especially by Dr. Wislizenus in the valley of the Rio Grande and in Chihuahua, and by the indefatigable Dr. Gregg* in the same district and in the northern provinces of Mexico, — chiefly from materials obligingly furnished by Dr. Engelmann.

Orders or genera elaborated by Dr. Engelmann, Dr. Torrey, Mr. Bentham, or others, have the name of the author prefixed.

A proper account of the topography and physical character of the region traversed by the United States troops in their march from Texas to New Mexico will doubtless be officially published, before the printing of this memoir is completed. It is therefore unnecessary for me to attempt to compile any such account from Mr. Wright's disjoined and necessarily imperfect memoranda.

A. GRAY.

Harvard University, Cambridge, May, 1850.

* Tidings of the lamented death of this most assiduous collector, in California, have just been received.

Gray, 1853, Plantæ Wrightianæ, Part II

Gray, 1853, Plantæ Wrightianæ, Part II

PLANTAE WRIGHTIANAE TEXAN0–NE0-MEXICANAE.

Part II.

The object of this memoir is to give a scientific account of the botanical collections made by Mr. Charles Wright, in New Mexico, or on the route thither from Eastern Texas, during the summer and autumn of 1851, and the spring and early part of the summer of the present year, 185 '2. In the former memoir, the publication of Mr. Wright's large collection made in 1849 was carried as far as to the end of the Order Compositae. On the present occasion I propose to give a similar account of these more recent collections, up to the same point, and hereafter, as soon as other engagements will permit, to combine the account of the remaining portions of these several collections, along with those of Mr. Fendler and Mr. Lindheimer (the publication of which has likewise been arrested at the same point), into one general memoir.

Mr. Wright's collection in the year 1851 was made under the auspices of Colonel Graham, of the Topographical Engineers, while attached to the scientific corps of the U. S. Boundary Commission, then under Colonel Graham's charge. It is intended more particularly to illustrate the new genera and species it comprises in an appendix to Colonel Graham's Report, called for by the United States Senate : and a phytographical account of the regions traversed, and of the stations which particular plants occupy or affect, drawn up by Mr. Wright, at my request, will give the general features of the vegetation of the whole region. For the present I need only state, generally, where the collections were made. The first portion was gathered during the journey from San Antonio, Texas, to El Paso, in May and June, 1851, and therefore on groumd that Mr. Wright had more leisurely traversed, two years previously, at a later season. This was forwarded to me in time for the incorporation of a part of its novelties in my former memoir (q. v. p. 17). The later portion was made from July to November, during a journey from El Paso to the copper mines of Santa Rita del Cobre, in the southwestern part of New Mexico, and thence into the northern part of the Mexican state of Sonora, as far as to Santa Cruz, returning to the copper mines by way of Guadalupe Pass, and thence back to El Paso. This collection is one of exceeding interest ; and, I think, comprises a larger proportion of new species than any other that has fallen into my hands.

In the spring of 1852, while performing his official duties in the Boundary Commission, under the orders of Major Emory, the successor of Colonel Graham, Mr. Wright made an interesting vernal collection, in the vicinity of El Paso and the rancho of Frontera, and down the Rio Grande for sixty or seventy miles ; also up the valley as far as Camp Fillmore, and thence into the Organ Mountains which bound the valley on the east. A hasty excursion was also made to Lake Santa Maria and Lake Gusman in Chihuahua, the latter seventy or eighty miles southwest of El Paso. These vernal collections afford many novelties, no botanist having previously explored this region at that season of the year. The remainder of the collection for this year was gathered during a rapid journey, in June and July, from New Mexico back to Eastern Texas, by the route which Mr. Wright had already twice traversed. Still, it comprises a few plants not seen before, as well as specimens in a different state or better condition.

The numbers annexed, after the habitat, are those affixed to the distributed specimens ; and, to avoid confusion, they follow from the end of Mr Wright's distributed collection of 1849. Specimens not thus numbered are ticketed with their names.

Harvard University, Cambridge, October, 1852.

Pericome caudata A. Gray “Mountain Tail-Leaf” along the Peaks to Plains Trail.

Sitgreaves, 1853, Expedition Down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers

Sitgreaves, 1953 …

Report on the Natural History of the country passed over by the exploring expedition under the command of Brevet Captain L. Sitgreaves, U. S. Topographical Engineers, during the year 1851. By S. W. Woodhouse, M.D., Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition. … pae 31

Mr. Wright, an enterprising botanist, has passed over this route several times, and the plants have been described by Doctors Torrey and Gray, many of which have been already published by them in the Smithsonian Contributions, under the title, “Plantae Wrightianae.”

Zoology. Mammals and Birds, by S. W. Woodhouse, M. D. Reptiles, by Edward Hallowell, M. D. Fishes, by Prof. S. F. Baird and Charles Girard. … page 41

Botany. by Professor John Torrey. … page 153

For Eriogonum alatum, the citation is “(Torr., l. c.;)” Two entries up, i.e., that for Eriogonum orthocladon, the citation is “(Torr. mss., in D. C. Prodr. ined.:)” which I think means “I, Torrey, described this in a manuscript I gave to DeCandolle for his use in his Prodromo.”

Marcy, 1854, Publication Details

Pacific Railroad Reports, Beckwith

The following is an intentionally empty table …

Volume II, first article gives a narrative of the Gunnison expedition, and describes the death of the Captain.

October 25.—Captain Gunnison, with Mr. R. H. Kern, Mr. F. Creutzfeldt, and Mr. Wm. Potter, (guide,) with John Bellows, and a corporal and six men from the escort, left camp at a late hour this morning to explore the vicinity of Sevier lake, supposed to be distant some fifteen or eighteen miles. From Captain Gunnison’s journal I extract the description of the country and operations of the party during the day, written after they had encamped for the night: “I came down the river southwest for nine miles, and then, bearing more west for two miles, concluded to encamp, as the water below might prove too salt. The route was through heavy artemisia for five miles, when we came upon more open plains to the nine-mile point, where we met with sloughs alive with geese, ducks, brant, pelicans, and gulls. A few hawks were careering in the high wind, and the black-eared and black-tailed rabbits were very numerous in the large artemisia.

“The mountains wore all day their white night mantle of snow, and we had squalls from the north, with snow falling on the high mountains on all sides of us. Towards sunset it brightened up a little, and our hunters brought in four ducks of as many different varieties.”

The remainder of the surveying party left under my charge, with the escort under Captain Morris, crossed the river at an excellent ford at the point of our encampment, immediately after the departure of Captain Gunnison, and, agreeably to his request, proceeded up the river in a northeast direction, encamping at a late hour on the river bottom where it is unusually wide. The river at this point makes a long bend in the plain to the south, passing through drifting sand-hills partially covered with artemisia. We had passed southward to avoid these hills in crossing from Cedar spring to the river, and to-day we passed to the west of the largest of them, yet our route was very heavy and the labor severe on our animals. The day, too, was cold and blustering, with occasional slight squalls of snow in the plains, while in the mountains it fell during the greater part of the day. Those of us who were mounted halted frequently—the wagons coming on very slowly—and built fires of sage, which being resinous burnt very freely, with a large flame for the moment, giving out abundant heat. With the setting sun the wind went down, and the night was clear and cold; and at a late hour the pure mountain snows reflected beautifully the clear light of the waning moon, while all around was quietness and repose. The gap by which the Sevier river passes the Un-kuk-oo-ap mountains is called a canon; but at this distance—six miles directly in front of us to the northeast—it appears like anything but a canon passage, although the river may wind from side to side, striking against the foot of the mountains, preventing an easy passage for wagons in its natural state. A large Indian trail, however, passes directly up the river into it. This range of mountains, as seen from our present and last camps, seems to terminate a few miles to the north, leaving a broad, open passage of several miles between it and the succeeding range to the west, in which the waters of the Sevier and Great Salt lakes are divided only by gentle slopes. Distance, 14.27 miles.

October 26.—The morning was clear and cold, and Mount Nebo, seen through the Sevier river gap, with its pure mantle of snow, half enveloped in floating misty clouds, mildly reflecting the rays of the rising sun, presented one of the most beautiful mountain scenes I have ever witnessed. Our animals were kept out to graze until a late hour. At 11 o’clock, however, a party was despatched to ascertain the practicability of the passage around the mountain and thence north to the Great Salt lake ; and, without moving camp again , until the return of Captain Gunnison, it was intended to examine the passage of the Sevier river the following day. But the first party had scarcely proceeded a hundred yards from camp, when it was met by a man, weak and exhausted, reeling breathless into camp, barely able to communicate, by a few broken sentences, as he sank into a seat, the painful intelligence that Captain Gunnison’s party had been surprised in their camp by a large party of Indians, and, he thought, all but himself massacred. Orders were instantly given by Captain Morris, and promptly obeyed by all the men remaining with him of his escort, to replenish their ammunition ; and having brought up and saddled their horses, in thirty minutes they were moving rapidly towards the scene of that fatal disaster, hoping to rescue all who might yet survive and perform the last mournful duties of humanity to those who were known to have fallen.

The man who first reached camp was the corporal of the escort, who had made his escape on his horse, and had ridden him until he could go no further, leaving him at our camp of the previous day, whence he ran on foot fourteen miles—twenty-five in all—arriving, without arms, in the condition I have described. Another of the escort reached camp on horseback, before Capiain Morris’ departure; and two others were met by him in the course of the afternoon, making their way towards camp. The horses of Dr. Schiel, who had accompanied Captain Morris, and of his sergeant and several of his men, gave out during their rapid march, and their riders were left straggling behind; but eventually all arrived safely in camp—-the sergeant and some of the men, from their own folly, in a poor plight.

Before Captain Morris’ departure the train animals were driven in, with the intention at first of removing the train to a more secure place, with the two young gentlemen, Homans and Snyder, and the teamster force, some of whom were unarmed, to guard it. But it was subsequently determined to break up the camp altogether, and move towards a convenient point, where Captain Morris and myself could meet on the following or succeeding day, and take such measures for future operations as circumstances might require, with better means within our reach than we could command at any other point.

Crossing the river at the camp, we took the shortest line to escape from the sand, which proved far heavier than that of the previous day, but it was 7.44 miles in a southeast course, beyond a border of small cedars a mile wide, among which the sand was so drifted that it was only by innumerable windings and contortions of teams and wagons, that we at last escaped from it and reached the plain of grass a mile or two wide, which here lies on the gradual slope of the mountain. Here we encamped. In crossing the sand-hills numerous fresh Indian tracks were seen, notwithstanding the prevalence of a high wind; but the night passed quietly, and at sunrise we travelled southward along the base of the mountain, hoping to escape a continuation of the sand of the previous day, in which we were only partially successful, however, as it continued heavy for ten miles. We then passed a spur of the mountain and changed our course from south to southeast, and struck the trail we had made in going from Cedar spring to the Sevier river, six miles from the spring, at which we found a large camp of Mormons, on their way to settle at Parawan, near Little Salt lake. Here we encamped and turned our animals out to graze on the hills; the 20.93 miles of to-day being the severest day’s labor performed by them, although the day was cool, during the whole course of our long summer journeyings. The last of our animals were not out of harness when Captain Morris arrived, confirming our worst fears for the fate of our late comrades.

Captain Gunnison had encamped early in the afternoon, while the wind and storm were yet fresh, and doubtless feeling the security which men come to indulge after passing long periods of time surrounded by savages without actually encountering them. The abundant grass and fuel of a little nook in the river bottom, sheltered by the high second bank of the river on one side, and thick willows, distant scarcely thirty yards, on two of the others, with the river in front, offered a tempting place of comfort and utility, which was perhaps accepted without even a thought of danger. It was known to the party that a band of Indians was near them, for we had seen their fires daily since entering the valley; but an unusual feeling of security against them was felt, as Captain Gunnison had learned that a recent quarrel, resulting in several deaths, which they had had with emigrants, had terminated, and that notwithstanding this difficulty they had remained at peace with the neighboring settlers, which had been confirmed and guarantied for the future in a “talk” held with some of the Indians of this band, by an agent of the governor of the Territory, during our stay near Fillmore. This information, Captain Gunnison told me before leaving, relieved him from any apprehension he might otherwise have felt regarding this band, and was the reason for his haying asked for so small an escort to accompany him, which he as well as his guide, an experienced citizen of the Territory, deemed sufficient.

The usual precaution of a camp guard had been taken, each of the party (including the commander) in turn having performed that duty during the night. At the break of day all arose and at once engaged in the usual duties of a camp preparatory to an early start, to reach that day the most distant point of exploration fur the present season. The sun had not yet risen, most of the party being at breakfast, when the surrounding quietness and silence of this vast plain was broken by the discharge of a volley of rifles and a shower of arrows through that devoted camp, mingled with the savage yells of a large band of Pah-Utah Indians almost in the midst of the camp; for, under cover of the thick bushes, they had approached undiscovered to within twenty-five yards of the camp-fires. The surprise was complete. At the first discharge, the call to “ seize your arms” had little effect. All was confusion. Captain Gunnison, stepping from his tent, called to his savage murderers that he was their friend; but this had no effect. They rushed into camp, and only those escaped who succeeded in mounting on horseback, and even then they were pursued for many miles. The horse of one fell near camp, tumbling his rider under a bush, where he lay for six or seven hours, while the Indians were passing him on every side, until finally he could no longer hear them near him or in the camp, when he left, and was met soon afterwards by Capt. Morris’ party, which reached the fatal spot just before night. Two Indians were seen a mile or two from camp by Lieutenant Baker and Mr. Potter, brother of the guide, but they were not able to come up with them before night enabled them to escape. The bodies of the slain were not all found at dark, and hope still lingered as a bright fire was built to assure any survivor of safety. But the long weary night, rendered hideous by the howling of wolves, wore away, as this little band of armed men, barely larger than that which had already been sacrificed, lay near the fatal spot, and day dawned only to discover the mutilated remains of their recent comrades, none of them being scalped—a barbarity which some of the tribes on this part of the continent seldom indulge. Borne of their arms were, however, cut off at the elbows, and their entrails cut open; and, the wolves having had access to them during the day and to those exposed during the night, their bodies were in such a condition that it was not deemed possible to bring them away—not even that of Captain Gunnison, who had fallen pierced with fifteen arrows.

The statement which has from time to time appeared (or been copied) in various newspapers of the country since the occurrence of these sad events, charging the Mormons or Mormon authorities with instigating the Indians to, if not actually aiding them in, the murder of Captain Gunnison and his associates, is, I believe, not only entirely false, but there is no accidental circumstance connected with it affording the slightest foundation for such a charge.

Pacific Railroad Reports, Botany, Torrey & Gray

The following is an intentionally empty table …

Volume II, about in the middle, in the Report on the Botany of the Expedition. Part II of that report covers the Botany of the expedition led by Gunnison.

PART II. Plants collected by Mr. F. Creutzfeldt, under the direction of Captain J. W. Gunnison, U. S. Army, in charge of explorations for a railroad from Fort Leavenworth, by the way of the Kansas and Arkansas rivers, to Bent's Fort; thence by the Huerfano river and Sangre de Crista Pass to the valley of San Luis; thence west from that valley to Grand and Green rivers; thence into the Great Basin, Utah, to the vicinity of the Sevier or Nicollet lake. The collection was commenced at Westport, in Missouri, in June, 1853, and fnished late in October.

Pacific Railroad Reports, Whipple, Botany, Cactaceae, Engelmann & Bigelow

George Engelmann and John M. Bigelow described to Cactaceae from the Whipple expedition.

Two names of interest that were first described in this report are Opuntia tortispina and O. cymochila.

DeCandolle, 1824-1874, Prodromo

Multi-volume …

Parry, 1862, Physiographical Sketch of [a] Portion of the Rocky Mountain Range

Hayden, F. V., 1870, Wyoming

This catalogue embraces the plants collected in Wyoming Territory, by Dr. F. V. Hayden, during the geological survey of 1870 — at Camp Carlin, from July 25 to 30, on the route from Fort D. A. Russell, via Fort Fetterman, Sweetwater, South Pass, Wind Eiver Mountains, and Green River, to Fort Bridger, from August 1 to September 13 ; in the Uinta Mountains, south of Henry's Fork of Green River, in the latter half of September, and on Henry's Fork, in the month of October. To these are added his collection in the North Park, Colorado Territory, August, 1868, and another, made by Mr. B. H. Smith, in the region around the city of Denver, during the summer of 1869.

Watson, 1871, Botany, United States Geological Explorations on the Fortieth Parallel

Sereno Watson was the botanist and wrote the Botany volume, with assistance from D. C. Eaton and others.

Porter & Coulter, 1874, Synopsis of the flora of Colorado

John M. Coulter was expedition botanist on Hayden's 1873 Expedition to Colorado.

The work is based chiefly on collections made, in 1861 and succeeding years, by Dr. C. C. Parry, whose indefatigable labors have added so much to our knowledge of the flora of the region; in 1862 by Messrs. Hall and Harbour; in 1867, by Dr. W. A. Bell, of Manitou Springs; in 1868, by Dr. F. V. Hayden; in 1869, by B. H. Smith, Esq., of Denver; in 1871, by Dr. George Smith and W. M. Canby, Esq.; in 1871 and 1873, by Messrs. Meehan and Hooper; in 1872, by J. H. Redfield, Esq.; in 1872 and 1873, by T. S. Brandegee, Esq., of Canon City, Rev. E. L. Greene, of Pueblo, and T. C. Porter; and in 1873, by J. M. Coulter.

Wheeler, 1878, Report upon United States Geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian

The Wheeler Survey was a survey of a portion of the United States lying west of the 100th meridian. It comprised multiple expeditions, and was supervised by First Lieutenant (later Captain) George Montague Wheeler.

Brewer, et al., 1889 , Botany, California.

Botany report form the Geological Survey of California.

Coulter, 1885, Botany of the Rocky Mountain Region

Coulter (1885) ...

Sargent, 1888-1897, Garden & Forest

Garden & Forest was edited by Charles S. Sargent, who was the Director of the Arnold Arboretum and Professor of Agriculture in Harvard College, etc.

Names published in this publication:

• Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. “Rocky Mountain Juniper”

Heller, 1898, Catalogue of North American Plants North of Mexico

Amos Arthur Heller (March 21, 1867 – May 19, 1944) was an American botanist. Heller was born in Danville, Pennsylvania. In 1892, Heller received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Franklin & Marshall College. In 1897, he received a Master's degree in Botany from Franklin & Marshall College. From 1896 to 1898, Heller was a professor of Botany at the University of Minnesota. From 1898 to 1899, Heller worked on the Vanderbilt Expedition to Puerto Rico under the auspices of the New York Botanical Garden. Starting in 1905, Heller was a professor of Botany at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, California. After moving to California, Heller and his wife, Emily Gertrude Heller, founded the botanical journal Muhlenbergia and Heller continued to edit that journal until 1915.

Rydberg, 1906, Flora of Colorado

Rydberg (1906) …

Some systematic collection was done by Professor James Cassidy, Professor of Botany (1881-1889), in the intervals of his many duties, up to the time of his death in 1889. His successor, Professor C. S. Crandall, gave much time to the work, especially after the establishment of the experimental grass station in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Agriculture. This afforded occasion and opportunity for trips in search of promising species of native grasses. Subsequent collections, especially of forest products and grasses for the World's Fair in 1893, gave rise to further collecting trips to various parts of the State. Enthusiastic aid was given by Mr. J. H. Cowan, an energetic and promising student, who became Professor of Horticulture and Botany upon the resignation of Professor Crandall, but whose promising career was terminated by death before he had entered upon the active duties of the position.

The author has also consulted the various publications on the flora of Colorado. The most important of these are : T. C. Porter and J. M. Coulter, Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado; J.M. Coulter, Manual of the Botany of the Rocky Mountain Region; T. S. Brandegee, Flora of South-western Colorado; Alice Eastwood, Flora of Denver and Vicinity; John Torrey's report on E. James' collection in Long's Expedition; Asa Gray's reports on the collections of C. C. Parry, E. Hall and Harbour ; Professor E. L. Greene's various publications in Pittonia, Plantae Bakerianae and Leaflets and the publications of Professors T. S. Brandegee, Aven Nelson and M. E. Jones, Mr. G. E. Osterhout and Miss Alice Eastwood in the Botanical Gazette, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Zoe, Erythea and the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences.

Rydberg, 1917. Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains

Rydberg (1917) ...

Rydberg (1922) ...

Rydberg's (1922) 2nd edition made no changes to our Colorado Chrysothamnus or Ericameria.

Turland, et al., 2018, ICBN

International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017.

Cite this Code as: Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W.-H., Li, D.-Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. & Smith, G. F. (eds.) 2018: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Regnum Vegetabile 159. Glashütten: Koeltz Botanical Books. DOI https://doi.org/10.12705/Code.2018

Previous versions of the Code.

Types from the Golden Area

Namesakes of the Golden Area

General Information, and Mysteries Regarding Other Non-Types or Non-Namesakes

Erythranthe guttata (Fisch. ex DC.) G.L. Nesom “Seep Monkeyflower”

(Syn: Mimulus guttatus DC.)

Equisetum L. “Horse Tail”

Notes on Equisetum hyemale L. ssp. affine “Tall Scouring Rush”

The publication of ssp. affine by Calder & Taylor (1965) was just a nomenclatural change without comment.

Equisetum hyemale ssp. affine (Engelm.) Calder & Taylor, comb. nov.

E. robustum var. affine Engelm., Am. Jour. Sci. 46: 88. 1844.

E. hyemale var. affine A. A. Eaton, Fern. Bull. 11: 111. 1903.

Equisetum laevigatum A. Braun “Smooth Horsetail”

George Engelmann translated Alexander Braun's (1844) monograph of North American Species of Equisetum, making some additions.

Argyrochosma, Windham, 1987

Original Text
Argyrochosma (J. Smith) Windham, stat. nov. — Notholaena sect. Argyrochosma J. Smith, J. Bot. (Hooker) 4:50. 1841. — Lectotype (chosen by Christensen, 1906, Ind. Fil., p. XL); Pteris nivea Poir. [Argyrochosma nivea (Poir.) Windham].
... [Diagnosis omitted.] ...
Distribution. — A strictly American genus of approximately 20 species occupying rupestral or (rarely) terrestrial habitats from near sea level to an elevation of 4200 m in the Andes. Ranging from Missouri, Wyoming, and California to Chile (including the Juan Fernandez Islands), Argentina and the highlands of southeastern Brazil. There is a large geographic gap between the North and South American elements of the genus (only A. incana is found in Central America and the West Indies), with the greatest diversity of species occurring in the highlands of central and northern Mexico.

Argyrochosma fendleri (Kunze) Windham “Fendler's False Cloak Fern”

First collected by A. Fendler 1847 in New Mexico, his No. 1017, described by Kunze from a specimen apparently deposited in the General Herbarium of Berlin (https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c026306023?urlappend=%3Bseq=181). The quality of the scan presents difficulty for one unfamiliar with German to transcribe

Original Text
4) Argyrochosma fendleri (Kunze) Windham, comb. nov. — Notholaena fendleri Kunze, Farnkr. 2:87, t. 136. 1851. — Pellaea fendleri (Kunze) Prantl

Cheilanthes feei T. Moore “Slender Lipfern”

First described as Myriopteris gracilis by Fee (1852) citing habitat on rocks around Hillsboro, in North America.

Notes on Selaginella densa Rydb. “Rocky Mountain Spikemoss”

Selaginella underwoodii Hieron “Underwood's Spikemoss”

Described from specimens collected by Fendler, in 1847, in the mountains near Santa Fe.

Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh. “Brittle Bladderfern”

The fern was first described by Linnaeus (1753) as Polypodium fragile from habitats described as the cooler hills of Europe. Cystopteris was proposed by Bernhardi in 1805, who placed C. fragilis therein. This was done in German which, I confess, I have not tried to translate.

Woodsia oregana D.C. Eaton ssp. cathcartiana (B.L. Rob.) Windham “Rocky Mountain Woodsia”

Robinson (1908, v. 10, n. 110, p. 30) published ...

Original Text

Woodsia Cathcartiana, n. sp. W. scopulinae affnis et simillima, sed minute glanduloso-puberula nee hispidula; frondibus 2-3 dm. altis obscure viridibus firmiusculis lanceolatis 25-55 mm. latis bipinnatifidis; pinnis oblongis, inferioribus distantibus, lobis sinubus modice latis separatis oblongis denticulatis; soris submarginalibus ; indusio obscuro eo W. scopulinae simile. — W. scopulina D. C. Eaton apud Gray, Man. ed. 6, 691 (1890), non D. C. Eaton, Can. Nat. ii. 90 (1865). — Nearly related and very similar to W. scopulina, but minutely glandular-puberulent, not hispidulous; fronds 2-3 dm. high, dull green, rather firm in texture, lanceolate, 25-55 mm. wide, bipinnatifid; pinnae oblong, the lower distant; lobes oblong, denticulate, separated by rather wide sinuses; sori snbmarginal; indusium obscure, similar to that of W. scopulina. — Taylor's Falls of the St. Croix River, Minnesota, 1874, Miss Ellen Cathcart (type, in hb. Gray); also on rocks, Lower Falls of the Menomine River, Michigan, 31 August, 1892, C. F. Wheeler. This species was sent to Dr. Gray soon after its original collection. It was referred by him to Prof. Eaton, who evidently was somewhat puzzled by it. He reported it as belonging to his W. scopulina remarking, however, upon its peculiar glandular puberulence. Much additional material of the real W. scopulina, a species frequent from the Rocky Mountains westward, is now at hand and the constancy of the distinctions pointed out above is such as to warrant the publication of the plant of Minnesota and Michigan as a separate species.

Azolla mexicana C. Presl “Mexican Mosquito Fern”

Carl Presl (1845, ser. 5, part 3, p. 580) barely noted the presenence of a new species of Azolla. Some sources give the page number as 150. Others note that the publication on p. 580 is as isonym. I did note see anything on page 150 that looked like publication of a name in Azolla

Original Text	English Translation
— Nova Azollae species est: Azolla mexicana; fronde pinnata, foliolis imbricatis laevibus subrotundis coloratis, radicibus capillaribus. Habitat in Mexico, ubi legit clar. Schiede. Affinis videtur A. portoricensi, differt foliolis margine non hyalinis.	A new species of Azolla is: Azolla mexicana; fronds pinnate, subrotund overlapping leaflets smooth colored capillary roots. Lives in Mexico, where it is described by Schiede. It seems related to A. portoricensis; the edge of the leaves are not hyaline.

Notes on Juniperus L. “Juniper”

We have five species of Juniperus in Colorado, although our authors do not agree on which ones we have, or the nomenclature to be applied.

We definitely have something in section Juniperus, that is the circumpolar Juniperus communis but whether we apply the circumpolar ssp. alpina (Weber & Wittmann, 2012) or the North American variety depressa (Ackerfield, 2022) is apparently still up for debate.

In section Sabina one clade with smooth leaf margins includes our common Rocky Mountain Juniper, J. scopulorum, and the occasionally found garden escapee, J. virginiana. Another clade with sawtooth margins includes both J. monosperma and J. osteosperma, the former occurring in Platte Canyon in Jefferson County.

Mao, et al. (2010) placed both J. scopulorum and J. virginiana in Clade III of section Sabina, though not immediately adjacent to each other. These are the smooth-leaved American species plus the Eurasian J. sabina and a couple of others. J. monosperma and J. osteosperma are Clade II, though at some distance from each other. This clade is described as the serrate-leaved junipers of North America. Section Sabina probably originated in Asia. The presence of an American var. depressa within J. communis represents a recent diversification event.

Adams & Schwarzbach (2013) suggest that migration of J. sabina and others across the Bering Land Bridge (17.6-5.5.mya) gave rise to the current, cold climate, western hemisphere species such as J. scopulorum, whereas the serrate, semi-arid junipers, such as J. osteosperma migrated from the eastern to the western hemisphere via the North American Land Bridge ca. 47-30.3 mya.

Juniperus communis var. depressa “Common Juniper”

Pursh (1814, vol. II, p. 646) described our common juniper from plants he had seen in New York and Maine.

710. JUNIPERUS. Gen. pl. 1552.
communis	1. J. foliis ternis patentibus mucronatis bacca longioribus Willd. sp. pl. 4. p. 853.
erecta.	α. J. ramis erectis.
depressa.	β J. ramis depressis.
	α. About rocks, near the falls of rivers, in Canada and the western part of New York. β. in New York, and particularly in the province of Maine, in rocky or gravelly situations. ♄ May. v. v. The Common Juniper may probably have been originally brought from Europe ; but the variety β., or probably a distinct species, seems to be really an original native ; it does not grow above a foot or two high, and one single root will cover sometimes a space of from fifteen to twenty feet in diameter.

Juniperus scopulorum “Rocky Mountain Juniper”

The Rocky Mountain Juniper — Juniperus scopulorum Sargent — is found in all the hilly areas around Golden s.l. It was originally treated as J. virginiana L. or the Red Cedar. C. S. Sargent (1897) recognized J. scopulorum as a separate species. The Rocky Mountain Juniper is found as far east of South Dakota and Nebraska, where it is known to hybridize with its eastern relative J. virginiana in zones of contact in the Missouri River basin. To the west, J. scopulorum is known to occur in Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona, though not California. Hybrids of J. scopulorum and J. osteosperma are known from from Walnut Canyon [Arizona?] north into Utah and east to Mesa Verde.

Original Text
Juniperus Virginiana has usually been considered to cross the continent to the shores of Puget Sound and Vancouver Island, and to be pretty widely distributed through the interior Rocky Mountain region from the northern border of the United States to northern New Mexico and Arizona.
After having seen, however, a good deal of this western tree during the past two seasons, I am inclined to believe that the so-called western Red Cedar as in grows in Wyoming, Montana and Colorado, at least, and perhaps everywhere, will have to be considered another species, and should this supposition prove correct on further investigation, I should propose the name of Juniperus scopulorum for it.
The habit of the Rocky Mountain tree, as may be seen in our illustration near the Mammoth Hot Springs in the Ywllowstone National Park, where this Juniper is very common, and the only arborescent, and where it grows on gravelly slopes at elevations of six or seven thousand feet with Pinus flexilis.
It has the slender branchlets and opposite leaves in pairs of the eastern tree, but the fruit is larger, and does not ripen until the second year, while that of our Red Cedar ripens during its first autumn.
The branches are stouter and covered with more scaly bark, and the bark of the trunk, which is often forked near the ground is unlike that of the eastern tree, which separates into thin narrow scales fringed on the margins, but, like that of some other western Junipers, divides into irregular, narrow, connected flat ridges, which break up on the surface more or less freely into persistent shreddy scales.
The wood has the same fragance as that of the eastern tree, although it is rather less powerful, and the color is a duller red.
The habit and the character of the bark may be due, perhaps, to differences of soil and climate, which might also affect the color of the wood, and the only really tangible character by which the western tree can be separated from the eastern is the biennial fruit.
The fact, moreover, is significant that unless the eastern and western trees come together in north-western Nebraska, the meeting place of the eastern and western floras, they are separated by a continuous belt of country through the middle of the continent several hundred miles wide; and moreover, with the exception of Juniperus communis, which encircles the northern hemisphere, and the White Spruce, which crosses this continent far northward and reaches the Pacific coast within the Arctic Circle, no coniferous tree grows in both eastern and western North America.
But before the question of the distribution of the Red Cedar can be satisfactorily determined more observations should be made on the time of ripening of the fruit, expecially in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona, in the valley of the Columbia River and on Vancouver Island, for it is, of course, possible, although hardly probable, that the proposed Juniperus scopulorum may be confined to the northern Rocky Mountains and that Juniperus Virginiana really reaches the southern part of that range and even the Pacific coast.

According to Sargent (1897) the only character to distiguish J. scopulorum from J. virginiana is the biennial development of the fruit. FNANM, key by Robert P. Adams, distinguish the two by the extent of which the scalelike leaves overlap, by not more than 1/5 for J. scopulorum, and by the shapes of exfoliating bark, in addition to development of the fruit. J. scopulorum is distinguished from J. osteosperma by the leaf margin entire for the former, whereas leaf margin denticulate for the latter. Ackerfield's (2015) Flora of Colorado follows the same scheme, but does not accept J. virginiana occurring in Colorado, though the author has found it as a garden escapee.

Notes on Juniperus virginiana L. “Eastern Redcedar”

Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson. “Ponderosa Pine”

Lawson & Lawson (1836) described the ponderosa pine from plants they were growing in pots at their Agricultural Museum near Edinburgh, Scotland. Material to grow the plants (seeds?) was obtained through David Douglas from his second and most successful trip to the American Pacific Northwest.

Original Text
XXV. PINUS PONDEROSA — Heavy Wooded Pine.
From not possessing the advantage of deriving information from any previous description of this species, and having only young trees in the Museum to refer to, an oppostunity has not been afforded of giving any details regarding its flowers, cones, &c. It is hoped, however, the following will be sufficient to enable those less acquainted with the general appearance of this seemingly valuable and highly interesting tree to distinguish it from others of the three-leaved pines. In its habit of growth P/. ponderosa seems to surpass all others of the genus for strength and luxuriance, the branches are few, regularly verticillated, horisontal, and seem incluned to assume a pendulous or drooping habit as the three becomes older ; central or top-shoot often more than an inch in diameter, and or proportional length ; buds large and free from resin ; leaves thickly set, nine inches to a foot or fourteen inches in length, thick rigid, and nearly straight, rounded on the exterior, and having a longitudinal prominent rib, together with minute channels on the interior side ; smooth, with very indistinctly serrated margins ; sheaths short, of a dull blackish colour, and lacerated or torn at their extremities ; timber said to be so ponderous as almost to sink in water. Introduced by Mr Douglas from the west coast of North American in 1828.
Such of the above remarks as cannot be supposed to apply to small plants in pots, are derived from a specimen, perhaps the finest in Scotland, growing in the Caledonian Horticultural Society's Gardens, Inverleith Row. Judging from its rapid growth and hardiness, this seems to be one of the most valuable species which has yet been introduced, particularly should the wood, when grown in this country, be found to possess the valuable qualities which have been ascribed to it.

Our Rocky Mountain variety scopulorum was proposed by George Engelmann, writing in his section about Tribe III, the Abietineae in Volume II, Watson's completion of the Botany report of the California Geological Survey. Engelmann included variety scopulorum that is not known from California and other comments about conifers in the western United States in what was perhaps intended to provide regional treatment to the family.

Original Text	Comments
Order CIII. CONIFERAE
…
Tribe III. ABIETINEAE (By Dr. George Engelmann.)	Engelmann's tribe Abietineae contained Abies, Pseudotsuga, Tsuga, Picea, and Pinus, and thus contains taxa in our current family Pinaceae.
…
11. PINUS, Tourn. ; Link. Pine.
…
8. P. ponderosa, Dougl. One of the largest pines known (200 to 300 feet high and 12 to 15 feet in diameter), with very think red=brown bark, deeply furrowed and split in large plates : leaves on stout branchlets in the axils of strongly fringed somewhat presistent bracts, 5 to 9 or even 11 inches long ; the thin sheaths at first 9 or 10 (later 3) lines long : male flowers cylindric, flexuous, 1 1/2 to 2 inches long, crowded into a short head ; involucre of 10 or 12 bracts ; anthers with a large semicircular scarcely dentate crest : cones oval, 3 or 4 (rarely 5) inches long, 1 1/2 to 2 inches thick, of a rich brown color, sessile or subsessile, spreading or slightly recurved, often 3 to 5 together ; umbo high, with a stout straight or incurved prickle : seeds dark brown, 4 lines long ; wing 10 to 12 lines long, widest above the middle : cotyledons 6 to 9. — Loud. Arbor. iv. 2243 ; Newberry, 1. c. 36, t. 4 ; Parlat. 1. c. 395 ; Engelm. Wheeler's Rep. vi. 261. P. Benthamiana, Hartw. Journ. Hort. Soc. ii. 189. P. Beardsleyi and Craigana, Murr. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. i. 286.
Var. Jeffreyi. A tree 100 to 200 feet high, with a more rounded top, more finely cleft and darker bark, and paler leaves 4 to 9 inches long : male flowers 1 1/4 inches long : cones larger, 5 to 12 inches long, lighter brown, on short peduncles, fewer in a cluster, with thinner apophyses, and slender prickles hooked backward : seeds 4 to 7 lines long ; wings 12 or 13 lines long : cotyledons 7 to 11. — P. Jeffreyl, Murr. l. c. xi. 224, t. 8, 9 ; Parlat. l. c. 393.	I have included the Jeffrey pine here because that is the dominant pine on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, for example, at Sagehen Meadow.
Var. scopulorum. A smaller tree (80 to 100 feet high) : leaves 3 to 6 inches long, often in pairs : male flowers an inch long : cones smaller, 2 or 3 (rarely 4) inches long, grayish brown, with stout prickles : seeds 2 1/2 to 3 1/2 lines long, the wings 9 to 12 lines : cotyledons 6 to 9. — P. ponderosa of the Rocky Mountain floras.

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco. “Douglas Fir”

The first publication of “Douglas fir” was as the “Nootka fir” from a specimen that Lambert saw in Banks' herbarium.

Banks was a member of the landed gentry who who inherited extensive family estates. Banks was educated at Eton College and at Oxford University where he developed a keen interest in natural history. He made his name as a naturalist on voyages first to Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada in 1766 and subsequently on Captain Cook’s Endeavour voyage during 1768-1771. He was a friend and advisor to King George III and pivotal in the early development of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Lambert is best known for his work A description of the genus Pinus, issued in several parts 1803–1824, a sumptuously illustrated folio volume detailing all of the conifers then known. A second folio edition was produced between 1828 and 1837, and a third, smaller (octavo) edition in 1832. Individual books even of the same edition are often very different from one another, which causes problems when the illustrations have been used as types to fix the application of names.

Lambert was also the host of Frederick Pursh while the latter worked on his Flora of North America.

Original Text	Comments
TAB. 33.
27. PINUS TAXIFOLIA
NOOTKA FIR
Pinus taxifolia, foliis solitariis planis integerrimis, strobilis oblongis, antheris inflato-didymis. Habitat ad Americae borealis oras occidentales.	Pinus taxifolia, leaves in a single plane, entire, cone oblong, anthers inflated in two lobes. Lives on the western coast of North America.
DESCRIPTIO
Habitus P. canadensis, at folia angustiosa et paululum longiora, integerrima. Amenta mascula ovata, subsessilia, multiflora ; antheris inflato-didymis, cristâ reflexâ, minimâ.	P. canadensis is a synonym of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière
The figure was taken from a specimen in the Banksian herbarium, brought home by Mr. Menzies, by whom it was discovered on the North-west coast of America, and who has favoured me with the following particulars respecting this species. In general habit this tree resembles P. canadensis, and attains considerable height and size. The leaves are also very like those of the species just mentioned, but narrower, and their edges are entire, whereas the others are visibly serrated. The inflorescentia is much larger than in P. canadensis and there are more antherae. As for the Cones, I can give no account of them, those which were brought by Mr. Menzies having been unfortunately mislaid. That gentleman however, informs me that they differ in their form from the cones of P. canadensis, and that they are longer.
Explanation of the figure is omitted.

The epithet “glauca” was first proposed by Mayr (1890).

Original Text	Translation and Comments.
Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. glauca, Colorado Douglasia ist ausgezeichnet durch eine auffallende, hellweissliche Farbung der Nadeln; doch zeigen nur die einjahrigen Nadel, diese schone Bereiftheit; an den zwei- und mehrjahrigen Trieben verschwindet wiederum die weissliche Farbe, weshalb eigentlich nur jungen Exemplaren besondere Schonheit verliehen ist; auch andere solche glauca- Varietaten und -Arten, wie Pinus pungens, zeigen dieses Verhalten.	Colorado Douglasia is characterized by a striking, bright white color of the needles; but only the one-year-old needles show this beautiful frostiness; the whitish color disappears on the biennial and perennial shoots, which is why only young specimens are particularly beautiful; other such glauca varieties and species, such as Pinus pungens, also show this behavior.
Die glauca - Douglasia ist in Colorado, New-Mexico und Arizona (Santa Rita) heimisch. Auch der Zapfen zeigt einige Verschiedenheiten ; er is namlich kleiner und armer an Schuppen als die westliche Form (Tafel VI); die kleinfruchtige Douglasia van Montana bildet hierin die Verbindung zwischen der glauca und der typischen Douglasia. In trockenem un im Winter kalterem Klima erwachsen hat sich diese Varittat im Osten der Union als frosthart, das heisst wohl in den allermeisten Fallen als trockenhart, wenn man so sagen kann, erwiesen. Sie is in ihrer Heimat wie uberall, wo sie kultivert wird (auch im deutschen Walde) langsanwuchsig (verglichen mit der typischen Form), eine unangenehme Eigenschaft, die ihre sonstigen Vorzuge wieder aufhebt; auch als Nutzholz soll sie weit hinter der Kustenform zuruckstehen.	The glauca - Douglasia is native to Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona (Santa Rita). The cone also shows some differences; it is namely smaller and poorer in scales than the western form (Plate VI); the small-fruited Douglasia from Montana forms the link between the glauca and the typical Douglasia. Grown up in dry climates and colder climates in winter, this variety has proven to be frost-hardy in the east of the Union, that is to say, in most cases, dry-hardy, if you can say that. In her homeland, as everywhere where she is cultivated (also in the German forest), she is long-growing (compared to the typical shape), an unpleasant quality that cancels out her other advantages; Even as timber, it should lag far behind the coastal shape.

Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britton ex Sudw., in U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897); et in U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. For., Bull. No. 14, 46 (1897) Bull. No. 17, 24 (1898), in adnot.; Rehder apud Sprague & M. L. Green in Kew Bull. 1938, 80.

I have been unable to find a copy of Division of Forestry, No. 14 in any online form.

Joao do Amaral Franco (1921-2009) was a professor of botany at the Instituto Superior de Agronomia from 1950 until his retirement in 1991. At the beginning of the 1950s, he started his duties as a teacher, maintaining constant research on conifers, which resulted in the publication of several notes and the proposal of several taxonomic arrangements in that group. Over time his research interests broadened, establishing contact with European researchers, with emphasis on those based at the Royal Botanical Garden in Kew and at the Natural History Museum in London, institutions where he worked.

Original Text	Translation and Comments
CEDRUS LIBANENSIS ET PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII	Cedrus libanensis and Pseudotsuga menziesii
a	by
JOÃO DO AMARAL FRANCO ( Olisiponis Instituti Superioris Agronoraiae Assistente )	João do Amaral Franco (Higher Institute of Agronomy at the Technical University of Lisbon)
Recebido em 14 de Janeiro de 1950.	Received 14 January 1950.
Discussion of Cedrus libanensis Mirb. omitted.
Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, nov. comb.	Pseudotsuga Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, nov. comb.
Pinus taxifolia Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 1, 1: 51, t. 33 (1803) ; non Salisb. (1796). Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Méth. Bot. VI : 523 (1804) ; non Du TOUR (1803). Abies Menziesii Mirb. in Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) XIII: 63, 70 (1825) «Menziezii». Abies Douglasii Hort, ex Loud., Hort. Brit. ed. 1: 388 (1830) ; nom. nud. Pinus Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don in Lamb., Descript. Gen. Pinus ed. 3, II: 1 p., 1 t. (1832). Abies mucronata Raf., Atl. Journ. I: 120 (Autumnus 1832). Abies Douglasii (Lamb.) Lindl, in Penny Cycl. 1: 32 (1833). Picea Douglasii (Lindl.) Link in Linnaea XV : 524 ( 1841) «Douglassi ». Tsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 1: 192 (1855). Pseudotsuga Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 2 : 256 (1867). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt., in N. Y. Acad. Sei. Trans. VIII : 74 (1889) comb, illegit. Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. ap. Holz., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Botany, Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium 3: 266 (1895). Pseudotsuga taxifolia ( Poir. ) Britt. ex Sudw., U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Forestry Bull. 14: 46 (1897). Abietia Douglasii (Lindl.) Kent in Veitch, Man. Conif. ed. 2: 476 (1900). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. ap. Sprague et Green in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1938 (2) : 80 (23-III-1938) comb, superfl.
In hodiernum haec species novissime Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. ex Sudw. vocabitur. Pinus taxifolia Lamb. (1803) hujus speciei primum nomen est sed ante art. 61 Nomenclaturae Botanicae Regularum (1935) legitimum non est ob vetustiorem homonymum Pinum taxifoliam Salisb. (1796) Abietis balsameae (L.) Mill, synonymum. Ob earn causam Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lamb.) Britt. (1889) legitima combinatio non est. POIRET (1804) Abietem taxifoliam (Lamb.) Poir. hanc speciem nominavit. Ut combinatio nova Abies taxifolia (Lamb.) Poir. nomen legitimum non est sed ut nomen novum Abies taxifolia Poir. ante art. 69 licet. SPRAGUE et GREEN (1938) nominem Abietem taxifoliam Poir. in Indice Kewense non perscriptum a cl. REHDER ex occasione inventum dicent. Notandum est quod HENRY in ELWES et HENRY, Trees Great Brit. & Irel. IV : 814 (1909) ut Pseudotsugae Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr. synonymum nominem « Abies taxifolia Poiret, in Lamarck, Dict. vi. 523 (1804)» refert. SPRAGUE et GREEN ad REHDER novam combinationem imputaverunt et sie hanc speciem nominaverunt : « Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Rehd. » Autem LITTLE in Amer. Journ. Bot. XXXI (9): 594 (1944) demonstravit hanc combinationem novam non esse quoniam SUDWORTH (1897) ad BRITTON jam imputavit. Novissime duo nova nomina in Indice Kewense non perscripta reperimus quae hujus speciei nomenclaturam omnino mutant. Re ipsa Du TOUR in Nouv. DiCt. Hist. Nat. XX (1803) in articulo «SAPIN» generem Abietem recognoscet et ut prima species (op. cit. 114) describet:
«SAPIN COMMUN, SAPIN ARGENTÉ, SAPIN BLANC, SAPIN A FEUILLES D'IF, Pinus picea Linn.; Abies alba Mill.; Abies taxifolia Mus., très-grand arbre don’t la tige est droite et nue jusqu'à son sommet, et don’t les branches sont parallèles à l'horizon; sa tête forme une pyramide. Son bois, tendre et résineux, est revêtu d'une écorce blanchâtre, sèche et friable. Ses feuilles sont étroites, assez longues, échancrées à leur extrémité et blanchâtres en dessous ; ses fleurs mâles disposées en grappes axillaires, et ses cônes rougeâtres,… Ce bel arbre habite les hautes montagnes et les pays élevés où il forme de vastes forêts ; il est très-commun en Suisse, en Allemagne, dans les environs de Strasbourg…»	“COMMON FIR, SILVER FIR, WHITE FIR, YF-LEAF FIR, Pinus picea Linn .; Abies alba Mill .; Abies taxifolia Mus., A very tall tree with the stem straight and bare to the top, and the branches parallel to the horizon; his head forms a pyramid. Its wood, soft and resinous, is covered with a whitish bark, dry and crumbly. Its leaves are narrow, fairly long, indented at their end and whitish below; its male flowers arranged in axillary clusters, and its reddish cones,… This beautiful tree inhabits high mountains and high countries where it forms vast forests; it is very common in Switzerland, in Germany, in the surroundings of Strasbourg… ”
In exemplo supra nomen Abies taxifolia vestustior quam Abies taxifolia Poir. et alia specie assignatum liquet. In Du TOUR articulo Mus. verisimiliter Musaei abbreviatio est, in hoc casu Lutetiae Musaei Historiae Naturalis.
Adversum synonymiam etiam nunc cognitam expectanda erat, casu non legitimae fuissent combinationes supra Pinum taxifoliam Lamb, vel Abietem taxifoliam Poir. fundatae, inter Pinum Douglasii Sabine ex D. Don (1832) et Abietem mucronatam Raf. (1832) vetustatis electio. Autem hoc supervacuum agnovimus quia MIRBEL (1825: 63) explanat : « Les bords du Tachoutché-Tessé, lequel coule à l'ouest des Rocheuses, sont garnis des mêmes arbres que les bords de l'Oungigah. Cette riche végétation se porte dans la Nouvelle--Hanovre jusqu'aux plages de l'Océan Pacifique, par 52° 20' de latitude, vis-à-vis l'île Nootka, où le naturaliste Menziez, compagnon de Vancouver, découvrit un Abies, que Lambert a nommé taxifolia, et que j'appellerai Menziezii pour le distinguer de l'Abies taxifolia du Jardin du Roi, qui a pour lui l'antériorité. »
Idem auctor (1825: 70) in enumeratione generis Abietis specierum sequentem offert :
« 11. Menziezii. Mirb. Nootka. Nouvelle-Géorgie taxifolia. Lamb, non Desf. (lat. 51° à. …)»
Notandum est quod MIRBEL (1825) europaeam speciem ut Abies taxifolia Desf. refert.
Tali modo Abies Menziezii Mirb. primum legitimum nomen est et hinc novam combinationem Pseudotsugam Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco proponimus. Haec species in honorem ARCHIBALD MENZIES qui eam anno 1797 in Nootka sinu detexit nominata est et ideo epithetum a Menziezii ad Menziesii emendamus.
Notandum est quod multis Coniferarum operibus nomen Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. (1833) supra Pinum Menziesii Dougl. ex D. Don (1832) fundatum et Piceae sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. synonymum reperitur. Tamen Abies Menziesii (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl, ut posterior detrimentum afferre Abiete Menziesii Mirb. non potest.
Pseudotsugae Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco specimen typicum sub nomine Pini taxifoliae Lamb, et ab ARCHIBALD MENZIES lecto in Herbario Musei Historiae Naturalis Londinensis servatur ubi aestate priore cum cl. J. RAMSBOTTOM permissu eum vidimus.
Diversas varietates formasque continet inter quas :
α — Var. viridis (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. viridis Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XVI : 257 (1907).
for. densa (Slavin) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga taxifolia for. densa Slavin in Chittenden, Conif. Cultiv. 137 (1932).
for. dumosa (Carr.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii [var.] dumosa Carr., Tr. Conif. ed. 2: 258 (1867).
β — Var. caesia (Schwer.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. caesia Schwer, in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XI : 86 (1902).
γ — Var. glauca (Mayr) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. glauca Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 307 (1890). P. glauca (Mayr) Mayr in Mitt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. XI : 86 (1902). P. taxifolia var. glauca (Mayr) Schneid, in Silva-Tarouca, Uns. Freiland-Nadelholz. 269 (1913).
for. pumila (Beissn.) Franco, nov. comb. Pseudotsuga Douglasii var. pumila Beissn., Handb. Nadelholzk. ed. 2: 110 (1909). P. taxifolia var. pumila (Beissn.) M. L. Green in Kew Bull. Misc. Inform. 1938 (2): 85 (23-III-1938)

Little (1952, p. 181) rejects Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, and accepts the Rocky Mountain variety as P. taxifolia var. glauca (Beissn.) Sudw.

Harrington (1954) accepts Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. ex Sudworth, U. S. D. A. For Div. Bull. 14:46. 1897

Harrington (1964, 2nd ed.) continues to accepts Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britt. ex Sudworth, U. S. D. A. For Div. Bull. 14:46. 1897

Typically, the varieties of P. menziesii are distinguished geographically. But what of those that might be planted? If one encounters an itinerant Douglas fir around Denver, is it more likely the local variety glauca, or an import from the Northwest? Flora of North America (Lipscomb, 1993) distinguishes the varieties as follows:

Original Text
1	Bracts straight, appressed; seed cones 6-10 cm; leaves yellowish green; Pacific Coast region.	2a var. menziesii
+	Bracts spreading, often reflexed; seed cones 4-7 cm; leaves bluish green to dark green or gray-green; Rocky Mountain region.	2b var. glauca

My collection no. 1502, 13-Jul-2016, made on the northwest slope of North Table Mountain looks to be variety glauca.

There are two Douglas firs planted in my neighborhood. Are they the local variety? Or, the non-native variety?

Acer platanoides L. “Norway Maple”

Acer saccharinum L. “Silver Maple”

Populus L. “Poplar”

Populus alba L. “White Cottonwood”

Populus angustifolia E. James “Narrowleaf Cottonwood”

James (1822, v. 1, p. 497) ... entry for July 4, 1820, while encamped on the South Platte River near Brighton.

Several valuable plants were here collected, and among others a large suffruticose species of Lupine. The long leaved cotton-wood* of Lewis and Clark, which is according to their suggestion, a species of populus, is here of very common occurrence. It is found intermixed with the common cotton-wood, resembling it in size and general aspect. Its leaves are long and narrow, its trunk smoother, and its branches more slender and flexile, than those of the Populus angulata. Some of its fruit was fortunately still remaining, affording us an opportunity to be entirely satisfied of its relation to this genus.

* Populus angustifolia, J.

Populus deltoides Marshall ssp. monilifera (Aiton) Eckenw. “Plains Cottonwood”

(Syn: Populus sargentii Dode)

Marshall (1785, p. 106) ...

1. Populus deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina.

(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This becomes a tall tree, with a large erect trunk, covered with a white, fmoothifh bark, refembling that of the Afpen tree. The leaves are large, generally nearly triangular, toothed or indented with fharp and deep ferratures, of a fhining full green on their upper furface, but fomewhat lighter or hoary underneath; ftanding upon long flender footftalks, and generally reftlefs or in motion. The timber is white, firm, and elaftic, principally ufed for fence rails. It grows naturally upon rich low lands, on the banks of large rivers in Carolina and Florida.

Aiton (1789, v. 3, p. 406) ...

monilife- ra.	8. P. foliis fubcordatis glabris bafi glandulofis : ferraturis cartilagineis hamatis pilofiufculis ; nervis patulis, petiolis compleffis, ramis teretibus.
	Canadian Poplar Tree.
	Nat. of Canada.
	Introd. about 1772, by John Hope, M. D.
	Fl. May. H. ♄

Eckenwalder (1977, v. 58, n. 3, p. 93-208) ...

Populus deltoides subsp. monilifera (W. Aiton) Eckenwalder, stat. nov.

Populus monilifera W. Aiton, Hortus Kewensis 3: 406. 1789. Type: (Canada) cult. Kew Gardens, W. Aiton (holotype, BM!).

Populus deltoides var. occidentalis Rydberg, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1:115. 1900.

Populus sargentii Dode, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun 18: 198. 1905.

Populus deltoides var. monilifera (W. Aiton) A. Henry, Gard. Chron. Ser. 3. 56: 2. fig. 4. 1914.

Populus texana Sargent, Bot. Gaz. (Crawfordsville) 67: 211, 212. 1919.

Most modern discussion of P. deltoides has revolved around the distinctness of the cottonwoods of the Great Plains region from their eastern counterparts (Fowells, 1965). The contrasts of foliar and bud characteristics usually advanced to distinguish a western species (P. sargentii) or variety (Populus deltoides var. occidentalis) from the eastern cottonwood (Sargent, 1913) really apply solely to the southern cottonwood, P. deltoides subsp. deltoides. The cottonwoods of the Great Lakes and other representatives of the northern cottonwood are, in fact, quite similar to the trees of the plains, and I treat them all as members of a single subspecies. They are similar in their short pedicels, pubescent winter buds, and long-acuminate, deltoid-ovate leaves (Figure 2D), generally with a single pair of basilaminar glands (although these are absent in a few Texas plants). There is a general decline in tooth number southwestward from the northeastern part of its range. This subspecies occurs from the Great Lakes region westward to the Prairie Provinces and south to the Texas panhandle.

“ ... [like a string of beads, alluding to the racemes of fruits] ...” (Weber & Wittmann, 2012, p. 347).

Populus tremuloides Michx. “Quaking Aspen”

Michaux (1803, v. 2, p. 243) ...

tremuloides. P. foliis parvulis, suborbiculatis, abrupte acuteque acuminatis, serrulatis, margina pubescentibus.

Hab. in Canada et Noveboraco.

Salix alba L. “White Willow”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 1021) ...

29. SALIX foliis lanceolatis acuminatis ferratis utrinque pubefcentibus : ferraturis intimis glandulotis. Hort. cliff. 473. Fl. fusc. 812. Mat. med. 449. Dalib. parif. 297. Roy. lugdb. 83	alba.
Salix foliis elliptico-lanceolatis ferratis fubtus fericeis , vimine fragili. Hall. helv. 152.
Salix vulgaris alba arborefcens. Bauh. pin. 473.
Salix alba. It. fcan. 200.
Habitat ad pagos & urbes Europae. ♄		She lives in the villages and cities of Europe.
Eft arbor maxima cum Salice fragili.		There is a very large tree with the Salice (catkins?) fragile.

Salix amygdaloides Andersson “Peachleaf Willow”

Andersson, N. J. 1858. Enumeratio Salicum nobis ex America boreali huc usque cognotarum “The Willow Flora known to us from north America” Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-akademiens forhandlingar “Overview of the Proceedings by the Royal Academy of Sciences” v. 15, p. 114-133 https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/54173

Andersson (1858, v. 15, p. 114) ...

3. S. amygdaloides n. sp. ; triandra; amentis lateralibus pedunculatis, rigidiusculis ; pedunculo foliato; capsulis ovato-conicis, glabris, pedicello nectarium 6:ies superante, stylo subnullo, stigmatibus brevissimis, partitis; foliis late lanceolatis, utrinque glaberrimis, subtus pallidioribus, margine glanduloso-serratis, exstipulatis.

Hab. »Missouri: Fort Pierre (Priuz Neuwied)» Hb. vindob.

Haec species, prae ceteris affinibus, S. amygdaliam nostram latifoliam refert. Folia tamen iis S. pentandrae etiam similia; capsulae longius pedicellatae, squamae mox caducae.

Salix exigua Nutt. “Coyote Willow”

The species was described by Nuttall (1842, vol. 1, p. 90) in his extension of Michaux's North American Sylva as being found in the Territory of Oregon without any additional information about collector, location, date, &c. At the time Oregon extended from central Wyoming to the Pacific coast.

Original Text	Comments
SLENDER WILLOW.
Salix exigua. Foliis linearibus utrinque acutis subintegerrimus sericeis, stipulus nullis, amentis scrotinis elongatis, capsulis lanceolatis sessilibus, demum nudiusculis.
This species is also a native of the Territory of Oregon, and grew with the preceding, which it strongly resembles: it is, however, a smaller species; the serrulations are mostly wanting, though very minute ones are sometimes seen: the capsules are smaller and not pedicellated. The male plant I have not seen. The branches are reddish brown and smooth.	The preceding was River Willow Salix fluviatilis that is now treated as a synonym of Salix melanopsis Nutt.

It is a little curious that Nuttall mentions no willows in either his report of his residency in Oregon (Nuttall, 1840) or in his descriptions of plants collected by William Gambel (Nuttall, 1848).

The treatment of Salix in FNANM, written by Geoge Argus, treats S. exigua with one variety hindsiana, which is not known to occur in Colorado. Argus (2010) treats S. interior at the rank of species saying:

Sometimes Salix interior is treated as a subspecies of S. exigua (R. D. Dorn 1998). Salix exigua and S. interior hybridize and apparently intergrade in the western Great Plains; because the area of overlap is relatively small and distinctiveness of the two taxa is not compromised by hybridization and introgression, it is best to treat them as separate species.

Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not accept any varieties of S. exigua, treating S. interior at the rank of species.

Ackerfield (2015) treats S. interior Rowlee as S. exigua var. interior (Rowlee) Cronquist.

Salix irrorata Andersson “Dewystem Willow”

Andersson (1858, v. 15, p. 117) ...

14. S. (daphnoides) irrorata n. sp. amentis sessilibus, perulis maximis primo bracteatis, valde condensatis, masculis brevibus, femineis horizontalibus, elongatis, densifloris; capsulis sessilibus, crasse conicis, glaberrimis, stylo producto, stigmatibus integris; foliis lanceolatis, utrinque viridibus; ramis densissime glauco-irroratis.

Hab. in Mexico nova (Coll. Fendler, n. 812).

Nostrae S. daphnoidi ita est similis, ut nullis notis nisi amentis eximic condensatis et foliis (novellis!) integerrimis utrinque viridibus ab ea distingui possit. Squamae amenti masc. pilis brevibus, aureis vestitae; squamae amenti fem. pilis sat brevibus griseis ciliatae, unde amenta non ut in vera S. daphnoide longe pilosa conspiciuntur.

Betula occidentalis Hook. “Water Birch”

Carpinus betulus L. “European hornbeam”

There is only one collection of Carpinus betulus L. “European hornbeam” in Colorado, that made near the Coors plant in Golden in 1949.

Linnaeus (1753) described the tree as native to Europe and Canada, though POWO does not show it lives there, nor are there any Canadian collections in SEINet. The tree is native to Germany, and it is possibly planted on the Coors grounds for that reason.

Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 998) ...

Original Text
Betulus.	1. CARPINUS fquamis ftrobilorum planis. Hort. cliff. 447. Fl. fuec. 786. Roy. lugdb. 79. It. fcan. 46. Dalib. parif; 294.
	Carpinus. Dod. pempt. 841. Cam. epit. 71.
	Oftrya ulmo fimilis, fructu in umbilicis foliaceis. Bauh. pin 427.
	Habitat in Europa, Canada. ♄

Corylus cornuta Marshall “Beaked Hazelnut”

Quercus gambelii Nutt. “Gambel Oak”

Gambel Oak — Quercus gambelii — is found mostly in southern Jefferson County and, until recently, not in Golden. However, the writer found it recently in a canyon in Apex Park. It is also found on Dinosaur Ridge just south of Interstate 70 and therefore just south of the Golden city limits. The Gambel oaks on Eagle Ridge Drive near Kinney Run were planted.

The oak is broadly distributed throughout the American Southwest. For example, the writer has also collected it in the Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, about 45 km. northwest of Las Vegas.

William Gambel (June 1823 – December 13, 1849) was an American naturalist, ornithologist, and botanist from Philadelphia. As a young man he worked closely with the renowned naturalist Thomas Nuttall. At the age of eighteen he traveled overland to California, becoming the first botanist to collect specimens in Santa Fe, New Mexico and parts of California.

In March 1841, at the age of eighteen, Gambel set off on his own for California to collect plants and other specimens for Nuttall. He planned to take a more southerly route than that taken in 1834 by Nuttall and John Kirk Townsend. Upon reaching Independence, Missouri he joined a group of traders and headed for Santa Fe following the Santa Fe Trail. Gambel reached Santa Fe in June and spent the next couple months collecting plants. In September Gambel joined a party heading to California and accompanied them along the Old Spanish Trail, arriving in Mexican Alta California in early November, 1841, becoming the first botanist to enter California overland from the east.

Nuttall (1848) described an oak collected on the Rio Grande by William Gambel.

Original Text	Comments and Interpretation
QUERCUS.
Q. Gambelii. Leaves obovate, shortly petiolate, narrowed below, sinuately lobed, dilated and somewhat 3-lobed at the summit, beneath pubescent, the lobes rather obtuse, the upper ones subdentate ; fruit sessile, small, the cup hemispherical, scales ovate-acute ; the glande ovate and acute, about half immersed in the cup ; the conic summit short.
HAB. On the banks of the Rio del Norte, but not abundant. With the aspect of our northern oaks, but very distinct ; in the leaf approaching a little to L. obtusiloba, but without any near affinity.	[The Rio del Norte is now called the Rio Grande. – Ed.]

The collections around Golden may be the northernmost occurrences along the Front Range. Gambel oak has been collected in the vicinity of Boulder, though Weber & Wittmann (2012) note that they were planted.

Ulmus americana L. “American Elm”

Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. “Chinese Elm”

Ulmus pumila L. “Siberian Elm”

Celtis occidentalis L. “Western Hackberry”

occidentalis.	3. CELTIS foliis oblique, ovatis ferratis acuminatis.
	Celtis procera, foliis ovato-lanceolatis ferratis fructu pullo. Gron. virg. 195
	Lotus arbor virginiana, fructu rubro. Raj. hift. 1917.
	Habitat in Virginia. ♃
	Folia tenera, ovato-lanceolata, parum pubefcentia; adulta latopovata, acuminata, acumine & bafi integerrima, ceteram ferrata nuda, nervofo-venofa, latere-poftico duplo minore. Maxime affinis primae.

Celtis reticulata Torr. “Net-Leaved Hackberry”

Torrey (1828, v. 2, p. 247) in his description of plants collected by Dr. Edwin James ...

Original Text
414. Celtis reticulata, folds lato-cordatis, subcoriaceis, subintegerrimis, obtusiusculis, basi inequalibus, supra papilloso-scaberrimis, subtus venis elevatis reticularis, pubescentibus ; pedunculis 1-floris.
Hab. Base of the Rocky Mountains.
Obs. A tall shrub. Branches compressed ; younger ones villous. Leaves about an inch and half long, obtuse, or a little acute, not acuminate, of a firm and almost coriaceous texture; margin with sometimes three or four serratures ; upper surface shining, but very scabrous ; beneath reticulated with prominent veins, pubescent and slightly scabrous ; petioles about three lines long. Fruit globose, solitary, on recurved pedicels one fourth of an inch in length.
This species is very distinct from C. occidentalis β. integrifolia of Nuttall.

Notes on Humulus L. “Hops”

Linnaeus (1753, v. 2, p. 1028) ...

Original Text		Translation and Comments
HUMULUS
Lupulus.	1. HUMULUS. Hort. Cliff. 458. Fl. fuec. 818. Mat. med. 458. Dalib. parif. 301. Roy. lugdb. 222. ♀ Lupulus mas. Bauh. pin. 298.   Lupulus falictarius Fuchf. hift. 124. ♂ Lupulus femina. Bauh. pin. 298. Cam. epit. 954. Habitat in Europae fepibus & ad radices montium. ♃

Nuttall (1848, p. 23) proposed Humulus americanus in describing some collections by Gambel.

Original Text
HUMULUS.
H. * Americanus. Leaves 3 to 5-lobed, the upper sometimes entire; inner divisions lanceolate-acuminate, denticulate along the apex ; scales of the cone ovate, acute, the lower ones acuminate.
Hab. Throughout the United States in alluvial situations. I have also most luxuriant specimens from the borders of streams (Ojito de Navajo) in the Rocky Mountains, near the line of New Mexico, collected by Mr. Gambel.

Nelson & Cockerell (1903, v. 16, p. 45) ...

Original Text
Humulus Lupulus neomexicanus, n. var.
Leaves divided or sometimes parted, the segments varying from broadly lanceolate to nearly linear, acuminate, freely sprinkled with resin particles on the lower face; fruiting bracts ovate-lanceolate, usually acuminate, finely pubescent. The hop indigenous in New Mexico seems to possess these characters in variance with the usual and more widely distributed form and may probably best stand as a variety. The type of the variety is No. 14, T. D. A. Cockerell, Beulah, N. M. (Canadian Zone) August, 1902. It is also abundant on the Valle Ranch, Pecos, N. M., and was collected by Professor Wooton in the White Mountains of that State (No. 294).

Rydberg (1917) Flora of the Rocky Mountains …

2. HUMULUS L. Hops.

Perennial, twining herbaceous vines. Leaves opposite, 3-7-lobed, serrate. Stipule persistent, free. Staminate flowers in panicled racemes; sepals 5, imbricate; stamens 5; filaments short, erect. Pistillate flowers in ament-like, drooping spikes, 2 together, subtended by a bract; ovary 1-celled. Achenes a little flattened. Embryo spirally coiled.

Leaf-blades 3-7-lobed about half-way to the base, with ovate, acute or short-acuminate lobes: those of the inflorescence 3-lobed or undivided. 1. H. Lupulus.

Leaf-blades 5-7-divided to near the base, with lanceolate, long-acuminate divisions ; those of the inflorescence 5-cleft. 2. H. neomexicanus.

1. H. Lupulus L. A vine 5-10 m. high; leaf-blades cordate in outline, dark green, scabrous above, glabrous beneath except the pubescent veins; lobes coarsely toothed, with ovate teeth; bracts of the pistillate flowers broadly ovate, from obtuse to short acuminate. Common Hops. Rocky banks and copses: N.S. — Ga. — Kans. — Wyo. — Mont.; Eurasia; extensively cultivated. Plain — Submont.

2. H. neomexicanus (A. Nels. & Cockerell) Rydb. A vine 5-10 m. high; leaf-blades light green, minutely scabrous above, nearly glabrous beneath; bracts of the pistillate flowers narrower, lanceolate or ovate, acute or acuminate. H. Lupulus neomexicanus A. Nels. & Cockerell. Wild Hops. Among bushes: Wyo. — Utah — Ariz. — -N.M. Plain — Submont. Jl-Au.

Harrington (1964, 2nd edition) ...

2 Humulus L. HOP

Perennial twining vines; stems and petioles retrorsely prickly (though weak); leaves opposite, palmately lobed; staminate flowers in loose panicles; pistillate flowers 2 together under a large persistent bract which with the others at maturity forms a large conelike “hop.”

1. Humulus americanus Nutt., Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phil. ser. 2. 1:181. 1847.

H. lupulus var. neomexicanus Nels. & Ckll.; H. neomexicanus (A. Nels. & Ckll.) Rydb. — Vines 5-10 m. long; leaf blades 3- to 7-divided or parted usually over ½ way to base. with 3 main lobes, the divisions lanceolate or narrow, terminal one narrower at base than at middle, over twice as long as wide, acuminate or narrowly acute, somewhat scabrous above, lower surface usually copiously glandular, lobes of leaves serrate, petiole about as long or shorter than the blades, rough; bracts of pistillate flowers ovate or lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Our plants have rather variable leaves, some with few obtuse shallow lobes resembling the cultivated species, varying to the typical native form described above. It has been suggested that hybridization may be responsible for this variation. — Usually among bushes. Wyoming to Utah, south to New Mexico and Arizona. Our records scattered over the mountainous part of Colorado at 4000-9000 feet.

Small (1978, ____) published H lupulus var. lupuloides. A numerical and nomenclatural analysis of morpho-geographic taxa of Humulus. — behind a paywall.

The relationships of hop cultivars and wild variants of Humulus lupulus

Löve (1982, p. ___) published H. lupulus subsp. americanus (Nutt.) Á.Löve & D.Löve. — behind a paywall.

Key in FNANM

Molecular phylogeny of wild Hops, Humulus lupulus L.

Weber & Wittmann (2012) refer our local “hops” to Humulus lupulus var. neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell.

HUMULUS L. 1753 [late Latin name of Teutonic origin]. Hops.

One species, H. lupulus var. neomexicanus Nelson & Cockerell [Lupulus, an early generic name.] 20B> This is a distinctly native race of the species, having been found fossilized in the upper Eocene formation at Florissant. Bases of talus slopes. The hops of commerce is a European form. (H. lupulus subsp. americanus apparently refers to an eastern North American race.)

Ackerfield, 2015, pp. 263 ...

HUMULUS L. — Hop

Twinning vines; leaves, simple, palmately lobed; Pistillate flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by a large, foliaceous bract, these imbricate in short spikes or drooping racemes; fruit an achene enclosed within a persistent bract.

Humulus neomexicanus (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb. New Mexican hop. Vines with scabrous stems; leaves 5-15 cm ;ong, hirsute, with serrate margins; staminate flowers on pedicels 0.5-3.5 mm long, with sepals 1.5-3 mm long; pistillate flowers subtended by ovate, papery (at maturity) bracts 7-20 mm long; achenes 203 mm long smooth. Cool, moist, shaded canyons, rocky outcrops, 4800-8500 ft. June-Aug. E/W.

Tembrock, et al., 2016, p. 19 ...

Key to the Native and Naturalized Species of Humulus

1. Petiole as long as or longer than lamina of leaf; pubescence on the abaxial side of the leaf midrib consisting of stiff spinulose trichomes ... *H. scandens

1. Petiole shorter than lamina of the leaf; pubescence on the abaxial side of leaf veins made up of soft silvery trichomes.

2. Glands on the abaxial leaf surface with fewer than 20 glands per cm2; 15 to 25 hairs per linear cm on the abaxial surface of the leaf midrib; nodes weakly pubescent ... *H. lupulus

2. Glands on abaxial leaf surface greater than 25 glands per cm2; 30 to 50+ hairs per linear cm on the abaxial surface of the leaf midrib; nodes with dense silvery pubescence.

3. Most leaves possess 5 or more lobes; glands on abaxial leaf surface in excess of 30 per cm2 ... H. neomexicanus

3. Most leaves possess 3 lobes or remain unlobed and cordate, rarely leaves of 4 lobes are found; glands on abaxial leaf surface fewer than 30 per cm2.

4. Abaxial surface of leaf midrib with more than 100 hairs per linear cm, these hairs spreading and silvery, abaxial surface of leaf evidently pubescent between veins ... H. pubescens

4. Abaxial surface of leaf midrib with 20 to 75 hairs per linear cm; these hairs closely appressed to the midrib, abaxial surface of leaf sparsely pubescent or glabrous between veins ... H. lupuloides

* Introduced species are indicated with an asterisk.

Ackerfield, 2022, pp. 282-283 ...

HUMULUS L. — Hop

Twinning vines; leaves, simple, palmately lobed; Pistillate flowers in pairs, each pair subtended by a large, foliaceous bract, these imbricate in short spikes or drooping racemes; fruit an achene enclosed within a persistent bract. (Tembrock et al., 2016)

Humulus neomexicanus (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb. New Mexican hop. [Humulus lupulus L. var. neomexicanus A. Nelson & Cockerell] Vines with scabrous stems; leaves 5-15 cm ;ong, hirsute, with serrate margins; staminate flowers on pedicels 0.5-3.5 mm long, with sepals 1.5-3 mm long; pistillate flowers subtended by ovate, papery (at maturity) bracts 7-20 mm long; achenes 203 mm long smooth. Cool, moist, shaded canyons, rocky outcrops, 4800-8500 ft. June-Aug.

Humulus lupulus L. “Wild Hops”

See the section above “Notes on Humulus sp.”

Humulus neomexicana (A. Nelson & Cockerell) Rydb. “New Mexican Hops”

See the section above “Notes on Humulus sp.”

Parietaria pensylvanica Willd. “Pennsylvania Pellitory”

Urtica dioica L. ssp. gracilis (Aiton) Seland. “Stinging Nettle”

Arceuthobium vaginatum (Willd.) J. Presl var. cryptopodium (Engelm.) Cronquist “Pineland Dwarf Mistletoe”

Gray (1850, v. 6, p. 214) includes a long communication from George Engelmann regarding the mistletoes.

“4. A. cryptopodum (n. sp.) : caule ramisque acute quadrangulatis robustis articulis brevioribus ; squamis truncatis in vaginulas cupulatas connatis ; floribus in spicas densas compositas, foemineis ovatis in quavis axilla singulis ; baccis brevissime incluso-pedicellatis erectis. — Santa Fe, only on Pinus brachyptera, A. Fendler, No. 283. — Hooker's A. Oxycedri from the Hudson Bay country appears to belong here : the figure shows at least subsessile, erect fruits ; but the segments of the male flowers are broadly oval, whilte those of the New Mexican plant are lanceolate.” G. Engelmann.

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl. “Pale Bastard Toadflax”

Linnaeus (1753) first described Comandra umbellata from plants collected in Virginia and Pennsylvania.

Original Text		Comments
umbellatum	THESIUM floribus umbellatis, foliis oblongis. Centaurium luteum afcyroides virginianum. Plnk. mant. 43. t. 342. f. 1. Habitat in Virginiae, Penfylvaniae pafcuis ficcis Kalm. ♃ Radix . Folia alterna, ovali-lanceolata, integerrima. Rami alterni, in fummitate caulis: Umbellulae terminales: involucro tetraphyllo, parvo: Flofculi 5.	“Kalm Petr. Plante canadenfes propediem edendae.” Although, I think his first name was actually “Pehr” and that his name is the source of the genus Kalmia.

Nuttall (1818) defined a new genus, Comandra, and places the North American Thesium into it. Nuttall also suggests that some of Linnaeus' eastern hemisphere Thesium might belong in Comandra. The genus Thesium L. remains accepted, and is native to Europe, Asia-Tropical, Africa, South America and Asia-Temperate.

Original Text	Comments
233. *COMANDRA.† Thesium. L. Calix angular, tubular-campanulate, coalescing with an internal 5-toothed, glandulous disk. Petals 5, ovate, ingrafted upon the margin of the calix, persistent. Anthers attached to the petals by a tuft of filaments! Germ 3-seeded, immersed in the glandulous disk. Capsule valveless, 1-seeded, coated by the base of the calix.
Perennial, root ligneous, stem herbaceous; leaves simple, alternate, stipules none; radical gemmaceous scales numerous, persistent; flowers in a corymbulose terminal panicle.
Species. 1. C. umbellata
Thesium umbellatum. Linn. Willd. Sp. Plant.
Stem round and erect, sending out 2 or 3 infertile beanches below the panicle. Leaves approximating, erect, oblong-ovate, obtuse, smooth, reflected in the margin, and reticulately veined. Panicle short, ramuli axillary, corymbulose, corymbs about 5-flowered, with 4 involucrate bractes, uppermost peduncles fewer flowered. Calix uniting with the glandulous and nectariferous germinal disk; disk 5-toothed, obtuse. Petals 5, calycine, often 4 and 6, with the same number of stamina, ovate, acute, persistent, growing to the margin of the calix, white, internally villous (Seen through a lens), before expansion parallel. Stamina seated at the base of the petals, alternating with the dentures of the glandulous disk; filaments subulate, about half the length of the petals; anthers oval, 2-celled, connected at their summits to the petals near their base by a fascicle of yellow filaments — Style terete, simple; stigma round, entire; germ about 3-seeded, ovula pendulous, attached to the apex of a filiform contractile funiculus arising from the base of the capsule. Capsule nearly globular, and angular, 1-seeded, not opening, thin and brittle, not osseus, coated by the base of the calix. Seed round, about the size of a small pea, consisting almost entirely of a large carnose and oily perisperm, embryon inverted, small flat, nearly in the axis of the perisperm; radicle superior, thick and obtuse; cotyledons linear and acute.
Obs. The connecting fibres of the petals, appear to be a separation of a portion of the central vessels, for at that point the petal is greenish and callous, and the central nerves there commencing trichotomously, disappear above the connectile fibres, and the rest of the petal is then white.
This plant has some relation to the preceding, and they both appertain to the Natural Order Santalaceae of R. Brown, approaching at the same time very nearly to the Rhamnei of Jussieu. The genus here proposed may probably include some of the species of Thesium indigenous to the Cape of Good Hope.

DeCandolle (1857) proposed C. pallida from a collection in Oregon Territory.

Original Text	Comments
3. C. pallida, foliis lividis inferioribus elliptico-oblongis acutis supremis lineari-acuminatis, lobis perigonii erecto-patentibus. Prope Clear Water, Oregon (Rev. Spalding ! Sub nom. Erroneo C. livide Hook. In h. meo et Boiss.). Caules semipedales, sublignosi, striati, erecti, apice solum ramosi. Folia non pellucida, ima squamaeformia, late ovata, 2 lin. Loga ; media 8-10 lin. Longa, 2-3 lin. Lata, mucronata-acuta, summa variabilia, pleraque 1-2 lin. Solum lata et 5-7 lin. Longa, quaedam latiora vel angustiora breviora. Cymae pauciflorae. Bracteae lineari-lanceolatae, 2 lin. Longae. Pedicelli graciles, lineam longi. Flos ut in C. umbellata, sed lobi magis papilloso-velutini praesertum ad marginem et intus. Differt a C. umbellata praecipue foliis angustis elongatis ramorum non florentium. (v. s.)	I assume “Rev. Spalding” was Henry H. Spalding who travelled the Oregon Trail in 1836 and established a mission to the Nez Perce at Lapwai near present-day Lewiston, Idaho. Present-day Lapwai is several miles south of the Clearwater River, just up-river from Lewiston. “The name C. livide Hook. is erroneous.” This refers to the currently named Geocaulon lividum (Richardson) Fernald. “In my herbarium and that of Bossier.” The type is now at G: Conservatoire & Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève. Piehl (1965) states there is a photograph of this type at MICH, but I have been unable to find it online.
β. angustifolia, foliis mediis et superioribus omnibus lineari-acutis. In Novo Mexico (Wright ! N. 1783 in h. Boiss.). Folia ima ut in specimine oregonensi. (v. s.)

Another first collection by Spalding was Nothocalais troximonoides.

Oliphant (1934) published a paper on the botanical labors of the Reverend Henry H. Spalding. Spalding collected for one year and sent one box of dried plants east. He was apparently stimulated to this activity by contact with Charles A. Geyer, a German botanist, who was in Oregon Country in 1843-44. Spalding sent one box in 1846, which was received in Boston in 1848. By the time that Gray's encouragement for Spalding to continue collecting was sent to him in March 13, 1849, a massacre at Waiilatpu had sent Spalding and others fleeing to Lower Oregon ending his botanical career.

I don't know how Spalding's collections ended up in DeCandolle's herbarium, and why it was he and not Asa Gray who published Spalding's Comandra collections.

Piehl (1965) wrote a natural history and taxonomy of Comandra. It is almost a monograph, but I don't think we do monographs about single species.

Original Text	Comments
The name Comandra is from the Greek Kome (hair) and aner (man), alluding to the hairs superficially attached to the anthers, which actually are not staminal, but develop from the base of the sepals … … The name has frequently been misspelled “Commandra.”
4. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Subsp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl, comb. nov. Comandra pallida A. DC., in DC. Prodr. 14:636-37. 1857 Comandra pallida β angustifolia A. DC., in DC. Prodr 14:637. 1857. Isotypes: New Mexico, in 1851-52, C. Wright 1783 (GH!, NY!). Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Var. angustifolia (A. DC.) Torr. Rept. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. (Bot.) 2 (Part 1): 185. 1859. Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Var. pallida (A. DC.) M. E. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad., Ser. 2, 5:722. 1895. Comandra linearis Rydb., Fl. Rocky Mts. 818, 1066. 1917. Holotype: Green River, Utah, 19 Aug. 1887, S. M. Tracy and Evans 716 (NY!).
Holotype: Clear Water, Oregon (now Idaho), s.d., Rev. Spalding s.n. (G!; photograph 1454 (MICH)) ; two probable isotypes (GH!). Another specimen labeled “plains — Oregon, May 7,” (GH!) could also be type material.
… subsp. pallida intergrades with both subsp. californica and subsp. umbellata … is also quite variable, but more of the vaiation appears to be correlated with various habitats … contracts with the other species in that it characteristically sprouts from buds which are at or below the soil surface … the aerial part of the plant dying each season ….
Selected Specimens Examined. COLORADO. Denver Co.: hilltops, Clear Creek near Denver, Clokey & Bethel 3260 (CAS, GH).	Collection date: 8 June 1919, also at RM; Piehl does not cite any specimens from RM.

Der and Nickrent (2008) … phylogenetic analysis supports a Comandra clade consisting of Comandra and Geocaulon lividum, i.e., the C. livide rejected by DeCandolle. Their work also supports a Thesium clade distinct from a Comandra clade.

Two hemi-parasites were encountered in species sampling: Comandra umbellata, and Pedicularis canadensis. C. umbellata was a significant indicator for high-quality prairies. (Sivicek & Taft, 2011)

Eriogonum Michx. “Hairy Plant”

Michaux (1803, Vol. 1, pg. 246) published the first Eriogonum meaning “hairy plant.”

Original Text		Comments
246	ENNEANDRIA. MONOGYNIA.
	ERIOGONUM.
	Εριον, lana, Γονυ, genu : planta lanata , geniculata.
	Caulis herbaceus , dichotomus. Folia terna , verticillata , sessilia , basi subcommata. Flores singulorum fasciculorum e communi involucro subcampanulato erumpentes.
	Cal. subcampanulatus, 6-partitus : laciniis ovalibus , obtusis ; tribus interioribus paulo majoribus.
	Stam. 9 : filamenta capillaria , calyce paulo longiora : antheræ breves , ovate.
	Pist. ovarium 3-quetrum : stylus brevissimus : stigmata 3 , longiora , subfiliformia.
	Fruct. semem calyce tectum , acute triquetrum , apterum.
	Obs. Genus inter Polygoneas defectu vaginæ stipularis insolitum.
Tomentosum. tab. 24.	E. erectum ; partibus omnibus tomentosis : foliis ternis, cuneato-obovalibus.
	Obs. Flores candicantes. Hab. in aridissimis , pinetis Carolinæ et Georgiæ.

Subgroups of Eriogonum as described by Reveal (2005) in his treatment of the genus in Flora of North America.

• Eriogonum
• Oligogonum
• Ganysma
• Oregonium
• Eucycla
• Micrantha
• Clastomyelon
• Pterogonum

Those that have been collected in Golden are found in three of the subgroups:

• Oligogonum Nutt.
  • E. arcuatum Greene. Baker's Buckwheat.
  • E. umbellatum Torrey. Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat.
• Eucycla Nutt.
  • E. effusum Nutt. Spreading Buckwheat.
• Pterogonum H. Gross
  • E. alatum Torrey. Winged Buckwheat.

Two other wild buckwheats that are often of interest are both in subgroup Oligogonum Nutt.:

• E. flavum Nutt. Golden Buckwheat.
• E. jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat.

Eriogonum subgroup Eucycla Nutt.

Nuttall (1848b, p. 166) published Eucycla as a genus name for wild buckwheats he had collected, probably on his 1834 expedition to Oregon Territory.

Original Text	Comments
*EUCYCLA.†
Perianth membranaceous, coloured, petaloid, dimorphous, the three outer divisions orbicular, concave; the three inner linear-oblong, emarginate, connivent into a cylinder. Stamens nine; with short filaments, membranous at base. Styles three, of moderate length, with small, capitate stigmas. Achenium attenuated, triangular. Embryo excentric ; radicle superior ; cotyledons flat.
E. *ovalifolia. — Leaves all redical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomentose; capitulum made up of several sessile, whitely tomentose involucres; outer segments of the yellow perianth rather narrower at base, the inner emarginate segments exserted. Eriogonum ovalifolium. Nutt. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. Hab. Sources of the Missouri. Flowers bright yellow.	Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. is an accepted name, common in south and east California.
E. *purpurea. Leaves all radical, short and roundish-ovate, whitely tomentose; capitulum made up of several sessile, smoothish, tomentosely margined involucres; outer segments of the purple perianth orbicular, sometimes emarginate at base; the inner emarginate, narrow, segments scarcely exserted. Scape about a span high, arising from a multifid woody caudex; flower larger than in the preceding, and purple; filaments much shorter than the perianth, with a torn membranous margin, at base three stamens seated on each of the inner narow segments; embryo rather short. Hab. Rocky Mountains.	This is a synonym of Eriogonum ovalifolium var. purpureum (Nutt.) Durand
† In reference to the circular figure of the perianth.

The characters of subgroup Eucycla are primarily: perennial, stems not jointed, flowers without a stipe-like base.

The one representative of subgroup Eucycla that is found in Golden s.l. is E. effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat.”

Other wild buckwheats in subgroup Eucycla in the author's experience are E. microthecum Nutt. “Slender Buckwheat” from the Mono Lake Basin and E. wrightii Torr. ex Benth. “Bastardsage” from the eastern Mojave Desert. All three of these wild buckwheats are very similar appearing.

Eriogonum subgroup Oligogonum Nutt.

Nuttall (1848b, p. 165) discusses the differences between E. tomentosum on which Michaux (1803) founded the genus Eriogonum, noting some key differences and proposing a subgenus Oligogonum which contains some of our more common wild Buckwheats.

Original Text	Comments
The character of the genus Eriogonum, of which there are so many species, perhaps deserves some additional consideration. The genus, as founded on E. tomentosum of Michaux, possesses yet some peculiarities not common to the rest of the genus; among the rest of its characters I may remark, that in place of the interior segments of the perianth being smaller, it is the reverse; the perianth increases in size with the perfecting of the fruit, and as in Rumex, the three inner segments are larger and erect, the three outer reflected ; the next discrepancy in the character, as given by authors, is in the condition of the embryo, which is placed in the centre of axis of the seed, and is not as described excentric.
In E. longifolium, besides a remarkable difference in habit, the perianth is wholly herbaceous, very lanugunous, and the segments all so very equal, as to appear, at length, almost disposed in a simple series; the achenium is also lanuginous, and the seed presents, as in E. tomentosum, a concentric embryo. For E. longifolium I would therefore propose the name of Trachytheca, excluding every other species. It is the first species of the section Eriantha of Bentham, which name, in not being exclusive, and too near Erianthus, cannot properly be employed for the present plant. It is very peculiar in its solitary leaves and alternate beanches.
In all the rest of this numerous genus, the outer segments of the perianth, which increase a little in size, are either larger and erect, or all nearly equal. In these, some of which have the embryo excentric and others concentric, the subgeneric name of Olygogonum may be applied, but whether any other subdivision may be made by the condition of the embryo is at present uncertain. In E. flavum, I believe the embruo is excentric, but how far that species connects itself to any others of similar form, remains to be examined.	Olygogonum has become Oligogonum and is now the name of an Eriogonum subgroup that contains E. arcuatum, E. flavum, and E. umbellatum.

Oligogonum is the larger of the subgroups and contains many of the caespitose or mat-forming perennials, those with a stipe-like base on the flowers.

Eriogonum subgroup Pterogonum Gross

Gross (1913, vol. 49, pg. 239, footnote 1) in his “Contributions to the knowledge of the Polygonaceae” proposed Pterogonum for some Eriogoneae but I cannot read the original German well enough to understand the basis for segregation from the remainder of Eriogoneae.

Original Text	Comments
1) Pterogonum H. Gross nov. gen. Eriogonearum. Involucrum pluriflorum, gamophyllum, ± campanulatum, 5-dentatum. Perigonium profunde 6-partitum, tepalis ternis in 2 cyclis dispositis. Stamina 9. Ovarium trigonum, 1-loculare, ovula unico basilari orthotropo, stylis 3 capitato-stigmatosis. Achaenium maturum perigono longius, trialatum. — Herbae perennes Eriogonis simillimae, indumento subsericeo. Folia radicalia, caulina pauca, altrerna. Rami floriferi apice caulis in di-usque pleiochasium conferti nonnumquam etiam racemosi. Embryo fere rectus v. subexcentricus, cotyledonibus sat amplis.
Species adhuc certae: Pterogonum alatum (Torr. sub Eriogono) Gross, P. atrorubens (Engelm. sub. Erigono) Gross, P. hieracifolium (Bth. sub. Eriogono) Gross.

Reveal (2005) places six North American taxa in subgroup Pterogonum of which only one, E. alatum occurs in Colorado.

Eriogonum alatum Torr. “Winged Buckwheat”

No mention of Eriogonum alatum in the report of Frémont's 1842 and 1843-'44 expeditions, though Torrey (1853) notes they were aware of it.

No mention of Eriogonum alatum in Gray's (1852) account of Wright's collections in Texas and New Mexico in 1849. In fact, there are no Polygonaceae in either part of Gray's account, although DeCandolle (1857) will say he has seen a collection of Eriogonum alatum by Wright. Gray's preface notes that the cacti were given to George Engelmann, of St. Louis, for examination. The seeds were divided between the Botanic Garden of Harvard University, under Gray's charge, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, under the direction of Sir Wm. Hooker. Sets of plants were distributed to Gray's herbarium, the Smithsonian Institution, John A. Lowell, a patron of the Wright's explorations, with a few distributions to others. If one assumes that Wright collected any Polygonaceae, what happened to them?

Dr. John Torrey wrote the Botany chapter of the Sitgreaves Report on the expedition Sitgreaves led down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers in 1851.

Original Text	Comments
E. alatum. (Torr., l. c.;) perenne ; caule erecto subflexuoso folioso, ramis alternis erectis paniculatis ; foliis spathulatis hirsutis ; pedunculis terminalibus ternis ; involucris solitariis campanulatis 5-fidis ; perigoniis glabris, laciniis aequalibus ; acheniis trialatis. On the Zuñi river; September. Root stout and blackish, descending to a great depth ; stem 1--3 feet high, arising from a short thick caudex, which is clothed with the remains of leaves. Radical leaves 2--4 inches long, and 3--5 lines wide, almost villous, with long hairs, mostly obtuse ; stem leaves much smaller, and gradually diminishing in size upward, all of them erect. Branches solitary and distant, subdivided in a trichotomous manner, each division bearing a single involucre, which is about 2½ lines long, and pubescent. Pedicels glabrous, a little exserted, jointed close to the flower ; perigonium not enlarging after flowering ; the segments lanceolate ; filaments glabrous ; ovary oblong, triquetrous, longer than the styles ; achenium nearly four lines long, with three very conspicuous membranaceous wings ; seed ovate, triangular ; embryo straight.	Torrey's “l. c.” refers to the second previous entry, i.e., that for Eriogonum orthocladon for which the citation is “(Torr. mss., in D. C. Prodr. ined.:).” I interpret this as “I, Torrey, described this in a manuscript I gave to DeCandolle for his use in his Prodromo.” As it happens, though, Torrey's account in the Sitgreaves Report was published in 1853, four years before DeCandolle's Prodromo volume 14 containing Torrey's manuscript description.
This remarkable species was first detected by Colonel Frémont in upland prairies, at the sources of the Plata, in 1843, and again in 1845 in “Bahia Salada,” in the Rocky mountains. Lieutenant Abert found it on the Raton mountains in 1846.

DeCandolle (1857, vol. 14., p. 6) …

Original Text	Comments
2. E. alatum (Torr.! in Frémont Rep.), herbaceum, elatum, subsericeo-villosum, foliis subradicalibus petiolatis oblongis lanceolatisve elongatis, caulinis paucis, pedrunculis axillaribus terminalibusque apice 2-3-chotomis umbellatisve, involucris pedicellatis campanulatis 5-dentatis, perigoniis parvis glabris, achaenio 3-4-plo longiore a basi trialato. ♃ In montibus Scopulosis in regione superiore fl. Platte meridionalis et Bahia Salada (Frémont !), in Novo-Mexico (Abert! Fendler ! n. 763 , Wright !). Habitus fere E. hieracifolii, sed præter corymbum terminalem adsunt etiam peduncili breves laterales. Perigonia multo minora, sub anthesi vix lineam longa, nec multum sub fructu aucta. Achænium 3-4 lin. longum, a basi as apicem late trialatum. (v. s.)
β elatum. caule sub-3-pedali, foliis radicalibus 6-8 poll. longis. In montibus Scopulosis inter fl. Platte et Sweetwater (Geyer! n. 145). — Journ. 1853, p. 263.

DeCandolle notes that he has seen Fendler's No. 763 and agrees it is E. alatum. Fendler's collections went to Gray, who in his Plantae Fendlerinae make no mention of it, or any other Polygonaceae. There are two vouchers of Fendler's 763, one at Harvard University (GH) and one at Brown University (BRU). The locality of both vouchers states “2 mi east of the Moro River,” which river does not now exist in New Mexico. However, there is a Mora River that is crossed by the Santa Fe Trail and given the August date of the GH voucher, it is likely that Fendler collected it on his way home. What I don't understand is why Torrey did not publish the name from Fendler's collection, but instead published the name from the Woodhouse collection on the Sitgreaves Expedition of 1851.

Eriogonum arcuatum Greene. “Baker's Buckwheat”

Greene (1901, v. 4., part 25, p. 319) described E. arcuatum from a collection on hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado by C. F. Baker.

Original Text
Eriogonum arcuatum. Near E. flavum, about as large, more extensively caespitose, forming broad matted tufts : leaves oval, obtuse, an inch long or less, abruptly tapering to a rather slender petiole about as long, white-tomentose beneath, pale-green and thinly tomentellous above : scapiform peduncles 6 inches high, bearing a single large sessile involucre and a pair of long-peduncled ones arising from its base, these opposite each other and curving upwards to the length of 1½ to 2 inches : perianths yellow, very sparsely silky-villous : stamens long-exserted.
On hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Colorado, 17 July, 1899. C. F. Baker.

Six weeks later, Greene (1901a) published Eriogonum bakeri.

Original Text
Eriogonum Bakeri. Allied to E. flavum, rahter taller, the branches of the caudex very slender and only loosely leafy, the leaves thin, the elliptic-lanceolate blades 1/2 to 1 inch long, on slender petioles much longer, white-tomentose beneath, sparsely villous above: scapiform peduncles 5 to 8 inches high, erect slender; inflorescence of a sessile involucre and 1 to 3 dichotomous peduncles from its base, the whole number of involucres thus 7 to 9, all turbinate: perianths yellow, small very long-stipitate, silky villous, the inner segments much longer than the outer, all obovate, obtuse.
Black Cañon, 1 Aug., n. 696. Said to be caespitose in rather small tufts. The inflorescence is like that of E. Jamesii, though far less ample; and the real affinity is with E. flavum.

We now treat E. bakeri as a synonym of E. arcuatum.

Reveal (2004a, p. 157) reviewed all the available names in the subfamily Eriogonoideae in preparation for his contribution to FNANM. Reproduced below are his analyses of E. arcuatum and E. flavum.

Original Text
Eriogonum arcuatum Greene, Pittonia 4: 319. 1901. – T.: Hillsides about Pagosa Springs, Archuleta Co., Colorado, 17 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 284. Holotype: NDG (sheet number 118); isotypes: B, BM, E, F, G, GH, K, MO, NDG, NMC, NY, P, POM, RM(2), UC, US. – E. jamesii Benth. Var. arcuatum (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.
Eriogonum bakeri Greene, Pl. Baker. 3: 15. 1901. – T.: Black Canyon, Montrose Co., Colorado, 1 Aug 1901, C. F. Baker 696. Holotype: NDG; isotypes: E, G, GH, K, LY, MIN, MO, NY, POM, RM(2), UC, US, VT, W. – E. jamesii Benth. Subsp. bakeri (Greene) S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 118. 1936.	Elsewhere, Reveal noted that Greene published E. bakeri six weeks after E. arcuatum.
…
Eriogonum flavum Nutt., Cat. Pl. Upper Louisiana: [2,] no. 34. 1813. – T.: Variously stated as “in the vicinity of the rocky mountains” or “from the Arikare village,” most likely found in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan, Mercer or McLean counties, North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n. Holotype: PH; isotype: P. – A Nuttall sheet at PH with a label alluding to the Rocky Mountains was collected in 1834 and is not original material.
Reveal lists eight synonyms of E. flavum, two of which are particularly interesting.
…
Eriogonum laterifolium Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 53. 1838. – LT.: Upper Missouri River, probably in South Dakota, Jun 1811, J. Bradbury s.n. Lectotype: BM, designated here; isolectotype: LINN. The original collection in Rafinesque's possession was probably destroyed, not found at P or PH.	This is one of the few published names I have seen that specifically refer to a Bradbury collection.
…
Eriogonum sericeum Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2:277. 1813. – T.: “On the prairies of the Missouri [River',” probably in the vicinity of the site of Fort Mandan, Mercer or McLean counties, North Dakota, Jul-Aug 1811, T. Nuttall s.n. Holotype: PH; isotype: P. – E. flavum Nutt. Var. sericeum S. Stokes, Eriogonum: 116. 1936.	I assume this was Pursh's view of the same collection that Nuttall published as E. flavum.

The treatment of subfamily Eriogonoideae in Flora of North America was written by Jim Reveal. Eriogonum arcuatum, E. flavum, and E. jamesii are all in subgroup Oligogonum, and couplet 20 separates E. arcuatum and E. flavum. (I might add that the original online key contains an HTML coding error that will throw you off, and has been corrected below. To date, 22 Oct 2022, this HTML coding error has been propagated to the beta version of FNANM.)

Original Text
22 (21)	Inflorescences compound-umbellate or, if umbellate or capitate, not of distribution of E. flavum; Colorado Plateau, s Rocky Mountains and w edge of Great Plains from s Wyoming to n Arizona and n New Mexico		129. Eriogonum arcuatum
+	Inflorescences subcapitate or umbellate; n Great Plains and n Rocky Mountains, Wyoming and Nebraska north to Canada and Alaska, west to e Oregon and Washington		133. Eriogonum flavum

The way I read this key, E. arcuatum and E. flavum should not be sympatric. Yet the map of collections determined one of the two taxa in Colorado are definitely geographically intermixed (SEINet, 2020). Similarly, the distribution maps in Ackerfield (2015) show the distributions of the two taxa are quite similar.

Map of collections determined one of the two taxa of Eriogonum in Colorado

Weber & Wittmann (2012) do not distinquish between E. arcatum and E. flavum.

Original Text

7b. Flowers E. flavum (Nuttall) [yellow]. Plains to alpine. As we see it, this species consists of various distinctive local forms that probably evolved in isolation. Alpine plants tend to be of shorter stature, with congested umbels (E. arcuatum var. xanthum (Small) Reveal, E flavum subsp. chloranthum (Greene) Stokes). On the eastern plains the inflorescence varies from simple to compound umbels. In the foothills, taller forms have been called E. arcuatum Greene. One might be justified in considering the local races of no nomenclatural significance, and even treating E. jamesii as E. flavum subsp. jamesii.

Ackerfield (2015) distinguishes between E. arcuatum and E. flavum on the basis of pedunculate involucres.

Original Text
4a. Involucres elevated on evident peduncles ... E. flavum var. flavum 4b. Involucres sessile or nearly so ... E. arcuatum

Eriogonum effusum Nutt. “Spreading Buckwheat”

Nuttall (1848) described Eriogonum effusum in his description of plants collected by William Gambel. It is, however, a Nuttall collection made on the “… Platte plains …” and therefore on his 1834 journey across the Rocky Mountains. An isotype is at the Gray Herbarium (GH) and can be seen through SEINet.

Original Text	Comments
E. *effusum. Suffruticose ; leaves linear, oblong, obtuse, beneath whitely tomentose, above pubescent, greenish ; stem tomentose, two or three times trichotomous, divaricate ; bractes ternate, lanceolate-acute ; (flowers not seen.)
Stem divided into many simple branches below ; flowering stem bearing bractes only, divided compoundly and numerourly, each division subtended by conspicuous trifid bractes.
Hab. In the Rocky Mountains. (Nuttall.)	I assume that “Nuttall” indicates this is a Nuttall collection rather than a Gambel collections.

In this same volume, Nuttall also published Eucycla as a generic name for the wild buckwheat we now call Eriogonum ovalifolium. This name has now become a subgroup name for wild buckwheats that are perennial, without jointed stems, and flowers without a stipe-like base.

Eriogonum umbellatum Torrey, Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York. 2: 241. 1827. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”

Published in 1827 by John Torrey.

Original Text	Comments
391. R. umbellatum, caule nudo, simplici ; pedunculis elongatis (sub-senis) umbellatis, apice involucrum singulum gerentibus ; calycibus glabris ; laciniis obovatis, basi angustatis, obtusis ; foliis obovato-spathulatis, subtus lanuginosis, supra glabriusculis.
Desc. Perennial, herbaceous, cespitose. Caudex divided at the base into several branches ; most of the branches short, bearing fasciculi of leaves at the extremity, one of them elongated and resembling a scape ; covered with a copious loose tomentum. Leaves obovate-spathulate, about an inch long, and less than an inch broad, white tomentose beneath, smoothish above. Flowering stem a span high, bearing a simple umbel at the extremity. Peduncles or rays an inch and a half long, wooly, thick, furnished with several oblong-lanceolate leaves at the base. Involucrum about 20-flowered, campanulate, with lanceolate obtuse teeth. Florets distinctly pedicellate. Calyx very smooth ; segments obovate-oblong, obtuse, narrowed at the base. Stamens 9. Seed acutely triangular.
Hab. With the preceding.	The preceding appears to be 390. E. tenellum which is also described as being “… with the preceding …” E. tenellum is known from southeastern Colorado. The next preceding is 389. E. annuum, n. sp. Nutt. Mss. Near the Rocky Mountains. Found also on the Arkansa by Mr. Nuttall. Root annual ! E. annuum is known from eastern Colorado, but not Jefferson County.
Obs. Flowers larger than in E. tomentosum. It is remarkable that Humboldt and Bonpland did not observer any species of Eriogonum in Mexico, as they abound, accoding to Dr. James, about the sources of the Canadian.

Published in 1827 by John Torrey.

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal “Buffalo Bill's Sulphur Flower”

Reveal (2004) proposed variety ramulosum.

Original Text
Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. ramulosum Reveal, var. nov. TYPE: UNITED STATES. Colorado, Jefferson Co.: Along U. S. Hwy 6 adjacent to I-70, 0.4 mi E of Exit 256 to Buffalo Bill's Grave, N39°42'12", W105°14'32", T4S, R70W, sec. 18, 7100 ft elev., 25 Jul 1992, J. L. Reveal 7244. HOLOTYPE: NY. Isotypes: BY, CAS, COLO, GH, MARY, MO, RENO, RM, RSA, UC, US, UTC.
A Eriogono umbellato var. umbellato inflorescentibus divisis differt.
Plants low, often rather compact, mats 2-4 dm across; leaves in loose rosettes, the leaf-blades mostly elliptic to oval, 1-2.5 cm long, 0.5-1.5 cm side, densely white to gray tomentose abaxially, floccose and green adaxially; flowering stems erect, mostly 1-3 dm long, floccose; inflorescences compound umbellate and divided 2-3 times; involucral tubes 2-3 mm long, the lobes 1.5-3 mm long; flowers bright yellow, 4-7 mm.
Other specimens seen UNITED STATES. Colorado, El Paso Co.: Colorado Springs, Jul 1892, Eastwood s.n. (F, MO, RM); Jefferson Co.: Mt. Vernon Country Club, Golden, 7 Aug 1941, Ehlers 8159 (COLO, MICH, TEX, WTU), Larimer Co.: Cherokee Park, 15 Jul 1934, R. J. Davis 394-W (IDS); Estes Park, 16 Jul 1978, Hampton s.n. (NY); 2.1 mi W of Drake, 9 Aug 1967, Neal & Neal 2 (ASU); Estes Park, Aug 1931, E. C. Smith s.n. (MONT); Big Thompson Canyon, 7500 ft elev., 3 Jul 1934, S. Stokes 201a (RM). Mineral Co.: Piedra, 12 Jul 1899, C. F. Baker 291 (RM).
Eriogonum umbellatum var. ramulosum (from the Latin ramulosus, meaning “with small branches”) is encountered mainly but infrequently along the Front Range of the Colorado Rocky Mountains mainly west of Fort Collins south to Colorado Spring then westward to Piedra. Buffalo Bill's sulphur flower is related to var. umbellatum, differing consistently in having a compound umbellate inflorescence.

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. var. umbellatum. “Sulphur-Flower Buckwheat”

Fallopia baldschuanica (Regel) Holub

The basionym is Polygonum baldschuanicum Regel published in Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada. Acta Horti Petropolitani. St. Petersburg 8: 684 (1884)

POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.	POLYGONEAE. Polygonum L.
81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.	81. Polygonum baldschuanicum Rgl.
Tabula X.	Tabula X.
Glabrum; caule frutescente, lignoso, volubili, basi usque 13 Mm. in diametro, cortice fusco lenticellis crebris ornato. Ochreae brevissime cylindricae, ut bracteae membranaceo-hyalinae mox fissae, denique subevanescentes. Folia inferiora opposita, longe petiolata, hastato- cordata, acuta v. acuminata v. rarius obtusa, margine obsolete crenulato-scabra, petiolum superantia; folia suprema floraliaque valde minora, nunc caulinis similia, nunc lineari-lanceolata in petiolum attenuata. Florum paniculae axillares terminalesque, folium pluries superantes, fere aphyllae, laxae; rhachis angulata, ad angulos minute scabra. Flores ramulorum paniculae fasciculati, pedicellati; fasciculi pluriflori; pedicelli supra basin articulati, apicem versus hyalino-albido trialati. Calycis 5 partiti hyalino-albidi lobis tribus exterioribus ovatis, patentibus, dorso naviculari-alatis; alis in pedicellum decurrentibus; sepalis interioribus duobus erectis, obovatis, exalatis, rubescentibus. Stamina 8. Stigma capitatum, trilobum, in ovarii apice sessile. Calyx fructifer vix auctus, late alatus. Achaenium triquetrum, nigrum, nitidum.
Folia caulina incluso petiolo usque 7 — 8 Cm. longa; lamina usque 4 Cm. lata et 5 Cm. longa. Flores 5 — 6 Mm. in diametro. Caulis 10—15 pedes altus.
In Bucharae orientalis chanato Baldschuan ad fluvium Wachsch ad pedem orientalem montium Sevistan, 4—5000' alt., mense Julio anno 1883, leg. A. Regel.	In the eastern part of Bukhara, the Baldschuan river runs to the Wachsch river the eastern foot of the Sevistan mountains, 4-5000' alt., in the month of July 1883, leg. A. Regel	Bukhara is a city and a region of Uzbekistan located in the southwest of the country. The Baldschuan River was suggested to be the Zarafshan River by ChatGPT, which I now think is incorrect. The type of Primula baldschuanica B. Fedtsch. Consp. Fl. Turkestanicae 5:6 (1913) was named for the type location Baldschuan (Boldzhuan), Tajikistan. GoogleMaps spells it as Baldzhuvon at coordinates (38.307612,69.677265). I have also seen the name spelled Baljuan. The Wachsch River might be the Vakhsh River. Baldschuan is at the intersection of two rivers. However, I don't see that either of them flow into the Vakhsh River.
Species proxima P. multiflorum Thbrg. «caule herbaceo, floribus triplo minoribus rufescentibus, calyce fructifero valde aucto fuscescente alato» facile dignoscitur.
Explicatio tabulae X.
a. Ramus cum panicula, — flos a latere visus, — flos apertus a latere superiore visus. — d. e. stamina. — f. pistillum. — g. h. fructus maturi. — i. achaenium. — Figurae a, g, h, i magnitudine naturali, — b , c, d , e, f auctae. — k. floris digramma.

Fallopia convolvulus (L.) A.Löve “Black Bindweed”

Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr. “Japanese Knotweed”

(Syn: Polygonum cuspidatum Siebold & Zucc., Reynoutria japonica Houtt.)

	Reynoutria
	Naar zekeren Heer van Reynoutre, waar van Lobel getuigt , dat dezelve aan de Kruidkunde zeer veel dienft gedaan heeft ; zo als ik bevoorens heb gemeld (*).	To a certain Lord of Reynoutre, where van Lobel testifies that the same to Herbology has done much service; like me in advance have reported (*).
(*) II. D. VII. Stuk, bladz. 64. II. Deel/. VIII. Stue.
IV. Afdeel. XI. Hoofdstuk. Driewyvige.,	Immers in dit Kruid heb ik de Bloempjes bevonden tien Meeldraadjes of liever Meelknopjes bevatten, en het Vrugtbeginzel is driekandg , met drie Siempels gekroond : uit welken hoofde, anders , dit Gewas tot het Duizendknoop betrokken zou kunnen worden. Het heeft den Kelk vyfbladig, zonder Bloemblaadjes.	For in this Herb I have found the Flowers ten Stamen or rather Flour buds contain, and the Vrugtbeginzel is trikandg , crowned with three Siempels: on what head, otherwise, this Crop involved to the Knotweed could become. It has den Chalice with five petals, without petals.
I. Renoutria Japonica. japaniche. Pl. LI. Fig. 1.	De eenigde Soort , my daar van bekend , heeft een vooze , ronde, doch eenigszins gegroefde of gellreepte , brumachtige Steng, die bogtig is en knoopig, overhoeks Takken uitgeevende, welke , zo wel als de Steng , overhoeks bezet zyn met lang gefteelde Piekswys' Hartvormige Bladen , de grootften wel vier Duimen lang en derdhalf Duim breed. Hier en daar komen aan de Knoopen , en in de Oxels der Bladen , drie of vier Ristachtige Bloem- en Zaadtrosjes voort, met zeer kleine Bloempjes , van gezegde hoedanigheid. De Bladen verkleinen niet naar boven , maar komen zelfs naar 't end der Takken veel grooter voor , dan om laag.	The only kind, known to me, has a voodoo, round, but somewhat grooved or gellreepte, brumig Steng, that bogtig is and knotted, giving out branches diagonally, which, as well as the Steng, occupies across the corner are with long-stemmed Piekswys' Heart-shaped Blades, the sizes up to four inches long and three and a half inches wide. Coming here and there the Buttons , and in the Oxels der Bladen , three or four Ristle-like Flower- and Seed-trusses forth, with very small Flowers, from proverb capacity. The Sheets do not shrink to above , but come even to the end of the Branches much larger in front than down.
* II. D. v. Stuk, bladz. 116.	Terwyl ik het Geflagt van Cotyledon , onder den naam van Navelkruid, als veele Heefterigen gen bevattende, reeds befchreeven heb * , zo komt hier thans eerst in aanmerking het.	While I read the Geflagt of Cotyledon , below the name of Navelweed, like many of the Hasty gene containing, already described * , zo comes into consideration here first.

Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) A. Gray “Pale Smartweed”

(Syn: Polygonum lapathifolium L.)

Persicaria maculosa A. Gray “Lady's Thumb”

(Syn: Polygonum persicaria L.)

Polygonum achoreum S. F. Blake “Leathery Knotweed”

There is one collection from South Table Mountain, Yeatts #808, 8/20/1983, that is labeled Polygonum erectum ssp. achoreum (COLO00613273,KHD21868).

Weber & Wittmann (2012) accept only P. erectum for Colorado, noting the differences are slight.

Treated at the species rank by Ackerfield (2015), P. erectum not accepted for Colorado.

Polygonum aviculare L. “Prostrate Knotweed”

Polygonum douglasii Greene “Douglas Knotweed”

Greene (1885, v. 1, n. 3, p. 125) ...

P. Douglasii.

Glabrous and somewhat glaucous, often a little scabrous about the nodes, 1-1½ feet high, with numerous, slender, divergent branches: leaves thinnish, oblong to lanceolate, 1-nerved, their margins smooth and more or less revolute; stipules entirely hyaline, the sheathing portion very short, or wanting, the upper part more or less lacerate: floral leaves reduced: flowers commonly more than one in each axil, their pedicels deflexed: akenes longer than in the preceding, shining or granular-roughened. — P. tenue, Watson, Bot. King. 315; Bot. Cal, II. 12, but not of Michx.

var. latifolium.

Leaves oblong : flowers numerous and crowded into a spike : face of akene rather oblong than ovate in outline. — P. tenue, var. latifolium, Engelm.

From the Saskatchewan to British Columbia, and southward everywhere in the mountains to the borders of Mexico. Clearly distinguishable from its eastern analogue by the characters indicated, of which the 3-parallel-nerved leaves and their almost saw-toothed margins are the most obvious.

In P. Douglasii, which we dedicate to perhaps its very earliest collector, the secondary veins, when apparent at all, are not parallel, bnt pinnate. The plant is variable, and yet the var. latifolium may be a distinct species; the shape of the akene is peculiar.

Polygonum engelmannii Greene “Engelmann's Knotweed”

(Syn: Polygonum douglasii Greene ssp. engelmannii (Greene) J.T.Kartesz & Gandhi )

Greene (1885, v. 1, n. 3, p. 126) ...

P. Engelmanni.

Erect-spreading, diffusely branched from the base, a span or more high, reddish, very minutely scabrous-puberulent throughout: branches slender and somewhat flexuous: stipules sparingly lacerate, short, with no tubular or herbaceous portion; leaves lanceolate, acute, with revolute margins, ½ inch or more long, the upper much smaller and remote: flowers in all the axils, solitary or in twos or threes, very small: pedicels strongly defiexed: sepals obtuse, shorter than the very small, ovate, shining akene, and but loosely investing it. — P. tenue, var. microspermum, Engelm.

Rocky Mountains of Colorado at considerable elevations. Very unlike any forms of the preceding species; differing not more remarkably in the minuteness of its flowers and fruit than in its peculiar erect-spreading habit and the fact of its flowering from the very base of the stems and branches.

Polygonum ramosissimum Michx. “Bushy Knotweed”

Rumex acetosella L. “Sheep Sorrel”

(Syn: Acetosella vulgaris (K. Koch) Fourr., R. angiocarpus Murb.)

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 338) ...

Original Text
Acetofella.	22. RUMEX floribus dioicis , foliis lanceolato-haftatis. Vir. cliff. 32. Hort. cliff. 139. Fl. lapp. 131. Fl. fuec. 296. Roy. lugdb. 231. Gron. virg. 153.
	Acetofa afvenfis lanceolata. Bauh. pin. 114.
	Oxalis ovina. Tabern. ic. 440.
	β. Acetofa lanceolata anguftifolia repens. Bauh. pin. 114. prodr. 55.
	γ. Acetofa arvenfis minima non lanceolata. Bauh. pin. 114.
	δ. Acetofa minor erecta, lobis multifidis. Bocc. muf. 164. t. 126.
	Habitat in Europae pafcuis & arvis arenofis. ♃.

Rumex crispus L. “Curley Dock”

Rumex salicifolius Weinm. “Willow Dock”

“The name R. salicifolius has been applied in a broad sense to nearly all species of subsect. Salicifolii, including even mostly Asian R. sibiricus. Rumex salicifolius appears to be most closely related to R. californicus and R. utahensis (Mosyakin, FNANM, v. 5)”.

Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. “Triangular-Valved Dock”

(Syn: R. salicifolius Weinm. var. triangulivalvis (Danser) J. C. Hickman )

Rumex venosus Pursh “Veiny Dock”

Descibed by Pursh (1814, v. 2, supplement, p. 733) from a collection by Bradbury in Upper Louisiana.

Chenopodiaceae Ventenat

Given the obvious general relationships between the old Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae, and the complexity of the details of the relationships between them, a classification of Amaranthaceae s.l., albeit incomplete, is suggested above, however, what the future holds in terms of ideas of relationships will determine its fate... `

Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. “Four-wing Saltbush”

Pursh (1814, v. 2, p. 370) published the name as Calligonum canescens from a Lewis & Clark collection at the Big Bend of the Missouri.

Original Text		Comments
	441. CALLIGONUM. Gen. pl. 834.
canescens.	1. C. dioicum, pulverulento-tomentosum ; foliis lanceolatis, floribus axillaribus glomeratis in apice ramulorum, subspicatus, frictibus alatis, alis venosis cristato-dentatis.
	In the plains of the Missouri, near the Big-bend. ♄. July, Aug. v. s. in Herb. Lewis flowers exceeding small. Goats delight to feed on this shrub.

Nuttall (1818, p. 197) moved it to Atriplex

Original Text	Comments
283. ATRIPLEX. L. (Orache.)
Flowers polygamous. — Calix 5-parted. Corolla none. Style bifid. Feminine flower; calix 2-parted, compressed. Seed vertical.
Flowers glomerate, paniculate; bisexual; masculine and feminine flowers intermixed, or on separate plants; leaves alternate, rarely subopposite. Mostly annual, rarely shrubby.
Species. 1. A. *canescens. (Calligonum canescens, Pursh, Flor. Am. Sept. 2. p. 370.) Dioicous; pulverulently furfuraceous and canescent; stem shrubby, diffuse; leaves linear-oblong, entire, obtuse, attenuated towards the base, younger leaves acute. — Obs. Stem much branched, and diffuse, about 3 or 4 feet high, with round gray branches. Leaves alternate, 15 to 20 lines long, about 3 wide, sometimes cuneate-oblong, obtuse and now and then emarginate, very entire, covered with the white branny scales common to this and the preceding genus. Flowers dioicous, with 4, 5, and 5 stamens, conglomerated towards the ends of the branches; male clusters (at least the lower ones) pedunculate. Calix of the female flowers 2-parted, becoming indurated, acute, with 4 unequal cristated or dentated angles. Style 1, deeply bifid, exserted.
Nearly allied to A. portulacoides. Hab. On the denudated saline hills of the Missouri; commencing about 15 miles below the confluence of White river, and continuing to the mountains. Flowering in May.
2. hortensis. 3. patula. … 4. laciniata. 5. *argentea. … 6. * arenaria. …
Chiefly an European genus, the above excepted, with 1 species at the Cape of Good Hope, 1 in Barbary, 1 in Siberia, 2 in Tartary, from whence A. hortensis is said to have originated, and 1 in Bengal.

Atriplex hortensis L. “Garden Orache”

Bassia All.

The name Bassia was proposed by Allioni (1766) primariy from plants collected in Egypt.

Blitum nuttallianum Schult. “Nuttall's Povertyweed”

Nuttall (1818, v. 1., p.4) ...

7. BLITUM. L. (Strawberry-spinage.)

Calix 3-parted. Corolla 0. Seed 1, covered by the calix, which enlarges and generally becomes a berry.

Flowers and berries in capitate clusters; the capituli resembling strawberries, and are both terminal and axillary.

Species. 1. B. capitatum. A doubtful native. 2. * Chenopodioides? Leaves almost hastate-riangular, somewhat dentate, at either end attenuate; glomeruli all axillary, leafy; seed distinct, punctate, not berried.

Hab. on arid soils near the banks of the Missouri. ☉

Obs. Stem erect, virgate; seeds naked, imricated, surrounded by a few linear leaves longer than the seed; proper calix, apparently none, style 1, deeply bifid. Seed coated, coverec with impressed punctures, oboval, slightly margined, beneath the outer envelope dark brown, a little rigose, emarginate below. Corculum curved round the perisperm, parallel with the margin of the seed; perisperm partly farinaceous and partly corneous.

Blitum chenopodioides L. was a validly published name for a plant found in Tataria, a name used for central Asia and European Russia east of the river Don. Nuttall's plant was not this, so the publication was a nom. illeg.

Schultes (1822, v. 1, p. 65-66) ...

5. Blitum Nuttallianum; foliis subhastato-triangularibus, subdentatis, utrinque attenuatis; glomerulis omnibus axillaribus, foliosis; seminibus distinctis, punctatis, nec baccatis. Blitum chenopodioidis? Nuttall gener. P. 4.

Caules erecti, virgati; semina nuda, imbricata, foliolis aliquot linearibus circumdata, eadem excedentibus, cat. O; stylus 1, profunde bifidus. Semen obovatum, submarginatum, sub tegmine exterior fuscum, punctis impressis, subrugosum, basi emarginatum. Corculum circa perisperma farinoso - corneum curvatum. Nuttall. In aridis ad ripas Missouri. ☉.

Greene (1891-1897, p. 168) ...

3. MONOLEPIS, Schrader. Annuals, with the habit and foliage of Chenopodium, but the perianth consisting of a single scale-like or bract-like sepal (or this to be regarded as a mere bract subtending an achlamydeous flower). Stamen 1. Styles 2, filiform. Pericarp membranous, persistent upon the vertical compressed seed. Embryo annular; albumen copious. — In aspect wholly like Chenopodium, to which the genus may as well be united as Mungea to Amarantus.

1. M. Nuttalliana, Greene. Roem. & Schult. Mant. i. 65 (1822), under Blitum: M. chenopodioides, Moq. in DC. Prodr. xiii. 85 (1849). Blitum chenopodioides (?) Nutt (1818), not Linn. Branches many, decumbent or almost prostrate, 1/4-l ft. long ; herbage deep green, the growing parts mealy : leaves lanceolate-hastate, 1/2 - 1 in. long, entire or remotely sinuate-dentate, acute or obtuse, cuneate at base, the upper floral subsessile : flower-clusters axillary, dense, sometimes reddish : sepal foliaceous and fleshy, oblanceolate or spatulate, often exceeding the fruit : pericarp somewhat fleshy, becoming dry and favose-pitted, adherent : seed lenticular or reniform, 1/2 line broad. — Alkaline soils along the eastern base of the Sierra.

Fuentes-Bazan, Susy, Pertti Uotilla, and Thomas Borsch (2012, p. 18) …

3. Blitum nuttallianum Schult., Mant. 1: 65. 1822 ≡ Blitum chenopodioides Nutt., Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 4. 1818 [non L. 1771] ≡ Monolepis chenopodioides Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 85. 1849, nom. illeg. ≡ M. nuttalliana (Schult.) Greene, Fl. Francisc.: 168. 1891. — Described from the banks of the Missouri river; type not designated.

= Chenopodium trifidum Trev., Ind. Sem. Hort. Bot. Vratislav. 1829 [n.v.] ≡Monolepis trifida (Trev.) Schrad., Ind. Sem. Hort. Goett: 4. 1830. — Lectotype (designated here): “C. trifidum Trev., m[isit] Trevianus” [later added:] “M. trifida Schrad.” [both, manu Ledebour] in herb. Ledebour (LE!).

Chenopodium album L. “Lambsquarters”

Chenopodium atrovirens Rydb. “Pinyon Goosefoot”

Rydberg (1900, p. 131) ...

Original Text
* Chenopodium atrovirens.
Stem 3-5 dm. high, branched, striate, obtusely angled ; leaves slender-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, truncate, or the upper mucronate, entire, sometimes slightly hastately lobed at the base, three-nerved, very dark green, only sparingly mealy, rather thick and somewhat fleshy, 1-3 cm. long and 5-15 mm. wide; flowers in small spike-like glomerules in the axils of the leaves and in compound interrupted spikes at the ends of the branches, very small and sparingly meally; seeds lenticular, 1 mm. long, almost black, smooth, easily separating from the pericarp.
It much resembles C. olidum, but differs in the darker green color of the leaves and stem, the sparser mealiness, the smaller flowers and the easily separated seeds, which are not pitted as are those of C. olidum. The type was growing on a dry hillside together with Mentzelia tenerrima and Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, under some trees of Pseudotsuga mucronata.
Montana: Foothills of Electric Peak, August 18, 1897, Rydberg & Bessey, 3948 (type).
Yellowstone Park: Stevenson Island, 1885, Tweedy, 439.
* Watson, Rev. N. A. Chenopodiaceae in Proc. Am. Acad. 9: 82-126.

Chenopodium berlandieri Moq. “Pitseed Goosefoot”

Moquin-Tandon (1840, p. 23) ...

Original Text	Comments
9. C. Berlandieri , caule fruticoso ascendente ramoso, foliis alternis ovatis vel ovato-oblongis aculis submucronulatis integerrimis pulverulentis glaucis, inferioribus subrliombeo-ovatis interdum rhombeis (angulis lateralibus prominulis), spicis subpaniculaiis laxis aphyllis , perigonio fruclifero non carinato , semine punclulato-rugoso haud nitido margine acuto.
Circa Mexico. Berlandier 1906. (v. s. in herb. Moricand.)	Seen in the dried state in the herbarium of Moricand.

Moricand is probably Moïse-Étienne Moricand, a Swiss botanist and malacologist (1779–1854). In 1833-1846, he published Plantes nouvelles d'Amérique, based chiefly on collections of J.L. Berlandier, J.S. Blanchet and J.A. Pavón. Moricand's herbarium, numbering more than 54,000 specimens at the end of his life, contained material from all over the world, again collected by him and those with whom he had built relationships. It was given to the Conservatoire botanique de la ville de Genève by his son in 1908.

Dysphania R. Br. “Wormseed”

… placed Cycloloma in Dysphania …

Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants “Jerusalem Oak Goosefoot”

Chenopodium botrys L., Sp. Pl. 1: 219 (1753).

Dysphania botrys (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants, Ukrayins'k. Bot. Zhurn. 59(4): 383 (2002).

Kochia Roth

IPNI (2021) provides this reference, “Kochia Roth, J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(1): 307 (1801),” which I think is this publication: https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433011408956. Unfortunately, I am unable to find it there.

I think it is pretty clear that Bassia Allioni (1766) has priority over Kochia Roth (1801).

Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. “Common Red Sage”

The basionym is Chenopodium scoparia L.

Linnaeus (1753, v. 1, p. 221) ...

Original Text		Interpretation and Comments
15. CHENOPODIUM foliis lineari-lanceolatis planis integerrimis. Hort. cliff. 86. Hort. upf. 55. Roy. lugdb. 220.	Scoparia.
Linaria fcoparia. Bauh. pin. 212.
Ofyris. Dod. pempt. 151
Habitat in Græcia, Japonia. ☉

Schrader (1809, p. 85) placed our plant in Kochia Roth. There may be some discussion on the preceding pages explaining the reason. However, my German abilities are insufficient to find it.

Excerpts that relate to Kochia scoparia:

Original Text	Comments
Morphological studies … frame of the study did not allow the full study of critical groups, such as Kochia scoparia s.l. and K. prostrata s.l., in detail to solve their inherent taxonomic problems.
Bassia and Kochia are highly polyphyletic, with the former distributed among all clades, and the latter in most of them.
Scott (1978) already reduced the number of non-Australian genera of Camphorosmeae to five by including Kochia, Londesia and Chenolea into Bassia.
The Bassia hyssopifolia subclade contains Bassia hyssopifolia and the Kochia scoparia group, a clade consisting of four closely related and morphologically similar taxa; Fig. 5. We also treat the latter here under Bassia. The subclade consists of annual species and has a wide distribution area in Eurasia which ranges from the Iberian Peninsula to Japan.
The Kochia scoparia group is well-known for its large variation in shape, size and indumentum of leaves, indumentum of leaf axils (very dense and long in K. densiflora), size and shape of wings on the fruiting perianth etc. which were treated in various ways by different authors. Our sampling included some conspicuous forms but was not large enough to resolve the taxonomy of the group. For morphological and ecological reasons, most likely only K. scoparia, K. indica and K. littorea deserve species rank.
Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott in Feddes Repert. 89: 108. 1978 = Chenopodium scoparium L., Sp. Pl.: 221. 1753 (‘scoparia’) = Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. in Neues J. Bot. 3(4): 85. 1809. = K. sieversiana (Pall.) C.A. Mey. in Ledebour, Fl. Altaic. 1: 415. 1829. = K. scoparia var. densiflora Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 131. 1849. = K. densiflora auct. = K. alata Bates in Amer. Bot. (Binghamton) 24: 52. 1918. Further studies are required to elucidate the infraspecific grouping.

I should look up this reference:

Scott, A.J. 1978. A revision of the Camphorosmoideae (Chenopodiaceae). Feddes Repert. 89: 101–119.

Salsola tragus L. “Tumbleweed”

(Syn: S. australis R. Brown, S. iberica (Sennen & Pau) Botschantzev ex Czerepanov, S. kali, S. kali var. tenuifolia Tausch., S. pestifer Nels.)

Suckleya suckleyana (Torr.) Rydb. “Poison Suckleya”

Torrey in Gray (1860, v. 12, Bk. 2, pt. 2, p. 47) … the "Pacific Railroad Reports" through Washington Territory.

Original Text

OBIONE SUCKLEYANA, Torr., n. sp. (Plate IV.) "Annual, stem branching, prostrate; leaves suborbicular on long petioles, acutely repand-dentate, pale-green both sides, nearly glabrous ; glomerules axillary, monoecious bracts of the sessile fruit deltoid, united to the summit, the margin narrowly winged, crenate-denticulate. Very distinct from every other North American species of Obione, but having some resemblance to 0. argentea. It is remarkable for the roundish leaves, very long petioles, and the large and much compressed nearly glabrous fruit. The male flowers were tetramerous." — TORREY. This was collected in the Milk River valley, August 19.

Gray, Asa, 1876, pp. 101-103 described Suckleya as a taxon that fits between Atriplex and Grayia. In that process, Gray proposed a new name — Suckleya petiolaris — and placed Obione Suckleyana Torr. in synonomy. Now, of course, we would describe Gray's specific epithet as superfluous. Not sure what Gray was thinking, perhaps that Suckleya suckleyana was an redundant name. Certainly, he knew about priority of names, as the first “code” was published in 1867.

V.

MISCELLANEOUS BOTANICAL CONTRIBUTIONS.

By Asa Gray.

Presented, Oct. 12, 1875.

The following notes and characters relate mainly to Californian botany, the writer having been engaged in the preparation of the Gamopetalae for Professor Brewer's Botany of California, now printing. Some of the observations are such as could not well be recorded in that work ; and the characters of certain new genera and species may appropriately be introduced to the botanical world in a continuation of the " Contributions " which have from time to time been communicated to the Academy, and published in its Proceedings. My first note has reference to two plants of the Atlantic United States, which have long been confounded.

…

Grayia Brandegei. Inermis, sesquipedalis, leviter fuifuraceo-cinerea ; foliis spathulato-linearibus ; thecis minoribus flavidulis oblato-orbiculatis quandoque trialatis basi latissime retusis, alis subundulatis ; ovario basilari papuloso. — Hillsides, among fragments of cretaceous sandstone, on the San Juan River, near the boundary between Colorado and Utah, T. S. Brandegee in Hayden's Exploration, August, 1875. — While pleased with an accession to this genus, and with the opportunity of associating it with the name of an excellent correspondent who discovered it, I must add that it does not much strengthen the genus. The small thecae, as far as seen only 3 lines broad, and with some furfuraceous puberulence (but they are far from mature, and mainly unfertilized), and the papulose cellular ovary too much remind us of Atriplex (incl. Obione). A. Endolepis of Watson, Rev. Chenop., p. 111 (of which I should like to form a distinct section), has as thin and complete a sac; but there are two minute teeth at its apex, and their position, along with the venation, shows that the sac is compressed laterally, i.e., formed of two flat bracts. I agree with Mr. Watson's view, that the sac of Grayia is obcompressed, or formed of a pair of conduplicate bracts, completely united to the very tip ; and on this character (along with the inferior radicle) the genus actually rests. But this view demands the separation from Atriplex of a species which has always appeared like a stranger in the genus, and which I propose to establish by itself, between Atriplex and Grayia, under the name of its discoverer, Dr. George Suckley, U. S. A., one of the naturalists of the exploration across the Continent under Governor Stevens.*

* Subtribus EUROTIEAE. Theca, e bracteis pl. m. conduplicatis coalitis con stans, obcompressa, rarissime triptera.

1. Grayia. Theca nuda, integerrima, scariosa, orbiculata, plana, samaroidea, alato-marginata. Radicula infera. Flores dioici.

2. Suckleya. Theca nuda, subhastata, complanata, marginibus herbaceo-cristatis, apice bidentato. Radicula supera. Flores monoici. — S. petiolaris. Obione Suckleyana Torr. Atriplex Suckleyana Watson, l. c.

3. Eurotia. Theca villosissima, turgida, nec marginata nec aristata, apice bifida. Radicula infera. Flores dioici.

4. Ceratocarpus. Theca cuneata, obcompresso-plana, biaristata. Radicula infera. Flores monoici.

Rydberg (1900, p. 133) corrected Gray's (1876) error in Catalogue of the flora of Montana and the Yellowstone National Park without comment, placing Gray's superfluous name in synonomy along with Torrey's Obione suckleyana.

Original Text

Original Text
Suckleya Suckleyana (Torr.) ; Obione Suckleyana Torr. Pac. R. R. Rep. 12: 47, 1860; Suckleya petiolaris Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. 11: 103, 1876 [Man. R. M. 311].
Montana: Milk River, 1853 (Stevenson Exped.), Suckley.

Amaranthaceae Juss.

Despite the strong signal of gene tree discordance, both nuclear and plastid data sets strongly supported five major clades within Amaranthaceae s.l.: Amaranthaceae s.s., “Chenopods I,” “Chenopods II,” Betoideae, and Polycnemoideae … These five clades are congruent with morphology and previous taxonomic treatments of the group.

Chenopods I includes Atriplex, Grayia, Chenopodium, Dysphania, and Krascheninnikovia.

Chenopods II includes Suaeda, Salicornia, Allenrolfia, Salsola, and Kochia.

Amaranthus albus L. “Prostrate Pigweed”

Amaranthus arenicola I. M. Johnst. “Sandhill Pigweed”

Original Text
Amaranthus arenicola sp. nov. Herba erecta dioica annua: ... [... Latin diagnosis omitted ...]
KANSAS: sandhills, Hamilton County, 1895, Hitchcock 428A (type, Gray Herb.) ; sandy soil, southwestern Kansas, Aug. 3, 1895, Hitchcock 609. COLORADO: South Fork of the Platte, 1856, H. Engelmann; indefinite, 1861, Parry 323; Ft. Lupton, Weld. Co., 1914, Johnston 275; Gilcrest, Weld Co., 1916, Johnston 275A. OKLAHOMA: bottom of Cimarron River, Cimarron Co., 1936, Demaree 13306. TEXAS: Limpia Canyon, 8.7 miles northeast of Ft. Davis, 1942. Cory 40520. INDEFINITE: Powell Colorado Exploring Exped., 1868, no. 509 ; Upper Missouri River, Hayden; sandhills, 1862, E. Hall.
A species most closely related to A. myrianthus Standley of northeastern Mexico and southern Texas. The latter is a loosely and much branched plant with usually sprawling branches and has the bracts subtending the female flowers broad, cuspidate, and distinctly shorter than the perianth lobes. The plant here described grows in sandy places on the high plains. It has passed as A. Torreyi Gray and is treated under that name in Standley's revision of the genus, No. Am. Fl. 21: 107 (1917). The name "A. Torreyi Gray," however, properly belongs to a very different plant growing along the Mexican boundary. Cf. Johnston, Jour. Arnold Arb. 25: 155 (1944).

Amaranthus blitoides S. Watson “Mat Amaranth”